9.

Lines and Angles

You Know

definition of a point, a line, a line segment and a ray

concepts of intersecting lines, parallel lines and perpendicular lines X /
definition of an angle and types of angles

You will Learn

angle pairs such as complementary, supplementary, adjacent, linear pair and
vertically opposite angles
concept of a transversal
angle pairs formed by a transversal with a set of lines
properties of angle pairs formed by a transversal with parallel lines

In the previous class, you were introduced to some basic concepts of geometry such as points, lines,
line segments, rays and angles.
The following table will help you to recollect the same.

Geometric concept Name Definition

A plane is a set of all points on a flat surface. A plane extends
Plane in all directions.

Point A point is a location ona plane or in space.

A straight path joining two points that can be extended
Line
endlessly in both directions.
Aline segment is part of a line that joins two distinct points
Line segment It has a fixed length.

A straight path that begins at a fixed point and extends

Ray endlessly in one direction.

An angle is formed by two rays having a common end point.

Angle
Two lines having exactly one common point are called
intersecting lines. The common point is called the point
Intersecting of
lines intersection.

Two or more lines in the same plane that do not intersect are
Parallel lines called parallel lines.

are called perpendicular

Perpendicular Two lines intersecting right angles
at

lines lines.

139
 Types of Angles following
categories:

are
classified into
On the basis of the measures in degrees, angles
and less than 90
Acute angle Measures more than 0'

Right angle Measures exactly 90 180

less than
than 90° and
Obtuse angle Measures more

Straight angle Measures exactly 180

and less than 360
Reflex angle Measures more than 180°

Complete angle Measures exactly 360

Zero angle Measures exactly 0
Complete Zero
Reflex
Acute Right Obtuse Straight angle angle
angle angle LAOB
angle angle angle ZAOB
ZAOB

LAOB LAOB AOB LAOB

A
A
O a
B

Pairs of Angles
A combination of two angles is called a pair of angles.

Complementary angles
of their is 90.
called complementary angles if the sum measures
Two angles are

Each angle is said to be the complement of the other.

For example, the angles in the adjacent figure are complementary, if ZX+ Y = 90

Supplementary angles
Two angles are called supplementary angles if the sum of their measures

is 180z
Each angle is said to be the supplement of the other.
For example, the angles in the adjacentfgure are supplementary. if X+ Y =180

Adjacent angles
Two angles are said to be adjacent angles, if they have same vertex, a common
arm and the other arms are on the opposite side of the common arm. Note that the
interiors of the two adjacent angles do not overlap.

For example, in the given figure ZAOB and 280C are adjacent angles, O beina the
common vertex and ray OB the common arm.

Consider LAOB and LAOC, the two angles WIth same vertex O and ray OA as a common arm, but ray
OB and ray OC lie on the same side of ray OA. So, ZAO5 and ZAOC are not
adjacent angles.
Also, the interior of AOB is contained in the interior of ZAOC.

140
Linear pair angles

TWO adjacent angles are said to form a linear pair, if their sum is 180. In other
ords, two adjacent
W angles form a linear pair if the non common arms form
a straight line.
A
For example, the angles ZAOB and BOC are adjacent angles with ray OA and
ray OC forming a straightline.

Hence, AOB and 2BOC are said to form linear

a pair.
The angles Ioming a linear pair are supplementary. But, supplementary angles may not form
pair
a
linea

Vertically opposite angles (VOA)

When two lines intersect, the angles formed that have no common arm are called

vertically opposite angles.

Vertically opposite angles are always equal.
For example, the angiles ZAOB and 2COD are vertically opposite angles.

Also, ZAOD and ZBOC are vertically opposite angles.

Since, verticaly opposite angles are equal, :ZAOB= 4cOD and AOD B0C
Angles at a point

In the adjoining figure, the four angles together make one complete turn, so they
add up to 360.

This is true for any number of angles formed at a point.

Thus, sum of all angles at a point is 360°.

Example 1 Find the complementary angle for each of the following angles.

a. 50 b. 75 C. 32

Solution:
We know that the measure of the given angle + measure of its complement 90°

Thus, measure ofits complement = 90°-measure of the given angle

a. If measure of the angle = 50°, the measure of its complement 90° -50° = 40°

b. If measure of the angle = 75°, the measure of its complement = 90° - 75° = 15°

C. If measure of the angle 3 2 , the measure ofits complement = 90°-32 =58°

for each of the following.

Example 2 Find the supplementary angles

a. 150 b. 75 C. 100

141
 Solution: 180°
we know that measure of the given anale+ measure ofits supplemer
ng.
Thus, measure of its supplement 180°- measure of the given 1 8 0 ° - 150° 30° =

supplement
a. f measure of the angle 150, the measure of its
=
*
Tod
180 /9=
b. asure or the angle 75°, the
= measure ofits supplement
80
180°- 100
edSUre
of the angle 100°, the
= measure ofits supplement

measure of the angle.

Example 3 Find the
An angle is 10° less than its complement.

Solution:
Let the angle be x, then its complement is 90°-x.
According to given conditions, x = (90° -x)-10

r=80° -x
r + r =80°

2 1 80
x 8 = 40°
2
The measure of the angle is 40°.

Example 4 Answer the following questions using the adjoining figure.

a. Write all the pairs of vertically opposite angles.
b. Write all the pairs of angles forming linear pair.
C. Write all the angles formed at point G.
d. Write all the angles formed at point H. D
e. Ifp 1= 110° find the values of q, r, s, u, v and w.,
f. Write all the pairs of complementary angles.
E
g Write all the pairs of supplementary angles.
Solution:
a. The pairs of vertically opposite angles are

LAGB and 2CGD, ZAGD and ABGC, ZAHF and 2CHE, ZAHE
and CHE
b. The pairs of angles forming linear pair are

LAGB and BGC, ZAGB and ZAGD, ZAGD and

2CGD, 2CGD and BGC
LAHF and ZCHF, ZAHF and ZAHE, ZAHE and
ZCHE, 2CHE and CHE
C. The angles formed at point G are 2AGB, ZAGD,
DGC, 2BGC
d. The angles formed at point H are 2CHE, 2CHF, ZAHE, ZAHE

142
 Given p
=
110
(verticallyopposite angles)
r= 110 v (vertically opposite angles)
.a =180° (linear pair) V= 110
180-110° 70° ttu 180° (linear pair)
u = 180°- 110° = 70°
s (VOA)
s 70 u w (VOA)
iS.p r =tEvE 110 and q =s =
w 70
u= w =70°
There are no pairs or
angles whose sum is
90. Thus. there are no pairs of complementary angie
9
The pairs of supplementary angles are
AGB and BGC, ZAGB and ZAGD,
ZAGD and CGD, LCGD and 2BGG,
AHF andZCHF, ZAHF and
ZAHE, ZAHE and CHE, LCHE and
AGB and 2CHF, ZAGB and <AHE, ZAGD ZCHF
and AHF, LAGD and 2CHE,
BGC and LAHF, ZBGC and CHE, ZCGD
and AHE, LCGD and 2CHF

Let's Exercise
Exercise 9.1

1. Classify the following angles as zero, acute, right, obtuse, straight, reflex or complete.
a. b. C. d.

/C D

g.

CO

Find the measure of the complement for each ofthe following angles.

b. 55 C. 72 d. 35
a. 80
nd the measure of the supplement for
each ofthe following angles.
a 170 b. 175 o C. 10 d. 44
Find the measure of the angle.
angle is 20° less than its complement.
A than its complement.
Find of the
the measure angle.
angle is 30" more
Find the measure of the angle.
An
angle is twice its supplement.
the m e a s u r e of the angle.
angle is hatf its supplement. Find
of angles as complementary angles or supplementary angles.
Cassity the
e following pairs C. 10.170 d. 65115 e. 52, 38° f. 45, 45
a3050" b. 75T.15

143
 9. Find the value of x in the following.
a. b.

X+10°
r+20 t 4 0 °

10. Answer the following questions using the adjoining figure.

a. Write all the pairs of vertically opposite angles
b. Write all the pairs of adjacent angles.
Write all the pairs of angles forming linear pair.
C.
85
ofthe remaining angles.
d. f 24= 110° and 25 =
120°, find the measures
e. Write the pairs of complementary angles.
f.Write the pairs of supplementary angles.
11. Find the measure of an angle which measures same as its complement
12. Find the measure of an angle which measures same as its supplement.

13. Can two acute angles form a linear pair?

14. Can two obtuse angles be supplementary?

Transversal
A line that intersects two or more lines in a given plane at distinct points is called a transversal.
For example, line m is a transversal in the figures given below.

Angles formed by a Transversal

When a transversal r intersects two linesp and q, as shown in the
figure along side, eight different angles are formed. These angles are
classified as: M
1. Interior Angles
The angles whose one arm contains the 5
part MN of the transversal
are called the interior angles. 8 N
In the adjacent figure, L2, L3, 25 and 28 are the interior
angles.

144
 ExtenorAngles

nales whose arms do not

angles whose arn
The contain the
pa part MN of
r t MN ofthe
the transversal
transversal are
are called
ce
the exterior angles.
given figure, 21, 24, 26 and 27
are the exterior angles.
riorAlternate Angles (Alternate
Inte
Angles)
Dair
Thepair
ne of interior angles that are on the
opposite sides of the transversal and lie in separate linear
pairs
are called the interior alternate
called th
angles or alternate angles.
In thegiven
given figure, 22 and 28, 23 and
45 are the two of interior alternate angles or alternate
angles.
pairs of interior
Exterior Alternate Angles

The pair of exterior angles that are on the opposite sides of the transversal and lie in separate linear

oairs are called the exterior alternate angles.

In the given figure, 21 and L7, 24 and 46 are the two pairs of exterior altermate angles

5. Corresponding Angles
The pair of angles on the same side of the transversal, one of which is in the exterior and the other

is in the interior and lie in separate linear pairs are called the corresponding angles.

In the given figure, L1and 25, 22 and 26, 23 and 7, 24 and 28 are the four pairs of corresponding

angles.

Parallel Lines
lines in a plane that do not intersect are called parallel lines.
We have already seen that two or more

between the two parallel lines is constant.

Also, the perpendicular distance
Transversal
Properties of Parallel Lines cut by a
statements true
shown in the figure below, the following are

fatransversal cuts two parallel lines, as

equal.
Pairs ofinterior alternate angles
are

i 2 28, L3 = 45 P

are equal.
rairs of exterior alternate angles

41 /7, 24 26
are equal
Fairs of corresponding angles

4 5 , L2= 26, L3 =47, 24= 28 transversal is 180

same side of the
on the
The Sum of interior angles
n
180
2+ 5 180 a n d 3 + 28
side of the
transversal is 180
same
on the
The
n e Sum of exterior
angles
180
4 6 = 180° and 24 + 27 =
145
 To check if given two lines
are parallel
a transversal cuts two lines and anv ofthe following Sta
Pairs of interior alternate angles are
equal
Pairs of exterior alternate
angles are equal.
Pairs of corresponding angles are equal
180
Ihe sum of interior angles on the same side of the transversa
transversal is 180".
The sum of exterior angles ont same side of the

Then we conclude that the given two lines are paralle. transversal. If12 =75°,in
the
and line m is
In the given figure, linep is parallel to line q
Example
Example11 the measure of the remaining angles.
Solution:
We know, 41 75°
21+ 26 = 180° (Exterior angles on the same side of the transversal)
3 2
26 180° - 21 180°-75° = 105°
42 26 (Correspondiing angles)
L2 105
24 26 (Exterior alternate angles)
L4 105°
24 28 (Correspondiing angles)

48 105°
L1 47 (Exterior alternate angles)
47 75°
43 27 (Correspondiing angles)

23= 75
43 = 45 (Interior alternate angles)

45 75
Given line p|| line q |line rand line m
Example 2
the angles 21, 23, 24 and 25.
is the transversal. If 2 55, find the measureo
Solution:
We know, 42 55°

21 L2 (Vertically opposite angles)

21 55

Linep || line q and linem is the transversal

L2 44 (Correspondiing angles)
24 55

146
 M+3 180° (Exterior angles on the same side of the transversal)
3 180-21=180°-55° = 125
lineea ll line r and line m is the transversal

/3 25 (nterior alternate angles)

25 125

in the
Example 3 following figures, transversal m intersects the two lines pand q. Check itpl\4
each case.

a. C. m
m
120° 115 125

60 115

120°

Solution:

a. x 120° (vertically opposite angles)

Lx and 60° are interior angles on same side of the transversal

Also, r+ 60° 120° +60° 180°

Thus, interior angles on same side of the transversal m are supplementary.

Hence, p l 9.
b. The corresponding angles are equal

Hence, p 1 9
c. The exterior alternate angles are not equal.

Hence, p 9
Exercise 9.2
m
line is a transversal. If L1 65
Linep is parallel to line q and
m
1.
then find the measure of the remaining angles. P

m
is
line p | line q | line r and line m
2. In the adjoinging figure the
transversal. If 22
= 115° then find the
m e a s u r e of the angles

24
41, 3, 24 and 45.

147
 Check r
3 In the and
following figuures trarnsversal minberects tweo
esp

110

4 In the adjoining fioure line lire and tre l i n e

1
70 then find the measure of the angles23
and 6

5 in the adjoining figure lines m and are parallel Find the

10
measure of the angles1, 2 3 and 4

6 Find the value of a in the following figures, if lines p and q are paralle

2 10
30

120

State whether the foliowing statements are true or false

a Pairs of interior alternate angles formed by two parallel ines intersected by a transversai are
equal
b. Pairs of exterior alternate angles formed by two paralel lines intersected
by a transversai are
supplementary.
C. Pairs of corresponding angles formed by two parallel lines intersected by a transversal are
equal.
d. Pairs of interior angles on the same Side of transversal fomed
by two parallel lines are equal
e. Pairs of exterior angles on the sam6 Side or
tfansversal formed
by two parallel lines are
supplementary. UU

148
 If ZA 2B =
60° and <AEB =
60° find the
measures of /G and /.

8
Math Lab Activity

objective O Stuay ne
relationships between the angles formed by a transversal on two parallei unes
Materials required: rectangular sheet of white
A
paper for each child.
Preparation: The teacher should provide a rectangular sheet of white paper to each student

Procedure

1. Take a rectangular sheet of white paper (size may vary A3, A4, A5,
letterhead, Art sheets of various sizes, etc.).
2. Fold the paper to obtain two straight creases that are parallel. Name
them as segment AB and segment CD.

3. Draw a straight line such that the line intersects both the segments at
Mi
two different points. Label the points as P and Q.
B
4 Draw another straight line which is not parallel to the line PQ. Name the
line as MN.

5. Now write the names of all angles formed and their measures.

6. Write the names of transversals along with the lines which they intersect

7. Write all the pairs of vertically opposite angles.

8. Write all the pairs of adjacent angles.
9. Write all the pairs of angles forming linear pair.

angles.
10. Write all the pairs of complementary and supplementary
11. Write all the pairs of interior alternate angles.
12. Write all the pairs of exterior alternate angles.
angles.
13. Write all the pairs of corresponding
on the same side of the transversal.
14. Write the pairs of the interior angles
on the same side of the transversal
15. Write the pairs of the exterior angles
that are supplementary.
16. Find the pairs of angles
transversal with parallel lines.
angles formed by a
17. Verify the properties for
Conciusion on the pair of angles formed by a transversal
18. On the basis of your
observations dra
with any two lines.

149
 Recollections measures
is 9 0 .
wo of their
angles are called complementary angles, if the sum measures
is 180°.
WO of their
angles are called supplementary angles, if the sum
Two angles are said to be adjacent angles, if they nav
arm and
. same vertex, ii. a
common

. the other arms are on opposite side of the common arm.

Two angles are said to form a linear pair if

i. they are supplememtary i. they are adjacent.
ines intersect, the angles formed that have no common arm are called verucally opposit

angles.
a
Ane that intersects two or morelines in a aiven plane at points is called transversal.
distinct
two n e s (win rererence
Tolowing table shows the angles formed when a transversal intersects
to the diagram).

Interior angles Angles whose one arm contains the

22, 23, 5, 28
part MN.

Exterior angles Angles whose arms do not contain

the part MN. 21, 24, 26, 47

Interior alternate Interior angles that are on the

22 and 28,
opposite sides of the transversal
angles
and lie in separate linear pairs. 23 and 25 Ms2
Exterior alternate Exterior angles that are on the 8,
L1 and 27,
angles
opposite sides of the transversal N6
and lie in separate linear pairs. L4 and 26

Same side of the transversal, one 41 and 25,

Corresponding of which is in the exterior and other 22 and 26,
angles is in the interior and lie in
separate L3 and 27,
linear pairs.
24 and 28

If a transversal cuts two parallel lines then the following statements are
true:
a. Pairs of interior aternate angles are equal.
b. Pairs of exterior alternate angles are
equal.
C. Pairs of corresponding angles are
equal.
d. The interior angles on the same side of the
transversal are
e. The exterior supplementary.
angles on the same side of the transversal are
If a transversal cuts two lines and any of the above
supplementary.
statements are true, then we
given to lines are parallel. conclude that the

150
Check Your derstanding

Choose the correct option.

a. The complement of 28° is
62 i. 53 iv. 162°
ii. 152
b.
D. The supplement of 128° is
. 60 ii. 52°
ii. 144 V. 88
C. One o ne interior
alternate angles formed by two parallel lines intersected by a transv
measure equal to 32" then the
measure of the other angle is
i. 87 i. 320 iv. 28°
ii. 128°
d. One o theexterior angles on the lines
same side of the transversal formed by two parallel na
measure equal to 64° then the measure of the other
angle is
i. 71 ii. 49 ii. 116 v. 38
e. One ot tne pair of corresponding angles formed by two parallelines intersected by a transversal
has measure equal to 104° then the measure of the other
angle is

i. 93 i. 1040 ii. 154 iv. 76

2. In the adjoining figure, ifp llq and m is the transversal with 1 = 80°
then

2 03 04=05=046 7=08=0

3. In the adjoining figure, the value of x is - 4x + 5°

values of the four angles are,

4. In the adjoining figure, the
and. 30
2x+ 10

.In the adjoining figure, name two pairs of adjacent angles and two

pairs of angles forming linear pair.

A C
D

6.I n the adjoining figure, name the pairs of interior alternate angles O
and exterior alternate angles.

151
 o
12
vaves
In the adjoining figure ifine m inen. find the
and 3
10

Review Exercise
1. Match the following
a Zero angle 360
b Acute angle 180
. Right angle 120
d. Obtuse angle 250
e. Straight angle 90
f. Refex angle 0°

g. Complete angle vii 40

2. Find the measure of the complement for each of the following angles
d. 15 e. 38 40
a. 57 b. 73 C. 10
3. Find the measure of the supplement for each of the following angles
a. 152 b.125 C. 110 d. 18 e 42 . 93
4 Find the measure of an angle which measures thrice its supplement.
5. Find the measure of an angle which measures four times its complement.

6. One of the angies forming linear pair is twice the other angle. Find their measures

7. The measure of one of the angles forming linear pair is less by 50" than the measure of the otner

angle. Find their measures.

8. Use the adjoining figure and complete the following sentences

a. LAOP and 2BOC are angles.

b. BOP and 2OPE are. angles E
D
9 Find the value of r in the following figures.
a. b
Á 250 KA10/
50

152
 Identify the transversals from the
adjacent figure.

11. From the dojoining hgure,

name the pairs of
angles, and exterior alternate angles on the corresponding
same side of
transversal.

D
19. In the adjoining figure, find the value of x if m

parallel. lines p and q are x+ 50°

2x-20
13. In the adjoining figure, transversal m
p and q. Check if p|| 9.
m intersects the two lines 110

K70

14. In the adjoining figure, given that LCOA= 50° and

FPD 50°. Is AB || EF?

15. In the adjoining figure, lines m and n are parallel. Find the P
100
measure of the angles 21, 22, L3 and 24.

Weblinks
itps./www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/paralle-lines.html
hittps://www.khanacademy.org/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-angle/angles-between-lines/v/angles-formed-by

Darallel-Hines-and-transversals
As on 22.01.2019

153