Name1:
Name2:
Name3:
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Exercise on Logic. Write all answers on the space provided.
A. In each of the statements/arguments, do the following:
a. Write in symbols
b. Determine whether valid or not valid
c. In either case, state the inference rule or state a justification for your answer. You may also construct a truth table
as a justification.
The first number is given as a sample.
Symbols Valid/Invalid Reason/Justification
1. If I am hungry, then I will eat. H→E
I will not eat. ¬E Valid Modus Tollens
Therefore I am not hungry. ∴¬H
2. If I am hungry, then I will eat. H→E Invalid
I will eat. E
Therefore, I am hungry. ∴H
not a Tautology
3. Either I am hungry or I will eat. HvE Invalid
I am hungry. H
Therefore, I will not eat. ∴ ¬E not a Tautology
4. I am hungry. 1. H Valid
I will eat. 2. E
Therefore, I am hungry or I will eat. ∴HvE Tautology
-------------------- Reason:
3. H ^ E 1, 2 Conjunction
4. H 3 Simplification
5. H v E 4 Addition
5. If I am hungry, then I will cook. H→C Invalid
If I will cook, then I will eat. C→E
Therefore, if I will eat, then I am hungry. ∴E→H
not a Tautology
6. It is either hotter than 100 degrees today or HvP Valid Disjunctive Syllogism
the pollution is dangerous. ¬H
It is less than 100 degrees outside today. ∴P
Therefore, the pollution is dangerous.
7. Linda is an excellent swimmer. E Valid Commutative & Modus Ponens
If Linda is an excellent swimmer, then she can E→L
work as a lifeguard. ∴L
Therefore, Linda can work as a lifeguard.
8. Steve will work at a computer company this W Valid Addition
summer. ∴WvB
Therefore, this summer Steve will work at a
computer company or he will go to a beach.
9. If I work all night on this homework, then I W→A Valid Hypothetical Syllogism
can answer all the exercises. A→U
If I answer all the exercises, I will understand ∴W→U
the material.
Therefore, if I work all night on this homework,
then I will understand the material.
B. Use rules of inference to show that the hypotheses “Randy works hard,” “If Randy works hard, then he is a dull boy,”and
“If Randy is a dull boy, then he will not get the job” imply the conclusion “Randy will not get the job.”
R: “Randy works hard” D: “he is a dull boy” J: “get the job”
Proof:
Symbolic Form of the Argument Statements Reasons
1. R 4. D 2, 1 Modus Ponens
2. R → D 5. ¬J 3, 4 Modus Ponens
3. D → ¬J
∴ ¬J
C. If Raul had taken my advice (A) or had its wits about him (W), he would have cracked the code (C) and written a program
(P). If he had cracked the code, Gladys would have enrolled in CAD (G). Gladys did not enroll in CAD. Therefore, Raul did
not take my advice.
a. Convert the above argument into its symbolic form. Use the suggested letters to represent each proposition. Write
appropriate numbering.
b. Establish the validity of the above argument.
Proof:
Symbolic Form of the Argument Statements Reasons
1. (A v W) → (C ^ P) 4. ¬C 2, 3 Modus Tollens
2. C → G 5. ¬C v ¬P 4 Addition
3. ¬G 6. ¬(C ^ P) 5 De Morgan
∴ ¬A 7. ¬(A v W) 1, 6 Modus Tollens
8. ¬A ^ ¬W 7 De Morgan
9. ¬A 8 Simplification
D. Supply the reasons for each step in the proof of the argument below.
Proof:
Argument Statements Reasons
Given:
5. t 2, 3 Modus Ponens
1. (p ∧ t) →(r ∨ s)
2. p → t 6. t ∧ p 3, 5 Conjunction
3. p
4. ￢s 7. p ∧ t 6 Commutative
∴r
8. r ∨ s 1, 7 Modus Ponens
9. s ∨ r 8 Commutative
10. r 9, 4 Disjunctive Syllogism
