FINANCIAL

ACCOUNTING
CIA -1
Submitted by:-

Akshey Govind(2012605) Papini

Varshita(2012655)
Shaun George Reji(2012626)
Precia Dorothy(2012660)
Shriyanshu Padhi (2012629)
Shloka menda (2012664)
Aayushi Choraria(2012638)
Shristi pasari(2012666)
Meghna syam (2012650)
Sneha Narayanan(2012671)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful because we managed to complete our CIA-1 within the
given time frame and would like to take the opportunity of thanking our
Financial Accounting Teacher, Sowmya Christina ma’am for providing
our group this wonderful opportunity to work on this assignment. This
group project helped gain an insight into the topics and provide a wide
base of knowledge.
JOINT VENTURES

Meaning of Joint Venture

A joint venture is a business arrangement in which two or
more parties agree to pool their resources for the purpose
of accomplishing a specific task.
 This task can be a new project or any other
business activity.
 In a joint venture, each of the participants is
responsible for profits, losses, and costs associated
with it. 
 However, the venture is its own entity, separate
from the participants' other business interests.
 It can also be called a strategic alliance or
partnering as well.

There are three main reasons why companies form

joint ventures:
1.Leverage might have a 2.Cost
Resources well Savings
established
A joint manufacturin By using
venture can g process, economies of
take while the scale, both
advantage of other companies in
the combined company the JV can
resources of might have leverage their
both superior production at
companies to distribution a lower per-
achieve the channels. unit cost than
goal of the they would
venture. One separately.
company This is
particularly 3.Combined combined
appropriate Expertise through a JV,
with each company
technology Two can benefit
advances that companies or from the
are costly to parties other's
implement. forming a expertise and
Other cost joint venture talent within
savings as a might each their
result of a JV have unique company.
can include backgrounds,
sharing skill sets, and
advertising or expertise.
labor costs. When

Regardless of the legal structure used for the JV, the most
important document will be the JV agreement that sets
out all of the partners' rights and obligations. The
objectives of the JV, the initial contributions of the
partners, the day-to-day operations, and the right to the
profits, and the responsibility for losses of the JV are all
set out in this document. It is important to draft it with
care, to avoid litigation down the road.

Features of a Joint Venture Account:

A joint venture account is an agreement where two or

more parties create or form a partnership for a specific
period of time or specific business venture. 
Some features of a Joint Venture account include-
a. Particular/ Specified Purpose- parties form
joint ventures keeping predetermined
purposes in mind. The purpose is generally
specified in the agreement. 
b. Specific Time Duration- Since all joint
ventures are created for a specific purpose,
they generally come to an end once that
purpose is fulfilled. The parties can,
 however, continue working together as well
if they mutually agree to do so
c. Agreement- The parties to a joint venture,
i.e. the co-venturers, generally execute a
written agreement between them. This
agreement states details like their
obligations, profit/loss sharing ratios, their
rights and liabilities, etc.
d. Structure of the Venture -Parties can create a
joint venture by exercising control on any of
the following aspects:
o Assets
o Operations
o Entity themselves
e.  Profit Sharing -The parties always agree on
the ratio in which they will share their
profits and losses. If there is no agreement to
this effect, they have to share profits equally
or according to the contribution they made
during their admission into the joint venture.

Distinction between a Joint Venture Account and

Partnership:-

Basis for JOINT VENTURE PARTNERSHIP

Comparison

Meaning It’s a business formed by In Partnership, two or more

two or more members for a members have a mutual agreement
specific purpose and to carry on the business and have
limited time period. shares in profits/losses.

Governing Act No specific act Governed by the Indian Partnership

Act, 1932
Business Co-Ventures Partners
carried on by

Minors Minors cannot become a For the benefits of the firm, a

co-venture. minor can become a partner.

Basis of Liquidation Going Concern

Accounting

Trade Name No Yes

Ascertainment End of venture or on Annually

of Profit interim basis

Maintenance of Not necessarily Compulsory

books

Registration Agreement is not registered Must be registered in order to make

to make it enforceable claims of partnership against other
against other parties. parties.

METHODS OF MAINTAINING JOINT

VENTURE ACCOUNTS
                                           

The Joint venture may be defined as a temporary

partnership between two or more persons without the use
of the firm’s name for a specific purpose and limited time
period. In other words, two or more persons agree to
undertake a particular venture and to share the profits and
losses thereof in an agreed ratio. The relationship of co-
venturers is governed by the partnership law of the land.
The various methods of recording transactions in the
joint venture are as follows:

1. When a separate set of books are maintained

2. When no separate set of books are maintained

        

 WHEN A SEPARATE SET OF BOOKS ARE

MAINTAINED 

When this method this followed of maintaining the

accounts of the joint venture, then the following accounts
are opened:

 JOINT BANK ACCOUNT

 CAPITAL ACCOUNTS OF EACH CO-VENTURER
 JOINT VENTURE ACCOUNT
 ANY OTHER ACCOUNT OF DEBTOR, CREDITOR
ETC. (if required).

The journal entries passed under this method are as

follows:
FOR CAPITAL CONTRIBUTED BY CO-
VENTURERS

Joint Bank A/c Dr.

To co-venturers personal A/c

FOR PURCHASE OF GOODS AND ASSETS FOR

JOINT VENTURE

For Cash

Joint Venture A/c Dr.

To Joint Bank A/c

On Credit

Joint Venture A/c Dr.

  To Supplier’s A/c

ON PAYMENT OF EXPENSES

Joint Venture A/c Dr.

  To Joint Bank A/c

ON SALE OF GOODS

For Cash

Joint Bank A/c Dr.

  To Joint Venture A/c

On Credit

Customer’s A/c   Dr.

To Joint Venture A/c

FOR-PROFIT ON JOINT VENTURE

Joint Venture A/c Dr.

    To Co-venturer’s personal A/c

FOR LOSS ON JOINT VENTURE

Co-Venturer’s Personal A/c Dr.

To Joint Venture A/c

FINAL SETTLEMENT OF ACCOUNTS

For the amount due from  co-venturers

Joint Bank A/c   Dr.

   To co-venturers personal A/c

For the amount due to co-venturers

Co-venturers personal A/c Dr.

  To Joint Bank A/c

 WHEN SEPARATE BOOKS ARE NOT

MAINTAINED

This method is applicable where the joint venture

transactions are limited and the venturers reside at two
different places. Under this method each venturer will
record his own transactions plus the transactions relating
to other co-venturer’s capital whereas the other venturer
will prepare a Joint Venture Account and the capital of
the others, that is, two accounts are prepared in each
party's ledger.

(1) Joint Venture Account:

It should be prepared like the previous one which reveals
the result of the business, that is, profit or loss which
ultimately be transferred to Venturers Capital. But in this
case one’s own share of profit or loss should be
transferred to his Profit and Loss Account but co-
venturer’s share of profit or loss should be transferred to
his personal account.

(2) Other Co-Venturer’s Account:

Since this is a personal account of the co-venturer, his
account will be debited with the amount of goods
purchased, expenses incurred, profit so earned etc. and is
credited with the amount of sale proceeds, unsold stock
taken etc.

FOR CASH SUPPLIED BY CO-VENTURERS

Cash/ Bank A/c Dr.

To co-venturers personal A/c

FOR PURCHASE OF GOODS AND ASSETS FOR

JOINT VENTURE

For Cash:

Joint Venture A/c Dr.

To Cash A/c

For goods supplied by self:

Joint Venture A/c Dr.     

To Purchases A/c

ON PAYMENT OF EXPENSES

Payment of expenses by self:

Joint Venture A/c Dr.

  To Cash/ Bank A/c

Payment of expenses by other co-venturer:

Joint Venture A/c  Dr.    

To co-venturer personal A/c

ON SALE OF GOODS

For Cash:

Cash/ Bank A/c Dr.

  To Joint Venture A/c

On Credit:

Customer’s A/c   Dr.

To Joint Venture A/c

FOR PROFIT ON JOINT VENTURE

Joint Venture A/c Dr.

To Profit and Loss A/c

To Co-venturer’s personal A/c

FOR LOSS ON JOINT VENTURE

Co-Venturer’s Personal A/c Dr.

Profit and Loss A/c Dr.

To Joint Venture A/c

FINAL SETTLEMENT OF ACCOUNTS

  For amount due from  co-venturers:

Cash/ Bank A/c   Dr.

  To co-venturers personal A/c

 For amount due to co-venturers:

Co-venturers personal A/c Dr.

  To Cash/ Bank A/c

 WHEN BOOKS ARE MAINTAINED BY ALL

JOINT VENTURERS

Under this method each venturer opens a joint venture

account and the personal accounts of the other co-
venturers. Suppose A and B enter into a joint venture
then in A’s books joint venture account and the personal
account of B will be opened. Similarly, in the books of B
joint venture account and the personal account of A will
be opened.

Journal entries- 

EXPENDITURE IS INCURRED OR GOODS

SUPPLIED BY SELF
Joint Venture a/c Dr.

To Cash Account (for expenses)

To Purchases Account (for purchases)

EXPENSES IS INCURRED OR GOODS SUPPLIED BY

CO-VENTURER

Joint Venture A/c

  To Co-venturer Personal A/c

FOR UNSOLD STOCK TAKEN OVER BY SELF

Purchases A/c  Dr.

  To Joint Venture A/c

FOR UNSOLD STOCK TAKEN OVER BY CO-

VENTURERS

Joint Venture A/c   Dr.

To Co-venturer A/c

FOR PROFIT ON JOINT VENTURE

Joint Venture A/c Dr.

 To Profit and Loss A/c

To Co-venturer’s personal A/c

FOR LOSS ON JOINT VENTURE

Co-Venturer’s Personal A/c Dr.

Profit and Loss A/c Dr.

To Joint Venture A/c

FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
Meaning of forensic accounting

Forensic accounting, forensic accountancy, or financial

forensics is defined as the specialty practice area of
accounting that investigates whether firms engage in
financial reporting misconduct.
Forensic accounting is the application of accountancy
skills and knowledge in circumstances that have legal
consequences. Forensic accountants are trained to look
beyond the numbers and deal with the business reality of
a situation. They are hired to prepare for litigation
associated with insurance claims, insolvency, divorces,
embezzlement, fraud, skimming, and any type of
financial theft. Forensic accounting is frequently used in
fraud and embezzlement cases to explain the nature of a
financial crime in court.

Forensic accounting assists an organization in legal

matters in 2 ways - 
 1. Investigative services: The accounting helps in
determining whether illegal matters like employee
felony, securities embezzlement (including
tampering and distortion of financial accounts),
identity theft, and insurance racket have taken
place.
2. Litigation support services:  Forensic accounting
helps in quantifying the damages experienced by
the parties implicated in legal disputes and can aid
in settling conflicts, even before it reaches the
courtroom. If a conflict reaches the courtroom, the
forensic accounting professional could give
evidence as an expert witness.

Forensic accounting in India

         Due to the nature and types of fraud in India, the

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has compulsorily made
forensic accounting audit mandatory for all banks within
the country. The establishment of the Serious Fraud
Investigation Office (SFIO) in India has become the
turning point for forensic accountants across the country.
The indications of the growing demand for the field are:
 The growing list of online criminal offenses
  Breakdown of regulators to trace and detect cyber-
security frauds
 The long chain of co-operative banks going bust
Benefits of forensic accounting

 The benefits of forensic accountancy include - 

 Minimized Losses - The primary benefit of strong
forensic accounting is how it can help minimize
and prevent unnecessary loss. Fraudulent activity
and general financial discrepancies cost the
business community huge amounts of money,
every hour of every day. The forensic accountant
helps in ensuring that this isn’t allowed to happen.
  Improved Efficiency - Forensic accountants help
in playing a key role by examining and
 investigating current financial processes and
standards, which can help in the identification of
more effective and efficient solutions. The whole
process is one of detecting problems and areas of
improvement thus benefiting the business.
 Reduced Exploitation Risk - The forensic
accountant ensures that the risk of future
exploitation is reduced by proactively patching any
obvious ‘gaps’ in current financial operational
standards. It’s a case of protecting the best
interests of the business before any fraudulent
activity can take place.
  Avoidance of Legal Problems - Dealing with
instances of fraud (internal or external) can be very
disruptive and costly for the business. In an ideal
situation, forensic accountancy can be used to
avoid such scenarios from ever occurring by both
preventing fraudulent activity and nipping any
problems detected right from its roots. 
 Improved Brand Reputation and Authority -  A
brand can be very difficult to respect, trust, and
work with if it leaves itself open to manipulation
and fraud. Fraud can do the type of reputational
damage that is borderline impossible to repair,
hence the importance of thorough and ongoing
forensic accountancy.

Challenges to forensic accounting

 Time-Consuming - It requires accountants to

thoroughly go through every piece of document to
ensure that the investigation is complete and hence
can take many days that can even stretch to weeks
or months depending upon the magnitude of the
case. 
 Expensive - Due to the long period of time
forensic accounting takes to complete an
investigation, it can be expensive especially for
small businesses that have a limited budget.
  Low Employee Morale - Employees can
misunderstand the usage of forensic accounting
and lose their integrity which can affect employee
morale hence it is the responsibility of the
managers to make the employees realize it is not a
sign of distrust but is to increase efficiency.

HUMAN RESOURCE (HR) ACCOUNTING

(HRA)

Definition of Human Resource Accounting

The American Association of Accountants (AAA)
defines HRA as follows: ‘HRA is a process of identifying
and measuring data about human resources and
communicating this information to interested parties’.
Meaning of Human Resource Accounting
Human resources are considered as important assets and
are different from the physical assets. Physical assets do
not have feelings and emotions, whereas human assets
are subjected to various types of feelings and emotions.
In the same way, unlike physical assets, human assets
never get depreciated.
Therefore, the valuations of human resources along with
other assets are also required in order to find out the total
cost of an organization. In 1960s, Rensis Likert along
with other social researchers made an attempt to define
the concept of human resource accounting (HRA)

Need for Human Resource Accounting:

The need for human asset valuation arose as a result of

growing concern for human relations management in the
industry

1.  Under conventional accounting, no information is

made available about the human resources
 employed in an organization, and without people
the financial and physical resources cannot be
operationally effective.
2.  The productivity and profitability of a firm largely
depends on the contribution of human assets. Two
firms having identical physical assets and
operating in the same market may have different
returns due to differences in human assets. If the
value of human assets is ignored, the total valu-
ation of the firm becomes difficult.
3.  If the value of human resources is not duly
reported in profit and loss account and balance
sheet, the important act of management on human
assets cannot be perceived.
4.  Expenses on recruitment, training, etc. are treated
as expenses and written off against revenue under
conventional accounting. All expenses on human
resources are to be treated as investments, since
the benefits are accrued over a period of time.

 
 Objectives of Human Resource Accounting:

 Providing cost value information about acquiring,

developing, allocating and maintaining human
resources.
 Enabling management to monitor the use of human
resources.
 Finding depreciation or appreciation among human
resources.
 Assisting in developing effective management
practices.
 Increasing managerial awareness of the value of
human resources.
 For better human resource planning.
 For better decisions about people, based on
improved information system.
 Assisting in effective utilization of manpower.
Methods of Valuation of Human Resources:

There are certain methods advocated for valuation of

human resources. These methods include:

 Historical method
 Replacement cost method
 Present value method
 Opportunity cost method
 Standard cost method

 
 
Benefits of HRA:

There are certain benefits for accounting of human

resources, which are explained as follows:
 The system of HRA discloses the value of human
resources, which helps in proper interpretation of
return on capital employed.
 Managerial decision-making can be improved with
the help of HRA.
 The implementation of human resource accounting
clearly identifies human resources as valuable
assets, which helps in preventing misuse of human
resources by the superiors as well as the
management.
 It helps in efficient utilization of human resources
and understanding the evil effects of labour unrest
on the quality of human resources.
 This system can increase productivity because the
human talent, devotion, and skills are considered
valuable assets, which can boost the morale of the
employees.
 It can assist the management for implementing
best methods of wages and salary administration.
 
 
Limitations of Human Resource
Accounting:

HRA is yet to gain momentum due to certain difficulties:

 The valuation methods have certain disadvantages
as well as advantages; therefore, there is always a
bone of contention among the firms that which
method is an ideal one.
 There are no standardized procedures developed so
far. So, firms are providing only as additional
information.
 Under conventional accounting, certain standards
are accepted commonly, which is not possible
under this method.
 All the methods of accounting for human assets are
based on certain assumptions, which can go wrong
at any time. For example, it is assumed that all
workers continue to work with the same
organization till retirement, which is far from
possible.
 It is believed that human resources do not suffer
depreciation, and in fact they always appreciate,
which can also prove otherwise in certain firms.
 The lifespan of human resources cannot be
estimated. So, the valuation seems to be
unrealistic.

INFLATION ACCOUNTING

Meaning of Inflation Accounting-

Inflation accounting is a special method used to weigh in
the effects on the financial statements of the companies,
when there is a significant soaring or plummeting cost of
goods. Instead of focusing purely on a cost accounting
basis, financial statements are revised according to price
indexes to paint a better image of a firm's financial status
in inflationary conditions. 
Publication of inflation adjusted financial reports is
accepted under generally accepted accounting principles
(GAAP). Unless the economy is rated as strongly
inflationary, these changes are not permitted.

Need for Inflation accounting

In traditional accounting, the items such as assets will be

shown at a historical cost. We calculate the cost of goods
sold (COGS), depreciation and inventory based on
historical value of assets. Historical cost based
depreciation will be extremely inadequate during the
inflation to replace old assets at present prices. Due to
which the current cost will not match current revenue. 
For the need to revise the value of items in the financial
reports according to price indexes, the inflation
accounting concept was developed. 

Methods Of Inflation Accounting

There are various methods of inflation accounting:

 Current Purchasing Power (CPP) -

Under this method, monetary and non-monetary items
are separated. Monetary items are adjusted to calculate
the net profit or loss and non-monetary items are
converted into figures with a conversion factor.

 Current Cost Accounting (CCA) - 

Assets are valued at a fair market value under CCA
method and not at a historical cost. Monetary and non-
monetary items are adjusted based on market value.

 Current Value - 
The current value method values and adjusts all assets
and liabilities at their current estimate.

 Replacement Cost Accounting -

Replacement cost accounting is the metric under which
both the assets and liabilities are reported on the balance
sheet.

Benefits of Inflation Accounting

 Inflation accounting helps businesses to offer a

realistic picture of their financial situation. 
  Under inflation accounting, all financial
statements are adjusted to represent an accurate
position as per the current price index. So the
chance of overestimating income is avoided. 
 Inflation accounting makes sure that dividend
payments and taxes are paid based on actual profits
after adjustment and not on inflated or deflated
profits. 
 Financial ratios are more accurate and meaningful
as the values are adjusted to current values. 

Challenges to Inflation Accounting

 The process of inflation accounting is never-
ending as the price keeps changing. 
 Income tax authorities don't approve of this
process. 
   The concept of inflation accounting is more
theoretical as it is only a window dressing of
accounting concept as per the suitability of
individuals.
  Inflation accounting is very complicated as each
approach requires a lot of calculation and
unwanted adjustment.
 This technique is very expensive and small
business units cannot afford this process.

CARBON ACCOUNTING 
Carbon accounting is the process by which organizations
quantify their GHG emissions, so that they may
understand their climate impact and set goals to limit
their emissions. In some organizations, this is also known
as a carbon or greenhouse gas inventory. Though carbon
accounting covers a wide range of different practices and
means different things to different groups of people, it
can generally be split into two categories: physical
carbon accounting, which looks at quantifying physical
amounts of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere
and financial carbon accounting which looks at giving
carbon a financial market value. Physical carbon
accounting for example, can be used to help companies
and countries work out how much carbon they are
emitting into the atmosphere, this is known as a
greenhouse gas inventory. Once it has been established
how much carbon is being emitted, reduction targets can
be set. This method is also important for helping us
assign responsibility to different parties for their
associated carbon emissions. Carbon accounting provides
us with the tools not only to quantify and measure carbon
emissions but also to help us make informed decisions in
regards to mitigation strategies. How much carbon is
being emitted? Who is responsible for these emissions?
Which methods should we employ to achieve the biggest
carbon reductions? Are there strategies or policies which
appear ‘green’ but could actually increase our carbon
emissions? Carbon accounting can help us to answer all
of these questions.

Carbon accounting in corporations-

Carbon accounting can be used as part of sustainability

accounting by for-profit and non-profit organisations. A
corporate or organisational "carbon" or greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions assessment promises to quantify the
greenhouse gases produced directly and indirectly from a
business or organisation's activities within a set of
boundaries. Also known as a carbon footprint, it is a
business tool that constructs information that may (or
may not) be useful for understanding and managing
climate change impacts.
The drivers for corporate carbon accounting include
mandatory GHG reporting in directors' reports,
investment due diligence, shareholder and stakeholder
communication, staff engagement, green messaging, and
tender requirements for business and government
contracts. Accounting for greenhouse gas emissions is
increasingly framed as a standard requirement for
business.
Enterprise Carbon Accounting (ECA) or Corporate
Carbon Footprint aims to be a rapid and cost effective
process for businesses to collect, summarise, and report
enterprise and supply chain GHG inventories. ECA
leverages financial accounting principles, whilst utilising
a hybrid of input-output LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) and
process methodologies as appropriate. The evolution to
ECA is necessary to address the urgent need for a more
comprehensive and scalable approach to carbon
accounting. While an emerging area, a number of new
companies offer ECA solutions. ECA is a critical part of
broader Enterprise Sustainability Accounting.
Characteristics of Carbon Accounting
 Comprehensive: Incorporates Scope 1,2 and 3
emissions.

 Periodic: Enables updates at regular intervals and

comparisons across reporting periods
 Auditable: Traces transactions and enables
independent reviews for compliance
 Flexible: Incorporates data from multiple
approaches to life cycle analysis
 Standards-Based: Accommodates existing
generally accepted standards and emerging
standards
 Scalable: Accommodates growing volume and
complexity of business operations
 Efficient: Delivers data in the timeframe required
for decision making.

GREEN ACCOUNTING

Meaning of Green Accounting

Green accounting is a type of accounting that attempts to
include factor environmental costs into the financial
results of operations. It permits the computation of
income for a notion by taking into account the economic
damage and depletion in the natural resource base of an
economy. It is a measure of sustainable income level that
can be secured without decreasing the stock of natural
assets. 

Main purpose of Green Accounting

The major purpose of green accounting is to help
businesses understand and manage the potential quid pro
quo between traditional economic goals and
environmental goals. It also increases the important
information available for analyzing policy issues
especially when those vital pieces of information are
often overlooked. Green accounting is said to only ensure
weak sustainability which should be considered as a step
toward ultimately a strong sustainability. 

Etymology-

The term was first brought into common usage by

economist and professor Peter Wood in the 1980s . 

Practice
Green Accounting helps promote a sustainable future for
businesses as it brings green public procurement and
green research and development into the big picture .
Penalties for polluters and incentives are also a crucial
part of this type of accounting . Green accounting uses
the system of environmental economic accounting SEEA
which focuses on the depletion of scarce natural
resources and measures the costs of environmental
degradation along with its prevention . Thus, NDP is
newly defined as Green NDP, or also known as EDP .
The green accounting formula is 
EDP= NET EXPORTS +C+NAp.ec +(NAnp.ec-NAnp.n)
Where 
EDP = Environmental Domestic Product  
C= Final Consumption 
NApec = Net accumulation of produced economic assets 
NAnp.ec= Net accumulation of non produced economic
assets 
NAnp.n = Net accumulation of non produced natural
assets 

Basic Structure
Objectives of Green Accounting-

 Segregation and elaboration of all environmental

related flows and stocks of traditional accounting.
 Linkage of Physical resource accounts with
Monetary environmental accounts.
 Helps in assessment of environmental costs and
benefits.
 Helps in maintenance of TANGIBLE WEALTH .
 Elaboration and Measurement of indicators of
environmentally adjusted product and income  .

Challenges of Green Accounting-

 SEEA does not include comprehensive natural
resource accounting because regional natural
resource accounts are not reflected in the main
accounts of the SEEA.
  It focuses on the use of natural resource for
economic activities and ignores the flows and
transformations within the natural resources.

 The types of data needed for SEEA are not

available in the necessary format. Thus lack of
data has been one of the main problems in the
SEEA.

 Another problem arises when environmental data

are directly connected with data of existing
national accounts for the preparation of the SEEA

 Unlike the market prices used by the SNA, there is

no simple justifiable valuation system for the
SEEA
 The pricing of all environmental variables in
monetary terms in the SEEA has consequences 

REFERENCES:
What is Human Resource Accounting?
(charteredclub.com)
What Is Human Resource Accounting? Objectives,
Methods (geektonight.com)
Forensic Accounting Definition
(www.investopedia.com)
Forensic Accounting in India: Importance,
Meaning, Scope (www.bajajfinserv.in)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Forensic
Accounting (connectusfund.org)
Features of Joint Venture Account
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_accounting
( green accounting ) 
Objective of green accounting , structure and
challenges
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do/climate-change/case-studies/climate-
research/carbon-accounting
https://supplychain.edf.org/resources/carbon-
accounting/#:~:text=Carbon%20accounting%20is
%20the%20process,carbon%20or%20greenhouse
%20gas%20inventory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_accounting
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YOU