1

CHANAKYANATI
ONALLAW UNI
VERSI
TY,
PATNA

FI
NALDRAFT
TOPI
C:CANCELLATI
ONOFBAI
L

SUBMI
TTEDTO:

MI
[Link]

FACULTYOFCRI
MINALLAW

SUBMI
TTEDBY:

KUMARSANJEEV

ROLLNO.-2122

BALL.
B(Hons.
)

4thsemest
er
 2

Tabl
eofCont
ent
s
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

DECLARATI
ON 4

I
NTRODUCTI
ON 5

Ai
msAndObj
ect
ives 6

Hy
pot
hesi
s 6

Resear
chMet
hodol
ogy 6

Sour
cesOfDat
a 6

Rev
iewOfLi
ter
atur
e 7

Li
mit
ati
onsOfTheSt
udy 8

CANCELLATI
ONOFBAI
L:GROUNDS 9

REVI
SIONPETI
TIONONGRANTI
NGOFBAI
L 12

ANTI
CIPATORYBAI
L 13

CANCELLATI
ONOFBAI
L:ANEXERCI
SEONDI
SCRETI
ON 28

PRESENCEOFCOGENTREASONSFORBAI
LCANCELLATI
ON 32

CONCLUSI
ON 33

BI
BLI
OGRAPHY 34
 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iwoul
dli
ket
otaket
hisoppor
tuni
tyt
oexpr
essmypr
ofoundgr
ati
tudeanddeep
r
egar
dto Mi
[Link]
eet
yAnand ma'
am f
orherexempl
arygui
dance,v
aluabl
e
f
eedbackandconst
antencour
agementt
hroughoutt
hispr
oject
.

Herv
aluabl
esuggest
ionswer
eofi
mmensehel
pthr
oughoutt
hemaki
ngoft
his
pr
oject
.

Iwoul
dal
sol
i
ket
othankmyf
ri
endsandmyseni
orswi
thoutwhom t
hemaki
ngof
t
hispr
ojectwoul
dnothav
ebeensuccessf
ul.

Iwoul
dal
sol
i
ket
oext
endmygr
ati
tudet
omypar
ent
sandal
lthoseunseen
handst
hathav
ehel
pedmet
hroughoutt
hispr
oject
.
 4

DECLARATI
ON

Iher
ebydecl
aret
hatt
hewor
krepor
tedi
ntheB.
A.,LL.
B(Hones.
)Pr
ojectRepor
t
ent
it
led “
CANCELLATI
ON OF BAI
L” submi
tt
ed at Chanaky
a Nat
ionalLaw
Uni
ver
sit
yisanaut
hent
icr
ecor
dofmywor
kcar
ri
edoutundert
hesuper
visi
onof
Mi
[Link]
eet
yAnandma'
[Link]
enotsubmi
tt
edt
hiswor
kel
sewher
eforany
ot
herdegr
eeordi
[Link] f
ull
yresponsi
blef
ort
hecont
ent
sofmyPr
oject
Repor
t.

SI
GNATUREOFCANDI
DATE

NAMEOFCANDI
DATE:
KUMARSANJEEV.

ROLLNO.-2122

CHANAKYANATI
ONALLAW UNI
VERSI
TY,
PATNA
 5

I
NTRODUCTI
ON
AsperSect
ion439(
2)oft
heCodeofCr
imi
nal
Procedur
e,aHi
ghCour
torCour
tof
Sessi
onmaydi
rectt
hatanyper
sonwhohasbeenr
eleasedonbai
lunderChapt
er
XXXI
II(
i.
e.,
rel
ati
ngt
obai
l
)bear
rest
edandcommi
thi
mtocust
ody
.

Aper
sonadmi
tt
edt
obai
lbyt
heHi
ghCour
tcoul
dbecommi
tt
edt
ocust
odyonl
yby
t
heHi
ghCour
[Link]
mil
arl
y,aHi
ghCour
thaspowert
ost
aybai
lor
derpassedby
Sessi
onCour
ts,
ifi
tthi
nksappr
opr
iat
etodoso.

ACour
tofSessi
oncancancel
thebai
lgr
ant
edbyi
tsel
fandcannotcancel
abai
l
gr
ant
edbyt
heHi
ghCour
tunl
essnewci
rcumst
ancesar
isedur
ingt
hepr
ogr
essoft
he
t
ri
alaf
teranaccusedper
sonhasbeenadmi
tt
edt
obai
lbyt
heHi
ghCour
t.

I
faCour
tofSessi
onhadadmi
tt
edanaccusedt
obai
l
,theSt
atemayei
thermov
ethe
Sessi
onsJudgei
fcer
tai
nnewci
rcumst
anceshav
ear
isenwhi
chwer
enotear
li
er
knownt
otheSt
ate;
ort
heSt
atemayappr
oacht
heHi
ghCour
tbei
ngt
heSupr
eme
Cour
tunderSect
ion439(
2)t
ocommi
ttheaccusedt
ocust
ody
.

Sect
ion437(
5)conf
ersont
heHi
ghCour
tthepowert
ocauseanyper
sonwhohas
beenr
eleasedunderSect
ion437t
obear
rest
edandcommi
thi
mtocust
ody
.Sect
ion
439(
2)oft
heCodeempower
stheHi
ghCour
ttocauseanyper
sonwhohasbeen
admi
tt
edt
obai
lunderSect
ion439(
1)oft
heCodet
obear
rest
edandcommi
thi
mto
cust
ody
.TheSupr
emeCour
thasal
sopowert
ocancel
bai
lal
l
owedbyt
heHi
ghCour
t
i
fther
eisawr
ongexer
ciseofdi
scr
eti
onbyt
heHi
ghCour
t.

Cancel
l
ati
onofbai
lcanbeor
der
edonl
yonst
rongergr
ounds,
namel
y,abai
lor
der
hav
ingbeenpr
ocur
edonmi
srepr
esent
ati
onoff
act
s,benchsel
ect
ion,
oni
nadequat
e
i
mpr
operexer
ciseofdi
scr
eti
onbyt
hej
udgesoront
hepr
oofoft
heaccused
i
nter
fer
ingwi
thi
nvest
igat
ionort
ri
al.

Suspensi
onofsent
encemaymeanconv
ict
ionpost
ponedorkepti
nabey
ancedur
ing
pendencyofappeal
Sect
ion389oft
heCodedeal
swi
thsuspensi
onofexecut
ionof
 6

sent
encependi
ngt
heappeal
andr
eleaseoft
heappel
l
antonbai
l
.

Ther
eisdi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenbai
landsuspensi
onofsent
[Link]
heessent
ial
i
ngr
edi
ent
sofSect
ion389i
sther
equi
rementf
ort
heAppel
l
ateCour
ttor
ecor
d
r
easonsi
nwr
it
ingf
oror
der
ingsuspensi
onofexecut
ionoft
hesent
enceoror
der
appeal
edagai
nst
.

Ai
msAndObj
ect
ives:

Ther
esear
cher
’spr
imeai
mist
opr
esentadet
ail
edst
udyofBai
l
sunder
Cr
imi
nal
Procedur
eCodet
hroughar
ti
cles,
conv
ent
ions,
aff
ir
mat
ions,
sect
ions,
j
udgment
sanddeci
sions

Ther
esear
cherai
mst
odescr
ipt
ivel
ypr
ovi
deacr
it
ical
over
viewoft
het
opi
cs
ar
isi
ng.

Ther
esear
cherai
mst
ost
udyt
hel
andmar
kcasesr
elat
ingt
oBai
l
sini
ndi
a

Ther
esear
cherai
mst
ost
udyt
hedi
ff
erentt
ypesofbai
l
s

ndal
sot
odeal
wit
hthedi
ff
erentway
stocancel
abai
l

Hy
pot
hesi
s:

[Link]
lmaybecancel
l
edf
ornotf
ulf
il
li
ngt
hebai
lcondi
ti
ons.
[Link]
lcanbecancel
l
edbyt
heSupr
emeCour
tincaseoft
hreatt
othesoci
etyby
t
heoneonbai
l
.

Resear
chMet
hodol
ogy
:

Ther
esear
cherwi
l
lber
ely
ingonDoct
ri
nal
met
hodofr
esear
cht
ocompl
etet
he
 7

pr
oject
.Thesei
nvol
vev
ari
ouspr
imar
yandsecondar
ysour
cesofl
i
ter
atur
eand
i
nsi
ght
s.

Sour
cesOfDat
a:

Ther
esear
cherwi
l
lber
ely
ingonbot
hpr
imar
yandsecondar
ysour
cest
ocompl
ete
t
hepr
oject
.
PRI
MARYSOURCES:

[Link]
imi
nal
Procedur
eCode(
1973)

SECONDARYSOURCES:

[Link]
tesandBl
ogs.

[Link].

[Link]
evi
ewsandMagazi
nes.

Rev
iewOfLi
ter
atur
e:

[Link]
tl
e:THECRI
MINALPROCEDURECODE,
[Link]&DHI
RAJLAL.

TheCodeofCr
imi
nal
Procedur
e,1973,
isav
ehi
clef
ordi
spensat
ionofj
ust
icewi
thi
ts
appl
i
cabi
l
ityr
angi
ngf
rom t
ri
alcour
tst
otheSupr
emeCour
t.I
thascont
inuousl
y
ev
olv
edt
hroughl
egi
sl
ati
veamendment
saswel
lasj
udi
cial
int
erpr
etat
ionsov
ert
he
y
ear
stoaccepti
tspr
esentf
[Link]
aryhast
hroughoutbeenwr
it
ten
l
uci
dlyandcar
ri
essect
ion-
wisedi
scussi
ons,
whi
chpl
acesi
tamongstt
hemost
aut
hor
it
ati
veandl
eadi
ngcomment
ari
esont
hel
awofCr
imi
nal
Procedur
einI
ndi
a.
Thef
ort
hcomi
ngedi
ti
onoft
hisl
eadi
ngwor
khasbeenpai
nst
aki
ngl
ydr
aft
edt
o
i
ncl
udet
hel
atestcases,
legi
slat
iveamendment
s,cur
rentdev
elopment
sandev
olv
ing
j
udi
cial
trendsi
nthel
awr
elat
ingt
ocr
imi
nal
procedur
[Link]
slat
ivechangesov
ert
he
y
ear
shav
ebeeni
ncor
por
atedandsuppl
ant
edwi
thl
atestj
udgment
soft
hehi
gher
cour
[Link]
hent
ici
ty,
ori
ginal
i
tyandr
eli
abi
l
ityhav
eal
way
sbeent
hehal
l
mar
ksoft
his
 8

publ
i
cat
ionandev
erypossi
blecar
ehasbeent
akeni
nthi
sedi
ti
ont
omai
ntai
nthe
or
igi
nal
excel
l
ence,
sty
leandqual
i
tyoft
hewor
[Link]
rentedi
ti
oni
sal
so
suppl
ement
edwi
thaqui
ckov
erv
iewi
nthef
orm ofasummar
yatt
heendoft
hewor
k
f
orashar
pandpr
omptunder
standi
ngoft
hesubj
ect
.

[Link]
tl
e:RVKELKAR’
SCRI
MINALPROCEDURE.

Thi
scl
assi
cwor
kpr
ovi
desani
n-dept
hanal
ysi
soft
hehi
ther
toov
erl
ookedaspectof
cr
imi
nal
procedur
eint
heI
ndi
ancont
ext
.Wr
it
tenbyR.
[Link]
kari
n1977,
thebookhas
subsequent
lybeenr
evi
sedbyPr
ofessorK.
[Link]
asekhar
anPi
l
lai
,theabl
e
st
udentoft
heaut
hor
.Thought
het
opi
cshav
ebeenupdat
edandr
evi
sed,
Prof
essor
Pi
l
lai
hasensur
edt
hatt
heor
igi
nal
i
tyandf
reshnessoft
heappr
oachofKel
kardoes
notgetl
ost
.Thebasi
cfundament
alpr
inci
plesofcr
imi
nal
procedur
ehav
ebeen
di
scussedi
nal
ogi
cal
[Link]
tempthasbeenmadet
omaket
hest
udyof
cr
imi
nal
procedur
ebot
hmeani
ngf
ulaswel
lasi
nter
est
[Link]
c-wi
sear
rangement
oft
hesubj
ect
-mat
terandanal
ysi
soft
her
elev
antsect
ionsconnect
edwi
theach
i
ndi
vi
dual
topi
cmaket
hecomment
aryacompr
ehensi
veandst
andar
dwor
kont
he
subj
ect
.Thepr
esentedi
ti
onhasbeenf
ull
yupdat
ed,
prov
idi
ngr
elev
antst
atut
e-l
aw
andcase-
lawatt
heappr
opr
iat
epl
[Link]
sef
fect
edt
otheCodeof
Ci
vi
lPr
ocedur
ehav
ebeendi
scussedandanal
[Link]
alemphasi
shasbeen
pl
acedont
her
olepl
ayedbyt
heSupr
emeCour
tint
heconst
it
uti
onal
i
zat
ionof
cr
imi
nal
procedur
[Link]
ndi
spensabl
ebookf
orpr
act
ici
ngl
awy
ers,
teacher
sand
st
udent
sofcr
imi
nal
law;
itwi
l
lal
sobeofi
mmenseuset
olawy
ers,
judges,
pol
i
ceand
ot
herof
fi
cial
sconcer
nedwi
thcr
imi
nal
lawadmi
nist
rat
ion.

Li
mit
ati
onsOfTheSt
udy
:
Ther
esear
cherhast
err
it
ori
al,
andt
imel
i
mit
ati
onsi
ncompl
eti
ngt
hepr
oject
.
 9

CANCELLATI
ONOFBAI
L:GROUNDS

AsperSect
ion439(
2)oft
heCodeofCr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
e,aHi
ghCour
torCour
tof
Sessi
onmaydi
rectt
hatanyper
sonwhohasbeenr
eleasedonbai
lunderChapt
er
XXXI
II(
i.
e.,
rel
ati
ngt
obai
l
)bear
rest
edandcommi
thi
mtocust
ody
.

Aper
sonadmi
tt
edt
obai
lbyt
heHi
ghCour
tcoul
dbecommi
tt
edt
ocust
odyonl
yby
t
heHi
ghCour
[Link]
mil
arl
y,aHi
ghCour
thaspowert
ost
aybai
lor
derpassedby
Sessi
onCour
ts,
ifi
tthi
nksappr
opr
iat
etodoso.

ACour
tofSessi
oncancancelt
hebai
lgr
ant
edbyi
tsel
fandcannotcancelabai
l
gr
ant
edbyt
heHi
ghCour
tunl
essnewci
rcumst
ancesar
isedur
ingt
hepr
ogr
essoft
he
t
ri
alaf
teranaccusedper
sonhasbeenadmi
tt
edt
obai
lbyt
heHi
ghCour
t.

I
faCour
tofSessi
onhadadmi
tt
edanaccusedt
obai
l
,theSt
atemayei
thermov
ethe
Sessi
onsJudgei
fcer
tai
nnew ci
rcumst
anceshav
ear
isenwhi
chwer
enotear
li
er
knownt
otheSt
ate;ort
heSt
atemayappr
oacht
heHi
ghCour
tbei
ngt
heSupr
eme
Cour
tunderSect
ion439(
2)t
ocommi
ttheaccusedt
ocust
ody
.

Sect
ion437(
5)conf
ersont
heHi
ghCour
tthepowert
ocauseanyper
sonwhohas
beenr
eleasedunderSect
ion437t
obear
rest
edandcommi
thi
mtocust
ody
.Sect
ion
439(
2)oft
heCodeempower
stheHi
ghCour
ttocauseanyper
sonwhohasbeen
admi
tt
edt
obai
lunderSect
ion439(
1)oft
heCodet
obear
rest
edandcommi
thi
mto
cust
ody
.TheSupr
emeCour
thasal
sopowert
ocancelbai
lal
l
owedbyt
heHi
ghCour
t
1
i
fther
eisawr
ongexer
ciseofdi
scr
eti
onbyt
heHi
ghCour
t.

Cancel
l
ati
onofbai
lcanbeor
der
edonl
yonst
rongergr
ounds,namel
y,abai
lor
der
hav
ingbeenpr
ocur
edonmi
srepr
esent
ati
onoff
act
s,benchsel
ect
ion,
oni
nadequat
e
i
mpr
operexer
ciseofdi
scr
eti
on byt
hej
udgesoron t
hepr
oofoft
heaccused
i
nter
fer
ingwi
thi
nvest
igat
ionort
ri
al.

Suspensi
onofsent
encemaymeanconv
ict
ionpost
ponedorkepti
nabey
ancedur
ing
pendencyofappealSect
ion389oft
heCodedeal
swi
thsuspensi
onofexecut
ionof
sent
encependi
ngt
heappeal
andr
eleaseoft
heappel
l
antonbai
l
.

Ther
eisdi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenbai
landsuspensi
onofsent
[Link]
heessent
ial

1
MaheshKumar—V-St
ateofBi
har2008(
2)BBCJ642.(
Indi
a)
 10

i
ngr
edi
ent
sofSect
ion389i
sther
equi
rementf
ort
heAppel
l
ateCour
ttor
ecor
d
r
easonsi
nwr
it
ingf
oror
der
ingsuspensi
onofexecut
ionoft
hesent
enceoror
der
appeal
edagai
nst
.

I
fhei
sinconf
inement
,thesai
dcour
tcandi
rectt
hatheber
eleasedonbai
l
,oronhi
s
[Link]
equi
rementofr
ecor
dingr
easonsi
nwr
it
ingcl
ear
lyi
ndi
cat
est
hat
t
her
ehast
obecar
efulconsi
der
ati
onoft
her
elev
antaspect
sandt
heor
derdi
rect
ing
suspensi
onofsent
enceandgr
antofbai
lshoul
dnotbepassedasamat
terof
2
r
out
ine.

Bai
lmaybecancel
l
edont
hef
oll
owi
nggr
oundsaspert
hev
erdi
ctsofdi
ff
erent
Cour
ts:

(
1)Whent
heper
sononbai
lisf
oundt
amper
ingwi
tht
heev
idenceei
therdur
ingt
he
i
nvest
igat
ionordur
ingt
het
ri
al.

(
2)Whent
heper
sononbai
lcommi
tssi
mil
arof
fenceoranyhei
nousof
fencedur
ing
t
heper
iodofbai
l
.

(
3)Whent
heper
sononbai
lhasabscondedandt
ri
aloft
hecaseget
sdel
ayedont
hat
account
.

(
4)When i
tis al
l
eged t
hatt
he per
son on bai
list
err
ori
zi
ng t
he wi
tness and
commi
tt
ingact
sofv
iol
enceagai
nstt
hepol
i
ce.

(
5)Whent
heper
sononbai
lcr
eat
esser
iousl
aw andor
derpr
obl
emsi
nthesoci
ety
andhehadbecomeahazar
dont
hepeacef
ull
i
vingoft
hepeopl
e.

(
6)Wheni
tisf
oundt
hatt
hesubsequentev
ent
smakeoutanon-
bai
l
abl
eof
fenceora
gr
averof
fence.

(
7)Whent
heHi
ghCour
tfoundt
hatt
her
ewasawr
ongexer
ciseofj
udi
cialdi
scr
eti
on
t
ogr
antt
heaccusedbai
l
.

(
8)Whent
heci
rcumst
anceswer
epr
ovedt
hatt
heaccusedhasmi
susedt
hel
i
ber
ty
gr
ant
edt
ohi
m,i
tissuf
fi
cientgr
oundt
ocancel
bai
l
.

(
9)I
fthel
i
feoft
heaccusedper
sononbai
l
sit
sel
fbei
ndanger
.

2
Janki
Das-
V-St
ateofBi
har2009(
1)BBCJ579.(
Indi
a)
 11

Theant
ici
pat
orybai
lcanal
sobecancel
l
edbef
oret
her
egul
arbai
li
sact
ual
l
ygr
ant
ed.

I
nSt
ate(
Del
hiAdmn.
)[Link]
ayGandhiSupr
emeCour
tobser
vedr
eject
ionofbai
l
whenbai
lisappl
i
edf
ori
sonet
hing;cancel
l
ati
onofabai
lal
readygr
ant
edi
squi
te
anot
her
.Iti
seasi
ert
orej
ectabai
lappl
i
cat
ioni
nanon-
bai
l
abl
ecaset
hent
ocancela
bai
loncegr
ant
[Link]
sbecausecancel
l
ati
onofbai
lint
erf
ereswi
tht
he.l
i
ber
ty
al
readysecur
edbyt
heaccusedei
theront
heexer
ciseofdi
scr
eti
onbyt
hecour
torby
t
het
hrustofl
[Link]
sCour
t,t
her
efor
e,obser
vedt
hatt
hepowert
otakebacki
n
cust
odyanaccusedwhohasbeenenl
argedonbai
lhast
obeexer
cisedwi
thcar
e
andci
rcumspect
[Link]
hatt
hepowert
houghext
raor
dinar
yin
3
char
act
ermustnotbeexer
cisedev
eni
ftheendsofj
ust
icesodemand.

3
Bi
rendr
aSahni
-V-
Stat
eofBi
har2006(
2)PLJR256.(
Indi
a)
 12

REVI
SIONPETI
TIONONGRANTI
NGOFBAI
L:

I
tispossi
blet
ochal
l
engegr
ant
ingofabai
lbyaMagi
str
atei
nar
evi
sionpet
it
ioni
n
t
heHi
ghCour
t.I
ntheAppl
i
cat
ionf
orcancel
l
ati
onofbai
l
,thel
ogi
calr
easoni
ngt
hat
pr
evai
l
sist
hatt
hegr
ant
ingofbai
latt
hest
ageofi
tsgr
ant
ingwasqui
tepr
operbut
t
hesuper
veni
ngci
rcumst
ancesmadet
hecont
inuat
ionofbai
llegal
l
yunt
enabl
e.
Wher
easi
nrev
isi
onpet
it
ionwhatt
heappl
i
cantgr
iev
esabouti
sthatt
hegr
ant
ingof
4
bai
li
tsel
fwasnotl
egal
l
ytenabl
e.

I
nthemat
terofexer
ciseofr
evi
siononabai
lor
der
,theSupr
emeCour
tandHi
gh
Cour
thav
eissuedcont
rav
eni
ngor
der
[Link]
emeCour
t,i
ncasesl
i
keAmarNat
h
&Ot
her
svSt
ateofHar
yana,Madhul
i
may
evSt
ateofMahar
asht
ra,deal
swi
tht
he
i
ssueofbai
l
.Rel
yi
ngont
heapexcour
tor
der
stheAl
l
ahabadHi
ghCour
tinSt
ateof
UPvKar
am Si
nghhel
dthatanor
dergr
ant
ingbai
li
nani
nter
locut
oryor
derandhence
i
tcannotbechal
l
enged underexer
ciseofr
evi
si
oni
naSessi
onsorHi
ghCour
[Link]
t
heBombayHi
ghCour
t,r
ely
ingont
hem,deci
dedt
hecont
rar
yinRShakunt
alav
RoshanLal
.Somecomment
ator
sconsi
dert
heBombayHi
ghCour
tor
deri
smor
e
5
appr
opr
iat
e.

Thei
ssueofcancel
l
ati
onofbai
lisonl
yani
nci
dent
almat
teri
nacr
imi
nalcase.
Ther
efor
ethest
andar
drequi
redt
opr
oveacaser
elat
ingt
obai
lis‘
preponder
anceof
pr
obal
i
ties’
andnot‘
bey
ondr
easonabl
edoubt
’unl
i
keasi
not
hercr
imi
nal
mat
ter
s.

4
I
bid.
5
Jogi
nderKumarV-St
ateofU.
[Link]
R1994SC1349.(
Indi
a)
 13

ANTI
CIPATORYBAI
L
Supr
emeCour
tint
hecaseofGur
bakshSi
ngh,deci
dedbyaconst
it
uti
onbenchai
r
1980SC1632,Bai
l
-Ant
ici
pat
oryBai
l
-Sect
ion438oft
heCodeofCr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
e
Code,1973(
Act2of1974)
,Scopeof
-Judi
cialbal
anci
ngofper
sonall
i
ber
tyandt
he
i
nvest
igat
ional
power
soft
hePol
i
ce,
expl
ained.

Theappel
l
anther
ein,Sr
iGur
bakshSi
nghSi
bbi
awasaMi
nist
erofI
rr
igat
ionand
Poweri
ntheCongr
essMi
nist
ryoft
heGov
ernmentofPunj
[Link]
aveal
l
egat
ionsof
pol
i
ticalcor
rupt
ionwer
emadeagai
nsthi
m andot
her
swher
euponappl
i
cat
ionswer
e
f
il
edi
ntheHi
ghCour
tofPunj
abandHar
yanaundersect
ion438oft
heCr
imi
nal
Pr
ocedur
eCode,
pray
ingt
hatt
heappel
l
ant
sbedi
rect
edt
ober
eleasedonbai
l
,int
he
ev
entoft
hei
rar
restont
heaf
oresai
dchar
[Link]
der
ingt
hei
mpor
tanceoft
he
mat
ter
,al
ear
nedsi
ngl
eJudger
efer
redt
heappl
i
cat
ionst
oaFul
lBench,
whi
chbyi
ts
j
udgmentdi
smi
ssedt
hem,af
tersummar
isi
ng,whataccor
dingt
oiti
sthet
ruel
egal
posi
ti
on,
ofs.438oft
heCodeofCr
imi
nal
Procedur
e,:
 
(
1)ThepowerunderSect
ion438,Cr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
eCode,i
sofanext
ra-
ordi
nar
y
char
act
erandmustbeexer
cisedspar
ingl
yinexcept
ional
casesonl
y.
 
(
2)Nei
therSect
ion438noranyot
herpr
ovi
sionoft
heCodeaut
hor
isest
hegr
antof
bl
anketant
ici
pat
ory bai
lforof
fences noty
etcommi
tt
ed orwi
thr
egar
dto
accusat
ionsnotsof
arl
evel
l
ed.
 
(
3)Thesai
dpoweri
snotungui
dedoruncanal
i
sedbutal
lthel
i
mit
ati
onsi
mposedi
n
t
hepr
ecedi
ngSect
ion437,
arei
mpl
i
citt
her
einandmustber
eadi
ntoSect
ion438.
 
(
4)I
naddi
ti
ont
othel
i
mit
ati
onsment
ionedi
nSect
ion437,
thepet
it
ionermustmake
outaspeci
alcasef
ort
heexer
ciseoft
hepowert
ogr
antant
ici
pat
orybai
l
. 
(
5)Wher
eal
egi
ti
mat
ecasef
ort
her
emandoft
heof
fendert
othepol
i
cecust
ody
underSect
ion167(
2)canbemadeoutbyt
hei
nvest
igat
ingagencyorar
easonabl
e
cl
aimt
osecur
eincr
imi
nat
ingmat
eri
alf
rom i
nfor
mat
ionl
i
kel
ytober
ecei
vedf
rom t
he
of
fenderunderSect
ion27oft
heEv
idenceActcanbemadeout
,thepowerunder
Sect
ion438shoul
dnotbeexer
cised.
 
 14

(
6)Thedi
scr
eti
onunderSect
ion438cannotbeexer
cisedwi
thr
egar
dtoof
fences
puni
shabl
ewi
thdeat
hori
mpr
isonmentf
orl
i
feunl
esst
heCour
tatt
hatv
eryst
agei
s
sat
isf
iedt
hatsuchachar
geappear
stobef
alseorgr
oundl
ess.
 
(
7)Thel
argeri
nter
estoft
hepubl
i
candSt
atedemandt
hati
nser
iouscasesl
i
ke
economi
cof
fencesi
nvol
vi
ngbl
atantcor
rupt
ionatt
hehi
gherr
ungsoft
heexecut
ive
andpol
i
ticalpower
,thedi
scr
eti
onunderSect
ion438oft
heCodeshoul
dnotbe
exer
cised;
and 
(
8)Mer
egener
alal
l
egat
ionsofmal
afi
desi
nthepet
it
ionar
einadequat
[Link]
t
mustbesat
isf
iedonmat
eri
alsbef
orei
tthatt
heal
l
egat
ionsofmal
afi
desar
e
subst
ant
ialandt
heaccusat
ionappear
stobef
alseandgr
oundl
[Link]
gument
t
hatt
heappel
l
ant
swer
emenofsubst
anceandposi
ti
onwhower
ehar
dlyl
i
kel
yto
abscondandwoul
dbepr
epar
edwi
l
li
ngl
ytof
acet
ri
alwasr
eject
edbyt
heFul
lBench
wi
tht
heobser
vat
ion t
hatt
o accor
d di
ff
erent
ialt
reat
mentt
otheappel
l
ant
son
accountoft
hei
rst
atuswi
l
lamountt
onegat
ionoft
heconceptofequal
i
tybef
oret
he
l
aw andt
hati
tcoul
dhar
dlybecont
endedt
hatev
erymanofst
atus,who was
i
ntendedt
obechar
gedwi
thser
iouscr
imesi
ncl
udi
ngt
heoneundersect
ion409was
puni
shabl
ewi
thl
i
fei
mpr
isonment
,"wasent
it
ledt
oknockatt
hedooroft
heCour
tfor
ant
ici
pat
orybai
l
".Thepossessi
onofhi
ghst
atus,accor
dingt
otheFul
lBench,i
snot
onl
yani
rr
elev
antconsi
der
ati
onf
orgr
ant
ingant
ici
pat
orybai
l
,buti
s,i
fany
thi
ng,an
6
aggr
avat
ingci
rcumst
ance.

Hencet
heappeal
sbyspeci
all
eav
[Link]
l
ant
scont
ended:
 

(
a)Thepowerconf
err
edbysect
ion438t
ogr
antant
ici
pat
orybai
li
s"notl
i
mit
edt
othe
cont
igenci
es"summar
isedbyt
heHi
ghCour
t;
 
(
b)Thepowert
ogr
antant
ici
pat
orybai
loughtt
obel
eftt
othedi
scr
eti
onoft
heCour
t
concer
ned,
dependi
ngont
hef
act
sandci
rcumst
ancesofeachpar
ti
cul
arcase;
 
(
c)Si
ncet
hedeni
alofbai
lamount
stodepr
ivat
ionofper
sonall
i
ber
ty;Cour
tsshoul
d
l
eanagai
nstt
hei
mposi
ti
onofunnecessar
yrest
ri
cti
onsont
hescopeofSect
ion438,
whennosuchr
est
ri
cti
onsar
eimposedbyt
hel
egi
slat
urei
nthet
ermsoft
hatsect
ion 
(
d)Sect
ion438i
sapr
ocedur
alpr
ovi
sionwhi
chi
sconcer
nedwi
tht
heper
sonal
li
ber
ty
ofani
ndi
vi
dualwhohasnotbeenconv
ict
edoft
heof
fencei
nrespectofwhi
chhe

6
Judici
alOff
icerSer
viceAssociat
ion—V-St
ateof
GujratAIR1991SC2176.( I
ndia).
 15

seeksbai
landwhomustbepr
esumedt
obei
nnocent
.Thev
ali
dit
yoft
hatsect
ion
mustaccor
dingl
ybeexami
nedbyt
het
estoff
air
nessandwhi
chi
simpl
i
citi
nAr
ti
cle
21.I
fthel
egi
slat
urei
tsel
fwer
etoi
mposeanunr
easonabl
erest
ri
cti
oncoul
dhav
e
beenst
ruckdownasbei
ngv
iol
ati
veofAr
ti
[Link]
efor
e,whi
l
edet
ermi
ningt
he
scopeofsect
ion438,t
heCour
tshoul
dnoti
mposeanyunf
airorunr
easonabl
e
l
i
mit
ati
onont
hei
ndi
vi
dual
'
sri
ghtt
oobt
ainanor
derofant
ici
pat
orybai
l
.Imposi
ti
on
ofanunf
airorunr
easonabl
eli
mit
ati
onwoul
dbev
iol
ati
veofAr
ti
cle21i
rr
espect
iveof
whet
heri
tisi
mposedbyl
egi
slat
ionorbyj
udi
cial
deci
sion.
 

Al
l
owi
ngt
heappeal
sinpar
t,Supr
emeCour
t,HELD:
 

[Link]
etyhasav
ital
stakei
nbot
hoft
hesei
nter
est
snamel
y,per
sonal
li
ber
tyand
t
hei
nvest
igat
ionalpoweroft
hepol
i
ce,t
hought
hei
rrel
ati
vei
mpor
tanceatanygi
ven
t
imedependsupont
hecompl
exi
onandr
est
rai
ntsofpol
i
ticalcondi
ti
[Link]
t'
s
t
aski
showbestt
obal
ancet
hesei
nter
est
swhi
l
edet
ermi
ningt
hescopeofsect
ion
438oft
heCodeofCr
imi
nal
Procedur
e,1973.
 

[Link] Hi
gh Cour
tand t
he Cour
tofSessi
on shoul
d be l
eftt
o exer
cise t
hei
r
j
uri
sdi
cti
onundersect
ion438byawi
seandcar
efuluseoft
hei
rdi
scr
eti
onwhi
chby
t
hei
rlongt
rai
ningandexper
ience,
theyar
eideal
l
ysui
tedt
odo.
 

Theendsofj
ust
icewi
l
lbebet
terser
vedbyt
rust
ingt
hesecour
tst
oactobj
ect
ivel
y
andi
nconsonancewi
thpr
inci
plesgov
erni
ngt
hegr
antofbai
lwhi
char
erecogni
sed
ov
ert
hey
ear
s,t
hanbydi
vest
ingt
hem oft
hei
rdi
scr
eti
onwhi
cht
hel
egi
slat
urehas
conf
err
edupont
hem,byl
ayi
ngdowni
nfl
exi
bler
ulesofgener
alappl
i
cat
ion.I
tis
cust
omar
y,al
mostchr
oni
c,t
otakeast
atut
easonef
indsi
tont
hegr
oundt
hat
,af
ter
al
l
,"t
hel
egi
slat
urei
nit
swi
sdom"hast
houghti
tfi
ttouseapar
ti
cul
arexpr
essi
on.A
conv
ent
ionmayusef
ull
ygr
owwher
ebyt
heHi
ghCour
tandt
heCour
tofSessi
onmay
bet
rust
edt
oexer
ciset
hei
rdi
scr
eti
onar
ypower
sint
hei
rwi
sdom,
especi
all
ywhent
he
di
scr
eti
oni
sent
rust
edt
othei
rcar
ebyt
hel
egi
slat
urei
nit
swi
sdom.I
ftheyer
r,t
hey
7
ar
eli
abl
etobecor
rect
ed. 

7
Bhi
m Singh—V-St
ateofJ&K-AIR1986SC494(I
ndi
a)
Mej
aSingh-
V-SHOpoli
cestati
on,Zi
ro1991ACJ439(I
ndi
a).
 16

[Link]
ion438(
1)oft
heCodel
aysdownacondi
ti
onwhi
chhast
obesat
isf
iedbef
ore
ant
ici
pat
orybai
lcanbegr
ant
[Link]
i
cantmustshow t
hathehas"
reasont
o
bel
i
eve"t
hathe may be ar
rest
ed f
ora non-
bai
l
abl
e of
[Link] use oft
he
expr
essi
on"
reasont
obel
i
eve"showst
hatt
hebel
i
eft
hatt
heappl
i
cantmaybeso
ar
rest
edmustbef
oundedonr
easonabl
egr
[Link]
e'f
ear
'isnot'
bel
i
ef'
,f
orwhi
ch
r
easoni
tisnotenoughf
ort
heappl
i
cantt
oshowt
hathehassomesor
tofav
ague
appr
ehensi
on t
hatsome one i
s goi
ng t
o make an accusat
ion agai
nsthi
m,i
n
pur
suanceofwhi
chhemaybear
rest
[Link]
oundsonwhi
cht
hebel
i
efoft
he
appl
i
canti
sbasedt
hathemaybear
rest
edf
oranon-bai
l
abl
eof
fence,mustbe
capabl
eofbei
ngexami
nedbyt
hecour
tobj
ect
ivel
y,becausei
tist
henal
onet
hatt
he
cour
tcandet
ermi
newhet
hert
heappl
i
canthasr
easont
obel
i
evet
hathemaybeso
8
ar
rest
ed. 

Sect
ion438(
1),t
her
efor
e,cannotbei
nvokedont
hebasi
sofv
agueandgener
al
al
l
egat
ions,asi
ftoar
m onesel
finper
pet
uit
yagai
nstapossi
blear
rest
.Ot
her
wise,
t
henumberofappl
i
cat
ionsf
orant
ici
pat
orybai
lwi
l
lbeasl
arge,as,atanyr
ate,t
he
adul
tpopul
[Link]
ici
pat
orybai
lisadev
icet
osecur
ethei
ndi
vi
dual
'
sli
ber
ty;i
tis
nei
therapasspor
ttot
hecommi
ssi
onofcr
imesnorashi
eldagai
nstanyandal
lki
nds
9
ofaccusat
ion,
li
kel
yorunl
i
kel
y. 

Secondl
y,i
fanappl
i
cat
ionf
orant
ici
pat
orybai
li
smadet
otheHi
ghCour
tort
heCour
t
ofSessi
oni
tmustappl
yit
sownmi
ndt
othequest
ionanddeci
dewhet
heracasehas
beenmadeoutf
orgr
ant
ingsuchr
eli
ef.I
tcannotl
eav
ethequest
ionf
ort
hedeci
sion
oft
heMagi
str
ateconcer
ned underSect
ion 437 oft
heCode,asand when an
occasi
onar
[Link]
sewi
l
ldef
eatt
hev
eryobj
ectofSect
ion438.
 

Thi
rdl
y,t
hef
il
ingofaFi
rstI
nfor
mat
ionRepor
tisnotacondi
ti
onpr
ecedentt
othe
exer
ciseoft
hepowerunderSect
[Link]
mmi
nenceofal
i
kel
yar
restf
ounded
onar
easonabl
ebel
i
efcanbeshownt
oexi
stev
eni
fanF.
I.
R.i
snoty
etf
il
ed.
 

Four
thl
y,ant
ici
pat
orybai
lcanbegr
ant
edev
enaf
teranF.
I.
R.i
sfi
l
ed,sol
ongast
he
8
Uni
onofIndi
a—V- Thamishar
asi1995SCC(Cr,
)665(Indi
a)
[Link]
anaray
ana-V-Stat
e1986SCC141.(Indi
a).
9
Mit
tal
-V-
[Link]
akaAIR2008SC1126.(Indi
a)
 17

appl
i
canthasnotbeenar
rest
ed.
 

Fi
ft
hly
,thepr
ovi
sionsofSect
ion438cannotbei
nvokedaf
tert
hear
restoft
he
[Link]
antof"
ant
ici
pat
orybai
l
"toanaccusedwhoi
sunderar
resti
nvol
vesa
cont
radi
cti
oni
nter
ms,i
nsof
arast
heof
fenceorof
fencesf
orwhi
chhei
sar
rest
ed,
ar
econcer
[Link]
terar
rest
,theaccusedmustseekhi
sremedyunderSect
ion437or
Sect
ion439oft
heCode,
ifhewant
stober
eleasedonbai
linr
espectoft
heof
fence
orof
fencesf
orwhi
chhei
sar
rest
ed.
 

[Link]
er,a"
blanketor
der
"ofant
ici
pat
orybai
lshoul
dnotgener
all
ybepassed.
Thi
sfl
owsf
rom t
hev
eryl
anguageoft
hesect
ionwhi
chr
equi
rest
heappel
l
antt
o
showt
hathehas"
reasont
obel
i
eve"t
hathemaybear
rest
[Link]
i
efcanbesai
dto
bef
oundedonr
easonabl
egr
oundsonl
yift
her
eissomet
hingt
angi
blet
ogobyont
he
basi
sofwhi
chi
tcanbesai
dthatt
heappl
i
cant
'sappr
ehensi
ont
hathemaybe
ar
rest
edi
sgenui
ne.

Thati
swhy
,nor
mal
l
y,adi
rect
ionshoul
dnoti
ssueunderSect
ion438(
1)t
otheef
fect
t
hatt
heappl
i
cantshal
lber
eleasedonbai
l"whenev
erar
rest
edf
orwhi
chev
erof
fence
what
soev
er"
.Thati
swhati
smeantbya'
bl
anketor
der
'ofant
ici
pat
orybai
l
,anor
der
whi
chser
vesasabl
ankett
ocov
erorpr
otectanyandev
eryki
ndofal
l
egedl
yunl
awf
ul
act
ivi
ty,i
nfactanyev
ent
ual
i
ty,l
i
kel
yorunl
i
kel
yregar
ding whi
ch,no concr
ete
i
nfor
mat
ioncanpossi
blybebad.
 

Ther
ati
onal
eofadi
rect
ionunderSect
ion438(
1)i
sthebel
i
efoft
heappl
i
cant
f
oundedonr
easonabl
egr
oundst
hathemaybear
rest
edf
oranon-
bai
l
abl
eof
fence.I
t
i
s unr
eal
i
sti
cto expectt
he appl
i
cantt
o dr
aw up hi
s appl
i
cat
ion wi
tht
he
met
icul
ousnessofapl
eadi
ngi
naci
vi
lcaseandsuchi
snotr
equi
rementoft
he
sect
[Link]
fi
cev
ent
sandf
act
smustbedi
scl
osedbyt
heappl
i
canti
nor
dert
o
enabl
ethecour
ttoj
udgeoft
her
easonabl
enessofhi
sbel
i
ef,
theexi
stenceofwhi
ch
10
i
sthesi
nequanonoft
heexer
ciseofpowerconf
err
edbyt
hesect
ion.  

10
Di
nkarRao-
V-St
ateofMhar
ast
ra2004(
l)Cr
imes(
Indi
a)
 18

Apar
tfr
om t
hef
actt
hatt
hev
eryl
anguageoft
hest
atut
ecompel
sthi
sconst
ruct
ion,
t
her
eisani
mpor
tantpr
inci
plei
nvol
vedi
nthei
nsi
stencet
hatf
act
s,ont
hebasi
sof
whi
chadi
rect
ionunderSect
ion438(
1)i
ssought
,mustbecl
earandspeci
fi
c,not
v
agueandgener
al.I
tisonl
ybyt
heobser
vanceoft
hatpr
inci
plet
hatapossi
ble
conf
li
ctbet
weent
her
ightofani
ndi
vi
dualt
ohi
sli
ber
tyandt
her
ightoft
hepol
i
cet
o
11
i
nvest
igat
eint
ocr
imesr
epor
tedt
othem canbeav
oided.  

Abl
anketor
derofant
ici
pat
orybai
lisboundt
ocauseser
iousi
nter
fer
encewi
thbot
h
t
her
ightandt
hedut
yoft
hepol
i
cei
nthemat
terofi
nvest
igat
ionbecause,
regar
dless
ofwhatki
ndofof
fencei
sal
l
egedt
ohav
ebeencommi
tt
edbyt
heappl
i
cantandwhen,
anor
derofbai
lwhi
chcompr
ehendsal
l
egedl
yunl
awf
ulact
ivi
tyofanydescr
ipt
ion
what
soev
er,
wil
lpr
eventt
hepol
i
cef
rom ar
rest
ingt
heappl
i
cantev
eni
fthecommi
ts,
say
,amur
deri
nthepr
esenceoft
hepubl
i
[Link]
dercant
henbecomeachar
ter
ofl
awl
essnessandweapont
ost
if
lepr
ompti
nvest
igat
ioni
ntoof
fenceswhi
chcoul
d
notpossi
blybepr
edi
cat
edwhent
heor
[Link]
efor
e,t
hecour
twhi
ch
gr
ant
sant
ici
pat
orybai
lmustt
akecar
etospeci
fyt
heof
fenceorof
fencesi
nrespect
ofwhi
chal
onet
heor
derwi
l
lbeef
fect
[Link]
dnotbeexer
cisedi
na
v
acuum.
 

[Link]
derofbai
lcanbepassedundersect
ion438(
1)oft
heCodewi
thoutnot
icet
o
t
hePubl
i
cPr
osecut
[Link]
iceshoul
dissuet
othepubl
i
cpr
osecut
orort
he
Gov
ernmentAdv
ocat
efor
thwi
thandt
hequest
ionofbai
lshoul
dber
e-exami
nedi
n
t
hel
i
ghtoft
her
espect
ivecont
ent
ionsoft
hepar
ti
[Link]-
int
eri
m or
dert
oomust
conf
orm t
other
equi
rement
soft
hesect
ion and sui
tabl
econdi
ti
onsshoul
d be
i
mposedont
heappl
i
cantev
enatt
hatst
age.
 

[Link]
l
ythe oper
ati
on ofan or
derpassed undersect
ion 438(
1)need not
necessar
il
ybel
i
mit
edi
npoi
ntoft
[Link]
tmay
,ift
her
ear
ereasonsf
ordoi
ng
so,
li
mitt
heoper
ati
onoft
heor
dert
oashor
tper
iodunt
ilaf
tert
hef
il
ingofanF.
I.
R.i
n
r
espectoft
hemat
tercov
eredbyt
heor
der
.Theappl
i
cantmayi
nsuchcasesbe
di
rect
edt
oobt
ainanor
derofbai
lunderSect
ion437or439oft
heCodewi
thi
na
r
easonabl
yshor
tper
iodaf
tert
hef
il
ingoft
heF.
I.
[Link]
oresai
[Link]
hisneednotbe

11
MaheshKumarV-
Stat
eofBi
har2008(
2)BBCJ624.(
Indi
a)
 19

f
oll
owedasani
nvar
iabl
erul
[Link]
malr
uleshoul
dbenott
oli
mitt
heoper
ati
onof
12
t
heor
deri
nrel
ati
ont
oaper
iodoft
ime.  

[Link]
lisbasi
cal
l
yrel
easef
rom r
est
rai
nt,mor
epar
ti
cul
arl
yrel
easef
rom t
hecust
ody
oft
hepol
i
[Link]
restdi
rect
lyaf
fect
sfr
eedom ofmov
ementoft
heper
son
ar
rest
edbyt
hepol
i
ce,andspeaki
nggener
all
y,anor
derofbai
lgi
vesbackt
othe
accusedt
hatf
reedom oncondi
ti
ont
hathewi
l
lappeart
otakehi
str
ial
.Per
sonal
r
ecogni
zancesur
ety
shi
pbondsandsuchot
hermodal
i
tiesar
ethemeansbywhi
ch
anassur
ancei
ssecur
edf
rom t
heaccusedt
hatt
houghhehasbeenr
eleasedonbai
l
,
hewi
l
lpr
esenthi
msel
fast
het
ri
alofof
fenceorof
fencesofwhi
chhei
schar
gedand
f
orwhi
chhewasar
rest
ed.
 

Thedi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenanor
dinar
yor
derofbai
landanor
derofant
ici
pat
orybai
lis
t
hatwher
east
hef
ormeri
sgr
ant
edaf
terar
restandt
her
efor
emeansr
eleasef
rom t
he
cust
odyoft
hepol
i
ce,t
hel
att
eri
sgr
ant
edi
nant
ici
pat
ionofar
restandi
sther
efor
e
ef
fect
iveatt
hev
erymomentofar
rest
.Pol
i
cecust
odyi
sani
nev
itabl
econcomi
tantof
ar
restf
ornon-
bai
l
abl
eof
fences.
 

Anor
derofant
ici
pat
orybai
lconst
it
utes,sot
osay
,ani
nsur
anceagai
nstpol
i
ce
cust
odyf
oll
owi
nguponar
restf
orof
fenceorof
fencesi
nrespectofwhi
cht
heor
deri
s
i
ssued.I
not
herwor
ds,unl
i
keapost
-ar
restor
derofbai
l
,iti
sapr
e-ar
restl
egal
pr
ocesswhi
chdi
rect
sthati
ftheper
soni
nwhosef
avouri
tisi
ssuedi
sther
eaf
ter
ar
rest
edont
heaccusat
ioni
nrespectofwhi
cht
hedi
rect
ioni
sissued,heshal
lbe
r
eleasedonbai
l
. 

Sect
ion46(
1)oft
heCodeofCr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
ewhi
chdeal
swi
thhowar
rest
sar
eto
bemade,
prov
idest
hati
nmaki
ngt
hear
restt
hepol
i
ceof
fi
cerorot
herper
sonmaki
ng
t
hear
rest"
shal
lact
ual
l
ytouchorconf
inet
hebodyoft
heper
sont
obear
rest
ed,
unl
esst
her
ebeasubmi
ssi
ont
othecust
odybywor
doract
ion"
.Adi
rect
ionunder
sect
ion 438 i
sint
ended t
o conf
ercondi
ti
onali
mmuni
tyf
rom t
his'
touch'or
conf
inement
. 

12
Raj
eshGul
ativ
.Gov
[Link]
hi,
(2002)6SCALE142(
Indi
a)
 20

[Link]
hepol
i
ceofpossessi
ngaheal
i
ngt
ouchnori
ndeeddoes
any
onehav
emi
sgi
vi
ngsi
nregar
dtoconst
rai
ntsconsequentuponconf
inementi
n
pol
i
cecust
ody
.But
,soci
etyhascomet
oacceptandacqui
escei
nal
lthatf
oll
ows
uponapol
i
cear
restwi
thacer
tai
namountofsangf
roi
d,i
nsof
arast
heor
dinar
yrut
ofcr
imi
nali
nvest
igat
ioni
sconcer
ned.I
tist
henor
malday
-to-
daybusi
nessoft
he
pol
i
cet
oinv
est
igat
eint
ochar
gesbr
oughtbef
oret
hem and,br
oadl
yandgener
all
y,
t
heyhav
enot
hingt
ogai
n,notf
avour
satanyr
ate,bysubj
ect
ingor
dinar
ycr
imi
nalt
o
needl
esshar
assment
. 

Butt
hecr
imes,t
hecr
imi
nal
sandev
ent
hecompl
aint
scanoccasi
onal
l
ypossess
ext
raor
dinar
yfeat
[Link]
heev
enf
lowofl
i
febecomest
urbi
d,t
hepol
i
cecanbe
cal
l
edupont
oinqui
rei
ntochar
gesar
isi
ngoutofpol
i
ticalant
agoni
[Link]
ful
pr
ocessesofcr
imi
nall
aw cant
henbeper
ver
tedf
orachi
evi
ngext
raneousends.
At
tendantuponsuchi
nvest
igat
ions,whent
hepol
i
cear
enotf
reeagent
swi
thi
nthei
r
spher
eofdut
y,i
sagr
eatamountofi
nconv
eni
ence,har
assmentandhumi
l
iat
ion.
Thatcanev
ent
aket
hef
orm oft
hepar
adi
ngofar
espect
abl
eper
soni
nhand-
cuf
fs,
appar
ent
lyonwayt
oacour
tofj
ust
[Link]
ouldeedi
sdonewhenanadv
ersar
yis
exposedt
osoci
alr
idi
cul
eandobl
oquy
,nomat
terwhenandwhet
heraconv
ict
ioni
s
secur
edori
satal
lpossi
ble.I
tisi
nor
dert
omeetsuchsi
tuat
ions,
thoughnotl
i
mit
ed
t
othesecont
ingenci
es,t
hatt
hepowert
ogr
antant
ici
pat
orybai
lwasi
ntr
oducedi
nto
t
heCodeof1973.
 

[Link]
ause(
1)ofSect
ion438i
scouchedi
nter
ms,br
oadandunqual
i
[Link]
knowncanonofconst
ruct
ion,wor
dsofwi
dthandampl
i
tudeoughtnotgener
all
yto
becutdownsoast
oreadi
ntot
hel
anguageoft
hest
atut
erest
rai
ntsandcondi
ti
ons
whi
cht
hel
egi
sl
atur
eit
sel
fdi
dnott
hinki
tpr
operornecessar
ytoi
[Link]
sis
especi
all
ytr
uewhent
hest
atut
orypr
ovi
sionwhi
chf
all
sforconsi
der
ati
oni
sdesi
gned
t
o secur
ea v
aluabl
eri
ghtl
i
ket
her
ightt
o per
sonalf
reedom and i
nvol
vest
he
appl
i
cat
ion ofa pr
esumpt
ion as sal
utar
y and deep gr
ained i
n ourCr
imi
nal
Jur
ispr
udenceast
hepr
esumpt
ionofi
nnocence.
 

Thel
egi
slat
ureconf
err
edawi
dedi
scr
eti
onont
heHi
ghCour
tandt
heCour
tof
Sessi
ont
ogr
antant
ici
pat
orybai
lbecausei
tev
ident
lyf
elt
, 
f
ir
stl
y,t
hati
twoul
dbedi
ff
icul
ttoenumer
atet
hecondi
ti
onsunderwhi
chant
ici
pat
ory
 21

bai
lshoul
dorshoul
dnotbegr
ant
edand 
secondl
y;becauset
hei
ntent
ionwast
oal
l
ow t
hehi
ghercour
tsi
ntheechel
ona
somewhatf
reehandi
nthegr
antofr
eli
efi
nthenat
ureofant
ici
pat
orybai
l
. 

Thati
swhy
,depar
ti
ngf
rom t
het
ermsofSect
ions437and439,
Sect
ion438(
1)uses
t
hel
anguaget
hatt
heHi
ghCour
tort
heCour
tofSessi
on"
may
,ifi
tthi
nksf
it
"di
rect
t
hatt
heappl
i
cantber
eleasedonbai
l
.Sub-
sect
ion(
2)ofSect
ion438i
saf
urt
herand
cl
ear
ermani
fest
ati
onoft
hesamel
egi
slat
ivei
ntentt
oconf
erawi
dedi
scr
eti
onar
y
powert
ogr
antant
ici
pat
orybai
l
.Itpr
ovi
dest
hatt
heHi
ghCour
tort
heCour
tof
Sessi
on,
whi
l
eissui
ngadi
rect
ionf
ort
hegr
antofant
ici
pat
orybai
l
,"mayi
ncl
udesuch
condi
ti
onsi
nsuchdi
rect
ionsi
nthel
i
ghtoft
hef
act
soft
hepar
ti
cul
arcase,
asi
tmay
t
hinkf
it
"incl
udi
ngt
hecondi
ti
onswhi
char
esetouti
ncl
auses(
i)t
o(i
v)ofsub-
sect
ion(
2).Thepr
oofofl
egi
slat
ivei
ntentcanbestbef
oundi
nthel
anguagewhi
ch
t
hel
egi
slat
ureuses.
 

Ambi
gui
ti
escanundoubt
edl
yber
esol
vedbyr
esor
ttoext
raneousai
dsbutwor
ds,
as
wi
deandexpl
i
citashav
ebeenusedi
nSect
ion438,mustbegi
vent
hei
rful
lef
fect
,
especi
all
ywhent
oref
uset
odosowi
l
lresul
tinunduei
mpai
rmentoft
hef
reedom of
t
hei
ndi
vi
dualandt
hepr
esumpt
ionofi
nnocence.I
thast
obebor
nei
nmi
ndt
hat
ant
ici
pat
orybai
lissoughtwhent
her
eisamer
eappr
ehensi
onofar
restont
he
accusat
iont
hatt
heappl
i
canthascommi
tt
edanon-
bai
l
abl
eof
[Link]
sonwho
hasy
ett
olosehi
sfr
eedom bybei
ngar
rest
edasksf
orf
reedom i
ntheev
entofar
rest
.
Thati
sthest
ageatwhi
chi
tisi
mper
ati
vet
opr
otecthi
sfr
eedom,i
nsof
arasone
may
,andt
ogi
vef
ull
playt
othepr
esumpt
iont
hathei
sinnocent
. 

I
nfact
,thest
ageatwhi
chant
ici
pat
orybai
lisgener
all
ysoughtbr
ingsabouti
ts
st
ri
ki
ngdi
ssi
mil
ari
tywi
tht
hesi
tuat
ioni
nwhi
chaper
sonwhoi
sar
rest
edf
ort
he
commi
ssi
onofanon-
bai
l
abl
eof
fencesasksf
orbai
l
.Int
hel
att
ersi
tuat
ion,
adequat
e
dat
aisav
ail
abl
etot
heCour
t,orcanbecal
l
edf
orbyi
t,i
nthel
i
ghtofwhi
chi
tcan
gr
antorr
efuser
eli
efandwhi
l
egr
ant
ingi
t,modi
fyi
tbyt
hei
mposi
ti
onofal
loranyof
t
hecondi
ti
onsment
ionedi
nSect
ion437.
 

[Link]
i
tudeofj
udi
cialdi
scr
eti
onwhi
chi
sgi
vent
otheHi
ghCour
tandt
he
Cour
tofSessi
ons,t
oimposesuchcondi
ti
onsast
heymayt
hinkf
itwhi
l
egr
ant
ing
 22

ant
ici
pat
orybai
l
,shoul
dnotbecutdown,byapr
ocessofconst
ruct
ion,byr
eadi
ng
i
ntot
hest
atut
econdi
ti
onswhi
char
enott
obef
oundt
her
einl
i
ket
hoseev
olv
edbyt
he
Hi
ghCour
[Link]
ghCour
tandt
heCour
tofSessi
ont
owhom t
heappl
i
cat
ionf
or
ant
ici
pat
orybai
lismadeoughtt
o bel
eftf
reei
ntheexer
ciseoft
hei
rjudi
cial
di
scr
eti
ont
ogr
antbai
lift
heyconsi
deri
tfi
tsot
odoont
hepar
ti
cul
arf
act
sand
ci
rcumst
ancesoft
he case and on such condi
ti
onsast
he case maywar
rant
.
Si
mil
arl
y,t
heymustbel
eftf
reet
oref
usebai
lift
heci
rcumst
ancesoft
hecaseso
war
rant
,onconsi
der
ati
onssi
mil
art
othosement
ionedi
nSect
ion437orwhi
char
e
gener
all
yconsi
der
edt
ober
elev
antunderSect
ion439oft
heCode.
 

Gener
ali
sat
ionsonmat
ter
swhi
chr
estondi
scr
eti
onandt
heat
temptt
odi
scov
er
f
ormul
aeofuni
ver
salappl
i
cat
ionwhenf
act
sar
eboundt
odi
ff
erf
rom caset
ocase
f
rust
rat
ethev
erypur
poseofconf
err
ingdi
scr
eti
[Link]
wocasesar
eal
i
keonf
act
s
and t
her
efor
e,Cour
tshav
eto beal
l
owed a l
i
ttl
efr
eepl
ayi
nthej
oint
sift
he
conf
ermentofdi
scr
eti
onar
ypoweri
stobemeani
ngf
[Link]
eisnor
iski
nvol
vedi
n
ent
rust
ingawi
dedi
scr
eti
ont
otheCour
tofSessi
onandt
heHi
ghCour
tingr
ant
ing
ant
ici
pat
orybai
lbecause,f
ir
stl
ythesear
ehi
ghercour
tsmannedbyexper
ienced
per
sons,secondl
ythei
ror
derar
enotf
inalbutar
eopent
oappel
l
ateorr
evi
sional
scr
uti
nyandabov
eal
lbecause,di
scr
eti
onhasal
way
stobeexer
cisedbycour
ts
j
udi
cial
l
yandnotaccor
dingt
owhi
m,capr
iceorf
ancy
.Ont
heot
herhand,t
her
eisa
r
iski
nfor
ecl
osi
ngcat
egor
iesofcasesi
nwhi
chant
ici
pat
orybai
lmaybeal
l
owed
becausel
i
fet
hrowsupunf
oreseenpossi
bil
i
tiesandof
fer
snewchal
l
[Link]
cial
di
scr
eti
onhast
obef
reeenought
obeabl
etot
aket
hesepossi
bil
i
tiesi
nit
sst
ri
deand
t
omeett
hesechal
l
enges.
 

[Link]
etodeci
decasesast
heycomebef
oret
hem,mi
ndf
uloft
heneedt
o
keeppassi
onsandpr
ejudi
cesoutoft
hei
rdeci
[Link]
twi
l
lbest
rangei
f,by
empl
oyi
ngj
udi
ci
alar
ti
fi
cesandt
echni
ques,t
hisCour
tcut
sdownt
hedi
scr
eti
onso
wi
sel
yconf
err
edupont
heCour
ts,
bydev
isi
ngaf
ormul
awhi
chwi
l
lconf
inet
hepower
t
ogr
antant
ici
pat
orybai
lwi
thi
nast
rai
t-
jacket
. 

Whi
l
elay
ingdowncast
-i
ronr
ulesi
namat
terl
i
kegr
ant
ingant
ici
pat
orybai
l
,ast
he
Hi
ghCour
thasdone,i
tisaptt
obeov
erl
ookedt
hatev
enJudgescanhav
ebutan
i
mper
fectawar
enessoft
heneedsofnew si
tuat
[Link]
fei
snev
erst
ati
candev
ery
 23

si
tuat
ionhast
obeassessedi
nthecont
extofemer
gingconcer
nsasandwheni
t
ar
[Link]
efor
e,ev
en i
fthi
s Cour
twer
etof
rame a '
Code f
ort
he gr
antof
ant
ici
pat
orybai
l
',whi
chr
eal
l
yist
hebusi
nessoft
hel
egi
slat
ure,
itcanatbestf
urni
sh
br
oadgui
del
i
nesandcannotcompel
bli
ndadher
ence.
 

I
nwhi
chcaset
ogr
antbai
landi
nwhi
cht
oref
usei
tis,
int
hev
erynat
ureoft
hings,
a
mat
terofdi
scr
eti
[Link]
tfr
om t
hef
actt
hatt
hequest
ioni
sinher
ent
lyofaki
nd
whi
chcal
l
sfort
heuseofdi
scr
eti
onf
rom caset
ocase,t
hel
egi
slat
urehas,i
nter
ms
expr
ess,r
elegat
edt
hedeci
sionoft
hatquest
iont
othedi
scr
eti
onoft
heCour
t,by
pr
ovi
dingt
hati
tmaygr
antbai
l"i
fitt
hinksf
it
".
 

Theconcer
ntheCour
tsgener
all
yist
opr
eser
vet
hei
rdi
scr
eti
onwi
thoutmeani
ngt
o
abusei
t.I
twi
l
lbest
rangei
ftheCour
texhi
bit
sconcer
ntost
ult
if
ythedi
scr
eti
on
conf
err
edupont
heCour
tsbyl
[Link]
scr
eti
on,t
her
efor
e,oughtt
obeper
mit
tedt
o
r
emai
nint
he domai
n ofdi
scr
eti
on,t
o be exer
cised obj
ect
ivel
y and open t
o
cor
rect
ionbyt
hehi
ghercour
[Link]
etyofdi
scr
eti
onar
ypowerl
i
esi
nthi
stwi
n
13
pr
otect
ionwhi
chpr
ovi
desasaf
eguar
dagai
nsti
tsabuse.  

12.I
tist
rue t
hatt
he f
unct
ions ofj
udi
ciar
y and t
he pol
i
ce ar
ein a sense
compl
ement
aryandnotov
erl
appi
[Link]
derofant
ici
pat
orybai
ldoesnoti
nany
way
,di
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
ly,t
akeawayf
rom t
hepol
i
cet
hei
rri
ghtt
oinv
est
igat
eint
o
char
gesmadeort
obemadeagai
nstt
heper
sonr
eleasedonbai
l
.Inf
act
,twooft
he
usualcondi
ti
onsi
ncor
por
atedi
nadi
rect
ioni
ssuedundersect
ion438(
1)ar
ethose
r
ecommendedi
nSub-
sect
ion(
2)(
i)and(
ii
)whi
chr
equi
ret
heappl
i
cantt
oco-
oper
ate
wi
tht
hepol
i
ceandt
oassur
ethatheshal
lnott
amperwi
tht
hewi
tnessesdur
ingand
af
tert
he i
nvest
igat
[Link]
l
e gr
ant
ing r
eli
efunderSect
ion 438(
1),appr
opr
iat
e
condi
ti
onscanbei
mposedunderSect
ion438(
2),soast
oensur
eanuni
nter
rupt
ed
i
nvest
igat
[Link]
ti
onscanev
enbet
hati
ntheev
entoft
hepol
i
ce
maki
ngoutacaseofal
i
kel
ydi
scov
eryunderSect
ion27oft
heEv
idenceAct
,the
per
sonr
eleasedonbai
lshal
lbel
i
abl
etobet
akeni
npol
i
cecust
odyf
orf
aci
l
itat
ing
t
hedi
scov
ery
.Besi
des,i
fandwhent
heoccasi
onar
ises,i
tmaybepossi
blef
ort
he
pr
osecut
iont
ocl
aimt
hebenef
itofSect
ion27oft
heEv
idenceActi
nregar
dtoa

13
St
ateofTami
lNaduv
.Sent
hilKumar
,AI
R1999SC971:
(1999)2SCC646.(
Indi
a)
 24

di
scov
eryoff
act
smadei
npur
suanceofi
nfor
mat
ionsuppl
i
edbyaper
sonr
eleased
14
onbai
l
.  

[Link]
ion438i
mmedi
atel
yfol
l
owsSect
ion437whi
chi
sthemai
npr
ovi
sionf
or
bai
li
nrespectofnon-
bai
l
abl
eof
fences,
iti
smani
festt
hatt
hecondi
ti
onsi
mposedby
s.437(
1)ar
eimpl
i
cit
lycont
ainedi
nSect
ion438oft
[Link]
err
edby
sect
ion438i
sofan"
ext
raor
dinar
y"char
act
eronl
yint
hesenset
hati
tisnot
or
dinar
il
yresor
tedt
oli
ket
hepowerconf
err
edbysect
ions437and439.
 

[Link]
ncedeni
alofbai
lamount
stodepr
ivat
ionofper
sonall
i
ber
ty,t
heCour
tshoul
d
l
eanagai
nstt
hei
mposi
ti
onofunnecessar
yrest
ri
cti
onsont
hescopeofsect
ion438,
especi
all
ywhennosuchr
est
ri
cti
onshav
ebeeni
mposedbyt
hel
egi
slat
urei
nthe
t
ermsoft
hatsect
[Link]
ion438i
sapr
ocedur
alpr
ovi
sionwhi
chi
sconcer
nedwi
th
t
heper
sonal
li
ber
tyoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
,whoi
sent
it
ledt
othebenef
itoft
hepr
esumpt
ion
ofi
nnocencesi
ncehei
snot
,ont
hedat
eofhi
sappl
i
cat
ionf
orant
ici
pat
orybai
l
,
conv
ict
edoft
heof
fencei
nrespectofwhi
chheseeksbai
l
.Anov
er-
gener
ousi
nfusi
on
ofconst
rai
ntsandcondi
ti
onswhi
char
enott
obef
oundi
nSect
ion438canmakei
ts
pr
ovi
si
onsconst
it
uti
onal
l
yvul
ner
abl
esi
ncet
her
ightt
oper
sonalf
reedom cannotbe
madet
odependoncompl
i
ancewi
thunr
easonabl
erest
ri
cti
ons.
 

15.I
nregar
dtoant
ici
pat
orybai
l
,ift
hepr
oposedaccusat
ionappear
stost
em not
f
rom mot
ivesoff
urt
her
ingt
heendsofj
ust
icebutf
rom someul
ter
iorMot
ive,t
he
obj
ectbei
ngt
oinj
ureandhumi
l
iat
etheappl
i
cantbyhav
inghi
m ar
rest
edadi
rect
ion
f
ort
her
eleaseoft
heappl
i
cantonbai
lint
heev
entofhi
sar
restwoul
dgener
all
y,be
[Link]
heot
herhand,i
fitappear
sli
kel
yconsi
der
ingt
heant
ecedent
soft
he
appl
i
cant
,thatt
aki
ngadv
ant
ageoft
heor
derofant
ici
pat
orybai
lhewi
l
lfl
eef
rom
j
ust
ice,suchanor
derwoul
[Link]
heconv
erseoft
hesepr
oposi
ti
onsi
s
notnecessar
il
ytr
[Link]
stosayi
tcannotbel
aiddownasani
nexor
abl
erul
ethat
ant
ici
pat
orybai
lcannotbegr
ant
edunl
esst
hepr
oposedaccusat
ionappear
stobe
act
uat
edbymal
afi
des;
and,
equal
l
y,t
hatant
ici
pat
orybai
lmustbegr
ant
edi
fther
eis
nof
eart
hatt
heappl
i
cantwi
l
[Link]
ear
esev
eralot
herconsi
der
ati
ons,t
oo
numer
oust
oenumer
atet
hecombi
nedef
fectofwhi
chmustwei
ghwi
tht
hecour
t

14
Heml
ataKant
il
alShahv
.St
ateofMahar
asht
ra,
AIR1982SC8[
LNI
ND1981SC422]
:(1981)4SCC
647
 25

whi
l
egr
ant
ingorr
eject
ingant
ici
pat
orybai
l
.Thenat
ureandser
iousnessoft
he
pr
oposedchar
ges,t
hecont
extoft
heev
ent
sli
kel
ytol
eadt
othemaki
ngoft
he
char
ges,ar
easonabl
epossi
bil
i
tyoft
heappl
i
cant
'spr
esencenotbei
ngsecur
edat
t
het
ri
al,ar
easonabl
eappr
ehensi
ont
hatwi
tnesseswi
l
lbet
amper
edwi
thand"
the
l
argeri
nter
est
soft
hepubl
i
cort
hest
ate"ar
esomeoft
heconsi
der
ati
onswhi
cht
he
cour
thast
okeepi
nmi
ndwhi
l
edeci
dinganappl
i
cat
ionf
orant
ici
pat
orybai
l
. 

St
ateofMahar
asht
ra&Anrv
[Link]
i
dHusai
n&ot
her
sDATEOFJUDGMENT:
10/
10/
2007BENCH:S.
[Link]
nhaJ&Har
ji
tSi
nghBediJ,2008AI
R155,2007(
10
)
SCR995,
2008(
1)SCC213,
2007(
12)
SCALE63,
2007(
11)
JT587

CodeofCr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
e,1973:,S.
439-
Grantofant
ici
pat
orybai
l
-Det
ermi
ning
f
act
ors-
Discussed.

s.
439-
Ant
ici
pat
orybai
l
-Accusedper
sonspol
i
ceof
fi
cer
sandpol
i
tici
ans-
Char
gedwi
th
of
fenceofr
api
ngmi
norgi
rl
-Remai
ningunder
ground-
Sessi
onsj
udger
eject
edt
hei
r
r
egul
arbai
landant
ici
pat
orybai
l
-Hi
ghCour
tal
l
owedant
ici
pat
orybai
l
-Cor
rect
nessof
-
Hel
d: Not cor
rect as v
ict
im needed pr
otect
ion-
Mor
eov
er accused per
sons
unscr
upul
ousl
ynotcompl
i
edwi
tht
hecondi
ti
onsi
mposedont
hem andal
sonot
pr
esentbef
oret
hecour
tnumberoft
imes 

Thepr
osecut
ioncasewast
hatt
hepr
osecut
ri
xwasst
ayi
ngwi
thhermat
ernalaunt
`
M'af
terhermot
herr
emar
ri
edondeat
hofherf
ather
.Shewasassaul
tedandabused
by`
M'andasar
esul
tshel
eftt
hehomeandst
art
edwor
kingi
nthehouseofaccused
`
T'asamai
dser
vant
.Int
hehouseof`
T'somegi
rl
susedt
[Link]
terf
ew day
s
whenonegi
rldi
dnotcome,`
T't
ookpr
osecut
ri
xtoapl
acewher
eshewasof
fer
eda
sof
tdr
inkandt
henagai
nstherwi
l
l,wassubj
ect
edt
[Link]
eaf
tershewas
r
egul
arl
ybeensentoutwi
thv
ari
ousper
[Link]
swhoar
epol
i
tici
ans,
pol
i
ce
of
fi
cer
sandbusi
nessmenal
l
egedl
yhadbeent
aki
nghert
ohot
el,gov
ernmentguest
houseandev
ent
othei
rownapar
tment
.Ononeday
,theaccusedper
sons,
namedi
n
t
heFi
rstI
nfor
mat
ionRepor
ttookhert
oahot
elt
otakel
i
quor
.Howev
er,
theaccused
per
sonsst
art
edbehav
ingi
ndecent
lywi
thher
.Thepol
i
cecameandt
ookal
loft
hem
 26

t
othepol
i
cest
ati
on.
 

Shewasmedi
cal
l
yexami
nedonsamrday
.HerRadi
ologi
cal(
Bone)Assessment
suggest
edheraget
obebet
ween14-
16y
ear
[Link]
swer
enotnamedi
nthe
Fi
rstI
nfor
mat
ionRepor
[Link]
er,pr
osecut
ri
xmadesev
eralst
atement
sther
eaf
ter
i
mpl
i
cat
ingt
her
espondent
s. 

Whenr
espondent
scamet
oknow t
hatt
heyhav
ebeennamedbyt
hesai
dgi
rl
,they
[Link]
il
edanappl
i
cat
ionf
orant
ici
pat
orybai
lbef
oret
heSessi
onsJudge
whi
chwasdi
smi
[Link]
eaf
ter
,theyf
il
edappl
i
cat
ionf
orant
ici
pat
orybai
lbef
ore
t
heHi
ghCour
twhi
chwasal
l
owedont
hegr
oundt
hatt
hepr
osecut
ri
xbei
ngmaj
or
andhav
ingwi
l
li
ngl
yconsent
edf
orsexf
orconsi
der
ati
on,pr
imaf
aci
e,acaseunder
s.
376I
PCi
snotmadeoutandt
hatsi
ncepr
osecut
ri
xwasst
ati
onedi
ntheRemand
Homeshewasf
ull
ypr
otect
ed.