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Introduction
Chapter 1
Uses of Computer Networks
• Business Applications
• Home Applications
• Mobile Users
• Social Issues
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Business Applications (1)
A network with two clients and one server
Business Applications (2)
The client-server model involves requests and replies
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Home Applications (1)
In a peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers.
Home Applications (2)
Some forms of e-commerce
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Mobile Users
Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing
Social Issues
• Network neutrality
• Digital Millennium Copyright Act
• Profiling users
• Phishing
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Network Hardware (1)
• Personal area networks
• Local area networks
• Metropolitan area networks
• Wide are networks
• The internet
Network Hardware (2)
Classification of interconnected processors by scale.
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Personal Area Network
Bluetooth PAN configuration
Local Area Networks
Wireless and wired LANs. (a) 802.11. (b) Switched Ethernet.
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Metropolitan Area Networks
A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.
Wide Area Networks (1)
WAN that connects three branch offices in Australia
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Wide Area Networks (2)
WAN using a virtual private network.
Wide Area Networks (3)
WAN using an ISP network.
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Network Software
• Protocol hierarchies
• Design issues for the layers
• Connection-oriented versus connectionless
service
• Service primitives
• Relationship of services to protocols
Protocol Hierarchies (1)
Layers, protocols, and interfaces.
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Protocol Hierarchies (2)
The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture
Protocol Hierarchies (3)
Example information flow supporting virtual
communication in layer 5.
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Connection-Oriented Versus
Connectionless Service
Six different types of service.
Service Primitives (1)
Six service primitives that provide a simple
connection-oriented service
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Service Primitives (2)
A simple client-server interaction using
acknowledged datagrams.
The Relationship of Services to Protocols
The relationship between a service and a protocol.
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Reference Models
• OSI reference model
• TCP/IP reference model
• Model used for this text
• Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
• Critique of OSI model and protocols
• Critique of TCP/IP model
The OSI Reference Model
Principles for the seven layers
• Layers created for different abstractions
• Each layer performs well-defined function
• Function of layer chosen with definition of
international standard protocols in mind
• Minimize information flow across interfaces
between boundaries
• Number of layers optimum
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The OSI Reference Model
The OSI reference model
OSI Reference Model Layers
• Physical layer
• Data link layer
• Network layer
• Transport layer
• Session layer
• Presentation layer
• Application layer
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The TCP/IP Reference Model Layers
• Link layer
• Internet layer
• Transport layer
• Application layer
The TCP/IP Reference Model (1)
The TCP/IP reference model
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The TCP/IP Reference Model (2)
The TCP/IP reference model with some protocols we will study
The Model Used in this Book
The reference model used in this book.
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Comparison of the OSI and
TCP/IP Reference Models
Concepts central to OSI model
• Services
• Interfaces
• Protocols
Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
• Bad timing.
• Bad technology.
• Bad implementations.
• Bad politics.
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OSI Model Bad Timing
The apocalypse of the two elephants.
Example Networks
• Internet
• ARPANET
• NSFNET
• Third-generation mobile phone networks
• Wireless LANs: 802.11
• RFID and sensor networks
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The ARPANET (1)
a) Structure of the telephone system.
b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching system.
The ARPANET (2)
The original ARPANET design
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The ARPANET (3)
Growth of the ARPANET.
a) December 1969.
b) July 1970.
c) March 1971.
The ARPANET (4)
Growth of the ARPANET.
d) April 1972.
e) September 1972.
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NSFNET
The NSFNET backbone in 1988.
Architecture of the Internet
Overview of the Internet architecture
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Third-Generation Mobile
Phone Networks (1)
Cellular design of mobile phone networks
Third-Generation Mobile
Phone Networks (2)
Architecture of the UMTS 3G mobile phone network.
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Third-Generation Mobile
Phone Networks (3)
Mobile phone handover (a) before, (b) after.
Wireless LANs: 802.11 (1)
(a) Wireless network with an access point.
(b) Ad hoc network.
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Wireless LANs: 802.11 (2)
Multipath fading
Wireless LANs: 802.11 (3)
The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.
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RFID and Sensor Networks (1)
RFID used to network everyday objects.
RFID and Sensor Networks (2)
Multihop topology of a sensor network
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Network Standardization
• Who’s Who in telecommunications
• Who’s Who in international standards
• Who’s Who in internet standards
Who’s Who in International Standards (1)
The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *.
The ones marked with are hibernating. The one marked with †
gave up and disbanded itself.
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Who’s Who in International Standards (2)
The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *.
The ones marked with are hibernating. The one marked with †
gave up and disbanded itself.
Metric Units (1)
The principal metric prefixes
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Metric Units (2)
The principal metric prefixes
End
Chapter 1
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