UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO STATIC RELAYS & COMPARATORS
Introduction to static relays - Basic construction of static relays – Level detectors – Replica
impedance-mixing circuits-general equation for two input phase and amplitude comparators –
Their types - Duality between amplitude and phase comparator. Conic section characteristics
– Three input amplitude comparator – Hybrid comparator – Switched distance schemes –
Polyphase distance schemes-Phase fault scheme – Three phase scheme – combined and
ground fault scheme.
1. (a)What are Static Relays and its advantages?
(b) Explain Duality between Amplitude and Phase comparators.
2. Explain about Three input amplitude comparator
3. Explain about Polyphase distance schemes
4. a) Mention the merits and demerits of static relays in power system protection.
b) Explain clearly the primary and back up protection in power systems.
UNIT-II: STATIC RELAYS
Introduction-Instantaneous over current relay – Time over current relays - Basic principles-
Definite time and Inverse definite time over current relays.
Static Differential Relays-Analysis of static differential relays – static relay schemes- Dual
bias transformer differential protection – Harmonic restraint relay. Static Distance Relays-
Static impedance – reactance - MHO and angle impedance relay sampling comparator –
realization of reactance and MHO relay using a sampling comparator.
1. Explain the construction and working principle of :
(a) Instantaneous Over current Relay (b) Inverse Definite Time Over current Relay
2. (a) Explain briefly about Static Relay Schemes
(b) Explain Harmonic Restraint Relay
3. Realize the reactance relay and MHO relay using sampling comparator
4. a) Draw a schematic diagram of Transley scheme and explain its principle of
operation.
b) Explain about phase comparison carrier current protection with a neat sketch.
UNIT-III: POWER SWINGS
Effect of power swings on the performance of Distance relays - Power swing analysis –
Principle of out of step tripping and blocking relays – Effect of line length and source
impedance on distance relays.
1) (a)Explain the operating principle of an out of step blocking relays
(b) Explain the effect of line length on the performance of distance relays.
2) Explain the effect of Power surges (Power swings) on the performance of distance
relays.
3) Explain about Power swing analysis
4) Obtain generalized equations for Distance relays and Offset MHO relays
UNIT-IV: MICROPROCESSOR BASED PROTECTIVE RELAYS
Over current relays – Impedance relays – Directional relay – Reactance relay (Block diagram
and flow chart approach only). Generalized mathematical expression for distance relays -
Measurement of resistance and reactance – MHO and offset MHO relays – Realization of
MHO characteristics – Realization of Offset MHO characteristics (Block diagram and flow
chart approach only) Basic principle of Digital computer relaying.
1) (a) Explain the operation of microprocessor based reactance relay with the help of block
diagram.
(b) Derive the generalized expression for distance relays using that realize MHO and
offset MHO relay characteristics.
2) Explain the principle of operation of Microprocessor based Reactance relay with a
suitable diagram.
3) Draw the block diagram of microprocessor based impedance relay and explain its
operation. Also draw the flow chart
4) Explain the principle of operation of Microprocessor based
a) Impedance Relay b) Reactance Relay
with flowchart and block diagram.
UNIT-V: NUMERICAL RELAYS:
Advantages of Numerical Relays- Numerical network- Digital Signal processing – Estimation
of Phasors – Full Cycle Fourier Algorithm – Half Cycle Fourier Algorithm- practical
considerations for selection of Algorithm –Discrete Fourier Transform
1) (a) Discuss Advantages of Numerical Relay
(b)Explain Role of DSP in Relaying with block diagram
2) Explain about Full Cycle Fourier Algorithm in numerical relays
3) Explain about practical considerations for selection of Algorithm in numerical relays
4) Explain about Discrete Fourier Transform in numerical relays
