TYPES OF SOLUTION
A solution is defined a homogenous mixture which mainly comprises of two
components namely solute and solvent. For example, salt and sugar is a good
illustration of a solution. A solution can be categorized into several components.
On the basis of physical states of solvent and solute can be categorized as solid,
liquid and gaseous solutions. In solid solutions, solute and solvent are in solid
state.
ENERGY OF SOLUTION
Three steps in creating a liquid solution
1. Break up the solute into individual components (MX ā M+ + X- opposite of
lattice energy or LE-) .
2. Overcome intermolecular forces in the solvent to create room for the solute
3. Allowing the solute and solvent to interact to form the solution.
• Steps 2 and 3 are ∆Hhyd
Heat of solution (∆Hsol’n)
• The sum of the energies it takes to dissolve a substance
• ∆Hsol’n = ∆Hstep1 + ∆Hstep2 + ∆Hstep3
• or ∆Hsol’n =LE + ∆Hhyd
Heat of hydration ∆Hhyd
• Represent the enthaply change associated with the dispersal of a gaseous
solve in water.
Include ∆H of step 2 and 3
SUPERSATURATED
A supersaturated solution comprises of a large amount of solute at a temperature
wherein it will be reduced as a result the extra solute will crystallize quickly.
UNSATURATED
An unsaturated solution is a solution in which solvent is capable of dissolving any
more solute at given temperature.
SATURATED
A saturated solution can be defined as a solution in which solvent is not capable of
dissolving any more solute at given temperature.
CONCENTRATION UNITS AND COMPARISON OF CONCENTRATION
UNITS
Concentration are often expressed in terms of relatives unites with three different
types of percentage concentration commonly used:
Mass Percent: The mass percent is used to express the concentration of a solution
when the mass of a solute and the mass of a solution is given:
Volume Percent: The volume percent is used to express the concentration of a
solution when the volume of a solute and the volume of a solution is given:
Mole Fraction: The mole fraction of a substance is the fraction of all its
molecules (or atoms) out of the total number of molecules (or atoms). It can also
come in handy sometimes when dealing with the PV =nRT equation.
Molality: The molality (m) of a solution is used to represent the amount of moles
of solute per kilogram of the solvent.
Molarity: The molarity (M) of a solution is used to represent the amount of moles
solute per liter of the solution.
Mass/Volume Percent: Another version of a percentage concentration is
mass/volume percent, which measures the mass or weight of solute in grams vs.
the volume of solution.
Solution stoichiometry
Solution stoichiometry definition is given as study of quantities of reactants and
products of chemical reactions taking place in solutions. These studies enable us to
prepare solutions of desirable concentrations and to perform chemical reactions
using accurate quantities of solutions. Solution stoichiometry is applied to predict
the quantities of products to calculate the expected yields. As we know that
solutions are homogeneous mixtures and consist mainly of solvent and solute.
Here, solvent is the major component being the solvent while solute constitutes the
minor component. The most important property of solution is concentration which
is defined as amount of solute dissolved in a given volume or weight of solution.
We know that quantities of solute can be represented in more than on ways. Since
quantities of solute and concentration are correlated, hence concentration of
solution can also be expressed in different units. Some of the commonly used units
for concentration of solution are weight of solute per unit volume of solution,
quantity in mole per unit volume, weight percentage etc. Let’s look at some
examples for expertise the conversion factors of solution concentration used in
solution stoichiometry.
Example: We know that at standard temperature and pressure, one mole of ideal
gas occupies 22.4 L. Now, let’s calculate the concentration of this ideal gas in M.
Concentration = 1 mol/22.4 L = 0.0446 M
Factors affecting Solubility
Temperature
Basically, solubility increases with temperature. It is the care for most of the
solvents. The situation is though different for gases. With increases of the
temperature they became less soluble in each other and in water, but more soluble
in organic solvents.
Polarity
In most cases solutes dissolve in solvents that have a similar polarity. Chemists use
a popular aphorism to describe this feature of solutes and solvents: “Like dissovles
like”. Non-polar solutes do not dissolve in polar solvents and the other way round.
Pressure
Solid and liquid solutes
For majority of solid and liquid solutes, pressure does not affect solubility
Gas Solutes
As for gasses the Henry’s law states that solubility of gas is directly proportional
to the pressure of this gas. This is mathematically presented as: p=kc, where k is a
temperature dependent constant for a gas. A good proof of Henry’s law can be
observed when opening a bottle of carbonated drink. When we decrease the
pressure in a bottle, the gas that was dissolved in the drink bubbles out of it
. In solid solutions, solute and solvent are in solid state. For example ceramics, and
polymer blends. In liquid solutions, solid, gas or liquid is mixed in a liquid state.
Gaseous solutions are usually homogenous mixtures of gases like air. Depending
upon a number of solutions and solute, it can be classified into dilute and
concentrated solutions. Types of Solutions Depending upon the dissolution of the
solute in the solvent, solutions can be categorized into supersaturated, unsaturated
and saturated solutions
Molecular Sizes
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF NONELECTROLYTE AND
ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
Nonelectrolyte Solutions
Nonelectrolyes are compound that do not iodize at all in solution. As a result
solutions containing nonelectrolytes will not conduct electricity. Typically,
noelctrolytes are primarily held together by covalent rather than ionic bonds. A
common examples of a nonelctrolyte is glucose. Glucose (sugar) readily dissolves
in water, but because it does not dissociate into ions in solution. It considered a
nonelectrolyte; solutions containing glucose do not, therefore, conduct electricity.
The larger the molecules of the solute are, the larger is their molecules weight and
their sizes. It is more difficult it is for solvent molecules to surround bigger
molecules. If all of the above mentioned factors are excluded, a general rule can be
found that larger particles are generally less soluble. If the pressure, and
temperature are the same than out of two solutes of the same polarity, the one
with smaller particles is usually more soluble.
