Chapter 1
Strategic Management and
Strategic Competitiveness
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Learning Objectives
1. Define strategic competitiveness, strategy, competitive advantage,
above-average returns, and the strategic management process.
2. Describe the competitive landscape and explain how globalization
and technological changes shape it.
3. Use the industrial organization (I/O) model to explain how firms can
earn above-average returns.
4. Use the resource-based model to explain how firms can earn above-
average returns.
5. Describe vision and mission and discuss their value.
6. Define stakeholders and describe their ability to influence
organizations.
7. Describe the work of strategic leaders.
8. Explain the strategic management process.
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Twenty-First Century Competition
Increasing
The global importance of
economy Today’s knowledge
Competitive and people
Markets
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Strategic Competitiveness
Formulation and
implementation of
a superior value-
creating strategy
Commitments and actions to achieve
above-average performance and returns
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Figure 1.1 The Strategic Management Process
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The Global Competitive Landscape
• Market volatility and instability due to
the rapid pace of change in markets
• Blurring of market boundaries
• Globalized flow of financial capital
Increasing
• Need for flexibility, speed, innovation,
and integration in the use of technology
• Strategic and operational complexity
of global-scale competition
• Rising product quality standards
• Traditional time for adapting to change
Decreasing
• Traditional sources of competitive advantage
• Traditional managerial mindset
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Hypercompetition
Global
Technology
economy
Use of Protection or
Creation of new
price-quality invasion of
know-how and
positioning to established
use of first-mover
build market geographic or
advantage
presence product markets
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Competitive Success Factors
Are market/
customer-needs
oriented
Have an
entrepreneurial/
opportunistic Top
mindset Corporate
Performers
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Technology and Technological Changes
Increasing rate of technology
diffusion and the emergence
of disruptive technologies
Technology trends
The information age: Internet
impacting the
and the global proliferation of
global competitive low-cost computing power
environment
Increasing knowledge intensity
as an intangible source of
competitive advantage
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Strategic Flexibility
• Strategic Flexibility
– involves coping with the uncertainty and risks of
hypercompetitive environments.
– must first overcome built-up organizational inertia.
– requires developing the capacity for continuous
learning and applying the new and updated skills
sets and competencies to the firm’s competitive
advantage.
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The Industry Organization (I/O) Model
of Above-Average Returns
Diversification
Industry
concentration
The Firm’s
Economies Market
of scale Strategic frictions
Choices
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Figure 1.2
The I/O Model of
Above-Average
Returns
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I/O Model Assumptions
1. The external environment imposes pressures
and constraints that determine strategic choices.
2. Similarity in strategically relevant resources
causes competitors to pursue similar strategies.
3. Resource differences among competitors are
short-lived due to resource mobility across firms.
4. Strategic decision makers are rational and
engage in profit-maximizing behaviors.
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Five Forces Model of Competition
Substitutes
Industry
Rivalry
Potential
Entrants
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Five Forces Model Assumptions
• Industry profitability (i.e., rate of return on
invested capital relative to cost of capital) is a
function of interactions among the five forces.
• Industry attractiveness equates to its profitability
potential for earning above-average returns by:
– Producing standardized goods or services at costs
below competitor costs (a cost leadership strategy).
– Producing differentiated goods or services for which
customers are willing to pay a price premium (a
differentiation strategy).
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The Resource-Based Model
of Above-Average Returns
Core
Capability competence
An integrated A source of
set of resources competitive
Resources advantage
Physical, human, and
organizational capital
(tangible and intangible)
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Resource-Based Model Assumptions
1. Firms acquire different resources.
2. Firms develop unique capabilities based
on how they combine and use resources.
3. Resources and certain capabilities are
not highly mobile across firms.
4. Differences in resources and capabilities
are the bases of competitive advantage
and a firm’s performance rather than its
industry’s structural characteristics.
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Resources As Core Competencies
Costly to imitate
How resources
become core
competencies
Non-substitutable
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Figure 1.3
The Resource-Based
Model of Above-Average
Returns
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Strategic Decision Making
Industry Organization Resource-Based
(I/O) Model Model
Competitive
Strategy
Decision
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Vision Statement
• A Successful Vision
– is an enduring word picture of what the firm
wants to be and expects to achieve in the future.
– stretches and challenges its people.
– reflects the firm’s values and aspirations.
– is most effective when its development includes
all stakeholders.
– recognizes the firm’s internal and external
competitive environments.
– is supported by upper management decisions
and actions.
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Mission Statement
• An Effective Mission
– specifies the present business or businesses in which
the firm intends to compete and customers it intends
to serve.
– has a more concrete, near-term focus on current
product markets and customers than the firm’s vision.
– should be inspiring and relevant to all stakeholders.
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Stakeholders
Primary Are affected by the strategic
stakeholders outcomes achieved by the firm
(individuals,
groups, and
Can have enforceable claims
organizations)
on the firm’s performance
Are influential when in control
of critical or valued resources
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Classification of Stakeholders
Categories of
stakeholders
Capital Market Product Market Organizational
Stakeholders Stakeholders Stakeholders
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Figure 1.4
The Three
Stakeholder
Groups
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Capital Market Stakeholders
Preservation
of investment
Conflicting
expectations of
shareholders
and lenders
Enhanced wealth
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Product Market Stakeholders
Types of product
market stakeholders
Host
Unions
communities
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Organizational Stakeholders
Responsibilities of strategic leaders for development
and effective use of the firm’s human capital
Organizational
culture and International
ethical work assignments
environment
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The Work of Effective Strategic Leaders
• Strategic Leaders….
– have a strong strategic orientation that relies on
thorough analysis when taking action.
– are located at various levels throughout the firm.
– want the firm and its people to accomplish more.
– are innovative thinkers who promote innovation.
– can leverage relationships with external parties while
simultaneously promoting exploratory learning.
– have an global mindset approach to management.
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Predicting Outcomes of Strategic
Decisions: Profit Pools
• Profit Pool
– entails the total profits earned in an industry at all
points along the value chain.
– helps a firm see what others do not see and to
understand primary sources of profits in an industry.
• Identifying profit pools:
1. Define the pool’s boundaries
2. Estimate the pool’s overall size
3. Estimate the size of the pool’s value-chain activity
4. Reconcile the calculations
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The Strategic Management Process:
The ASP Process
Analyses Performance
– C2: The external environment – C10: Governance mechanisms
– C3: The internal organization – C11: Organizational structure
– C12: Strategic leadership
Strategies – C13: Strategic entrepreneurship
– C4: Business-level strategies
– C5: Marketplace competition
– C6: Corporate-level strategies
– C7: Diversified portfolio
management
– C8: International strategies
– C9: Cooperative strategies
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