Surface try

dings

88887888887888


if

surface chemistry deals with phenomena that occur at the surface or

interfaces

1 A
i

solid phase liquid phase Gas phase 0

y

i i

i I

Due to

complete misidity there is no Interface b w the gases

The molecules that are situated at the cinders are known to behave

differently from those in the

Kenmare

a net inward Surface

experiences pull Tension

Air
ff

Tigui face
A KID Ld

th

K 05 liquid Thane
force

HE F
hee

experiences

he nearer the molecule is to the surface the

greater the maeftude of

the force due to asymmetry

Molecule

Surface
mm Bulk

IExperiences unbalanced Experiences balancedforces

attractiveforce resulting in from all the direction I

a net inward pull one in a state equilibrium

of

V This produces the susfaeete n.in

Surface tension expresses the

fereeeilhwxhthesuzfazeulesattra feo.ch

ther EP

H2O 150 C dirty L

Absorption

Adt T


Adscription The accumulation molecular species at the gaze rather

y

than in b of
asdd or
diva is termed adsorption

µ ooo

je

area

surface

greater

solids particularly in act as good ands

fin vindeddate.etc I

eg silica gel charcoal clayw

colloids etc

what is the cause Imbalanced

of adsorption forces on surface

pash.de
IuloYatomduegwhytension

do liquids form a sphericaldrop

to surface

HI DG

e
Thermodynamics of adsorption

During adsorption there is always adecree in re es

ofthe
ie there is in which
appearjat

surface Effigy

DH ve always in adsorption
Mr
W o O
O O 0

DS ve

20 116
DG DH is more than

TDI
ve

with DG 200

value DH TDS 180 f

skirt high lime 150

undue

7 DG

is
ve with

DH if I

but Taasanionwis nin.emfebegniiz.es

equilibrium

a

Both adsorption absorption often take place side by side and we use

the general term to define

Sept both

than

Et

Blue

Solh

H H

It's rapid in the start It occurs at uniform rate

Slows down near the

equilibrium It occurs throughout the body

of the material

Its a surface phenomenon

It involves uniformdistribution

It involveshigher conc
of the
of the molecular species
at the surface throughout the bulk

gaslliquid

The process removing an adsorbed substance from a Tee on which its

of
adsorbyed is called des pho
orn

anh Cack Chalk water is absorbed

abets

si

adsorb chalk ink is adsorbed

mm

ypes of adsorption tow

weak multilayer

Physikadsorption or
physison

Chemical adsorption or chemisorption

g

p p

A D

we thmFysi

If g

only first layer can be che sd

adsorbent

1 Physisption

22 I
an E chemisorption

f
I

iE

ftp

sneiis

or i DHadsphisisorption

B T i fer

DHadst i

chemisorption

e ee i v w forcesof attraction

I c

curve

.at

large distance No attraction

As distance decreases VanderWaalsinteractions developleading to

an
energy min DH Ids

After this the molecular radius the vapour

to of

begins overlap b w e clouds leading

to the development of a repulsive

interaction


Curve

5 It involves supenufic b w the adsorbent and theadsorbate

inlays

Due to specific interactions the DHads will be much deeper than

that curve 1

of

Two adsorption processes are not mutually exclusive but occur in a

E zine way Physiosorption becomes an important component

of chemisorption

factors affecting rate adsorption

of

1 Nature adsorbent

of
Adsorption a surface area adsorbent or

of treeing
I Nature adsorbate

of Ha Na Hu HU MH

Tc a extent adsorption
of e.g
33 126 190 304 324 406

X ease
of lignification

X Effect of
temperature Adsorption

Physiosorption i chemisorption

DH ve DH ve

t m

Hm mm

Temperature Temperature

Thhysiosorplion

t with temp b'coz adsorption is exothermic process Physical

shows regular 6 with temp but chemisorption 9

adsorption
This
first

then I with temp is because it requires Ea

This is

why chemisorption is also called activatedmum adsorption

I Elect of pressure
P

mm

Eto

surface pigsaturparetissmare

0 0000000 000

HI

Audgourphion Insomtherums represent the variation in the amt of gas

adsorbed Ym
win
with pressure p
un
at constant temp

Freundlich adsorption Isotherm Physical adsorption

mm

Valid

for single layer action

zm p n 21

K 2mL kp

III

logfem log Kt log P osh et

Ff

train from s

273k Extent adsorption 1 with 4 in temp at F const

of

P
at low P i ie xp

Im varies almostlinearly with pressure Im

4 I

At moderate P 2mL ph

At high P Mlm is independent of pressure changes In p

T 3 5 Km temp

na

log Kt dlogP

logfem
slope_th

P
ng z any

f const

n
Tn

log slope In

Flog k

Temp togp
y
I
 Yn

Ht Im KC solutions getting adsorbed on solid surface

for

G conc of liquid

Langmuir

adsorption isotherm 1961

Derived it on theoretical considerations based on Kia

T Based on the

assumption that

everyadsorptionsite is I
equivalent

a particle to bind on a site is independent

ability of
whether or not nearby sites are occupied

of

adsorption is one thick and is

layer all
uniform

over the adsorbe

n rsads

oph.cn condensation
f

Adsorption consists two opposing

of Proms deso evaporation

At Equilibrium
Covered

surfax It Naked
Rateof adsorption Rate desorption
of

Efface

IAdsrbent
I Rate adsorption depends on pressureofgas
of

aP_ a b constants depend on nature adzorbent

of

Im It bp adsorbate temp

e
Hb p e b const

p Mm

e
I Mm ap ie ome xp

Kbp

Application of adsorption

9
of d d
H fH

f Creating vacuum

d Gas masks IN

him

Humidity control
Removal
of colouring matter from solutions

Heterogeneous catalysis of L

it

separation of inert gases

it

Medicinal purpose

X Adsorption chromatography f

Is

Adsorption indicators

To

froth floatalionprocess Metallurgy

Ql In an experiment 200 me 0.5M oxalic acid is shaken with 10g of

activated charcoal and filtered of The conc the is reduced to

0.4 M The amt of filtrate

of adsorption
per unit mais is

2N ml 0.5M M no Moher

of of
vol ofsoln

m moles oxalicacid
of before adsorption doo x 0.5 too m moles

after a
Looy or 4 m

nL

m
mores adsorbed un ch

tog Lom.my

QI

A plot of log P
for on solid gives a

Xm vs log adsorption
of gas

straight line with slope equal to Yn_o

f log P

log Fn log
T Tn nm

3 which the following is the correct variation

of of physics vs

temp tn

HE t x

ay b c

of

Catalysis

2 KU

2K60g 3oz

me
Yoosoo k

A B
i

Berzelius 1836 realised that there are substances which 9 the rate of

a rxn without being consumed

during the rain He b

such a substance was to loosen the bonds which hold
the

functif
the atoms in a reacting molecule Thus he coined the term

lein

catalyst is defined as a substance which alters the rate of a

chemical rn without being chemically changed at the end

of ri

Positive Catalyst

Negative Catalyst

Increase the rateofrxn Decrease the rate ofrain

catalyst

Fels Haber's Process

eg Nzlg t 3K21g
Mo s
2MHzIg

Promoter

Promoters
urn substances that enhance the activity of a catalyst

Byitself promoter has little or no

catgut

Poisons Decrease the activity co Has act as poison for

me of a catalyst or


Fe catalyst in Haber's process

Mr

catalysis

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

when

the reactants a catalyst when the reactants a catalyst

are in the same phase
are in different phase

250,1g 0,1g 250,1g d

H2S C
CyHuo

Caz t Off CoH slag CoH206car

µMcafffgf
d

o ctlzl.es sctlzcooHCag1 Ctlz0H al

ctez

Pt

25021g t 0 Lg 25031g

Heterogenous
Meigs't stings 2µµ egg

Jg

Mols

211202 l 5 H2O l t 021g

vegetable oil l t Haig 3 vegetableghee is

tf

characteristics
of catalytic
reactions

A catalyst remains unchanged in mass and chemical composition

at the end the axn

of

A small quantity

of catalyst isreactants
amount generally needed to catalyse
a

relatively large of

A catalyst is more effective when finely divided surface a

A catalyst can't in general initiate a reaction

F A catalyst doesn't affect

the final position of equilibrium it justalters

the time taken to reach the eg wn um

a key Key Foo Bo

time

I The rate
of rain is max at a particular temp called oph.mu mp

when one the products reaction acts as

itself

Autocatalysis of
that reaction of

a catalyst
for

A B t C

catalyst

9Ues o et H2O aejoon t stoH Progress

of

Autocatalyst axn

RM is slow in initial stages but rate T ii

sharply after some time

Time

I KMn 5 204 t 3H2SOy

Out HI I Mnp y t 42504 t loco

811,0

Autocatalyst

tf

Induced catalysis when a chemical reaction enhances the rate

chemical reaction
another
of

IV Fm

g Na As 03 sod arsenite isn't oxidised by But

air air is passed through
if

a mix
ofNaasOz Naz Asos both undergo oxidation

NaSO t 02 NaasOa NazASO t fg Na As Oy

Modern

Adsorption theory ofHeterogeneous catalysis

VI

Diffusion reactants to the surface

of the catalyst

of

f Adsorption of reactant molecules on the surface of the catalyst

Occurrence
of chemical reaction on the surface
of catalyst through

formation of an intermediate

I Desorption of reaction products from the catalyst surface

E Diffusion of product molecules away from catalyst's surface

Important features of solid catalysts

Some important processes and their catalysts

PROCESS CATALYST

v

o Haber'sprocess NH finelydivided Fe Mo Promoter

for

Nz g t 31121g 2MHzIg 200 Atm 450ns00 C

Ostwald's process for HMOs Platinised asbestos 300 C

UNH 1502 4NO 16h20

2NO 102 INOz UNO 12420 102 UHNog

3
Contact process for Hzsoy Platinised asbestos or 11205

2502102 f ISO 400 450 C

503 1112504 1125207 oleum

Lead chamber process for HzS0y Nitricoxide NO

2502102 2503

Soy1420 H2SOy

EhapesdediveCatalysis by Zeolites

zeolite

The catalytic rain that depends

on the
peregrine the catalyst

and the reactant

size and product molecules of
is called

of

shape selective catalysis

Zeolites are micro porous aluminosi with ho like structures

Zeolites are widely used

einp Q.cat industries

for cracking of

hydrocarbons and isomerization

eg converts alELols directly into gasoline

zsM

Enzyme catalysis

TTEnzymes

are complex nitrogenous organic compounds which are produced

from living plants animals

if They are actually protein

solution in water
Neills ofhigh m mass and
form colloidal

5 They catalyse biochemical reactions and are very effective catalysts

They are also called biochemical catalysts

immu e

Enzyme Source Enzymatic reaction

Invertase Yeast Sucrose Glucose Fructose

Zymase Yeast Glucose Ethanol coz

Righteous Yeah't smtahefose ma.ae

Urease soya bean Urea MHz Wz

Pepsin stomach Proteins amino acids

characteristics

of enzyme catalysis

II

Most highly efficient

Id

Highly specific nature

ng
Highly active under optimum temp 298 mm310k

active under optimum pH 5 to 7

f

Highly

Better activity in presenceof activators

urn
Nat
g in Mn de co
enzymes
me

go

Influenced by in poisons

Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis

There are a no amuivenanters the surface colloidal particles

ofsites on
of of
enzymes There

are particular steps and possess a Ue group

ofOH etc

such as MHz COOH SH

Reactant molecules fit into these sites cavities just like a key fits in

a lock

Activated complexis formed

Ii

it decomposes to give products

BE

wfT FIDE anai

12cm

o
r

Q v

EE

I
AL

ee
e

oof
NCERT

Er
r

g KP logym logkth logP

Ink

nm
Y et ma

slope h tn

km 270.5 1

O 653

InK

Off

r x x x

AI
x t x

02

EH

EEE

Colloids

Natl

1 suspensions c colloids True solution

ITEM
a

9 6m

10 to 10

colloid is a heterogeneous system in which one substance is dispersed

dispersedphase as very fine particles in another substance called

dispersion medium D M

in

Dispersed phase may consist of paring agingle macromolecule

e.g protein or an aggregate

mmof many atoms ions or molecules

What is so special about colloids

colloidal particles have an enormous

say area per units

d
i

e.si
EfE

d Total surface
mm
area 60 ooo cm

6cm area be

This enormous surface area leads to

some special properties of colloids

aft

classification
of colloids

the basis
of physical state of DI and DHL
n

of colloidal systems

8 Types

Gaseous mix is homogeneous hence not a colloidal system

DP DM Typeofcolloid Examples

solid solid solid sol some coloured glazes

and gemstones

Solid liquid Sot Paints cellfluids

Solid gas aerosol Smeke deist

liquid solid gel cheese butter jellies

liquid liquid Emulsion Milk hair cream

liquid Gas liquid aerosol fog mist cloud

7
Gas solid solid sol Pumice stone foamrubber

Gas liquid foam froth whipped cream

soaplather

On the basis dispersion Medium

of

DM Colloidal system

Mater Aguasol

Alcohol Altosof

Benzene Benzosol

Air Aerosol

On the basis interaction D and

of of I Did

g Lyophilic colloids or Intrinsic colloids

lion loving

Colloidal solution in which the particles the dispersed phase have
of great

a
nity for the dispersion medium

Common examples are glede gelatin starch proteins egg albumin etc

b

Lyophobic colloids or colloids
Extrinsic

Telia haling

Colloidal solution in which the particles the dispersed phase have
of ne

the dispersion medium
affinity for

e
gsolutions metals
of like Ig Eu
hydroxides like Al OH 3 felon

metal sulphide etc

Nails
Lyophobiccolloid bytt

Easily I
formed direct mixing
by formed
only special methods

X Reveille

in nature x Irreversible in nature

Very stable 4 There are unstable require traces of

stabilizers
Addition eledeolylehas no effect 4
Addition small amount electrolyte
je
of causes of of

cogitation

Particles are not charged uk Particles are charged
j

iii n
s

cousins
se
s
ims siia nge on nnmy

medium medium

Don t show
tyndall effect it
They show tyndall
effect

Particles
generally solvated Us No solvation of
particles

On the basis particles

of charge on

phosinesmol Metal oxides hydrozides g Sn02 Ti Oz Al Otb

reCote z rezong etc

Wiesel Metaled Ag Au Pt Cu

Sulphide Sol Cds legs Assas Sb Sz

NaturalSol Blood clay charcoal starch

On the basis

of type of particles of the dispersed phase

iii i

a Multimolecular colloids

On dissolution a large number atoms or smaller molecules

of
substance aggregate together to of

a form species having size in

the colloidal range

e
g Sulphur Sol

b Macromolecular colloids

Macromolecules in suitable solvents form solutions in which

the size the macromolecules be in the colloidal range

of may

There colloids are quite stable and resemble true solutions

e
g starch cellulose proteins enzymes Natural

nylon polythene synthetic rubber Man made

c Associated colloids Crailles

Low cone Behave as

strolyte
i

f
 Behae

as
nngelectrolyle

High cone Behave as colloidal solutions

The thus formed called miles associated

aggz.cl pa
colloids
are or

res temp 7 Kraftemp Tk

ooze cere

for soaps CIC ranges from III to to molt

There colloids have both

IKE and lyophonbicparts

Wii

it 40k head
T
s

Polar

lyophic tail

Caion s e.g CrHssCoo Nat

sod arate

ions

stearate Coo

or

I Eaff Incas

oo

THE

Coo

water Coo

stearate

Arrangement

ions
of
on the surface of

water at low core

of Arrangement of stearate ions inside the
bulk
of water at CMC of soap

soap


There micelles may contain as

man
yas
wo suchions

v Value of

depends on nature of II and DII

usually longer the hydrophobic chain smaller the CEC

V similarly

in case e
g sodium laurylsuphate custard LINA

of detergents
the polar group is soy and mechanism
of micelle formation is same

as that

of soaps

like dissolve like

4

Cleansing action of soaps mo

EhEi Is
I

mean

been__ BON

b
1

Nffpolar

D Preparation

of colloids

Lyophilic sole may be prepared by simply waxy the with the

liquid DII e g

starch with water

But lyophobic sols have to be prepared by sp methods


Condensation Dispersion

or

Aggregation large particles are broken

down to colloidal size

smallerparticles

aggregate

toform colloidal dimensions

A Condensation Methods

II Chemical

Methods

Agog 3Has AgSz Sol t 3h20

t 2 Oxidation 35 Sol 1 2h20

502 H2s

sauce
saagcsoeg 3tecooH once

zteaeqfydzfgo.is

Feds t 3h20 Fe OH Sol 1 3 HCl

Reduction

2Aud t 3Snug 3
Snay t 2 Ay Sol

Gold Sol also

is known as
purpteofc ass.us

2 Physical Methods

changeof solvent

Excessive cooling

a substance intosolvent

Condensing vapours of

Dispersion Methods

to Mechanical

dispersion

3e
fp deamftafmedfscsanndeaayrotouaf.hg.mg
in opposite directions

t Test

suspended particles are broken to

produce colloidal size particles
Jg

This method is used to prepare pn.nl ink

2 Bredig's Arc method

B I

This process uses dispersion as well as cognition

colloidal sols
of tenreactive metalssuch as gold silver platinum copfer et

can be prepared this method

by

Small amount of KOH is added as stabilizer

Peptization

The dispersal ofa precipitated material into colloidal solution

by the
action an electrolyte in solution is called peptization The electrolyte

of
used is called peptizing agent


Its reverse
of coagulation of Sol
a

egg Add

and

iE h t.in

If

E fee

pree
pitated

Mel FeIHb

particles

feels rest 30 Fe OH recon rest

Eleeddyte PPT ve

So ey

To peeptize a ppt Agged we can use

of

vesot_kUn
uAIN05_evesoe O

which of the following willform negatively charged colloidal solution

a too ml 0.1 M Agnos 100 me 0.1 M KI

b too ml 0.2M AgHoz t 100 ml 0.1 M KI

c 100 ml

0.1 M heyNO t lovme 02M KI

d 100me 0.2M Ag NO t 200 ml 0.1 M KI

f Purification of colloidal

solutions

colloidal solutions when prepared generally contain excessive amount

of electrolytes and some other soluble impurities

Its a process removing a dissolved substance

ofcollo dal
a

Dialysis from

solution by means
of diffusion through a suitable membrane

_osz water crystalloid

out

iismembrane

In

crystalloid Apparatus used is called dialyser

Fiero di Dialysis is

guik owanaddeandnb.freeaddeu.ffasfheeby applying

impurities are charted particles

Membrane

Dialysis

water electrolyte out

Anodesagyp

Sol Particles

Ultra filtration It uses specially prepared filterswhich are permeable

to all substances except colloidal particles

Pores

of paper can be reduced in size

filler by impregnating with colloidion

solution 4 solution nitrocellulose in a mixture

of of alcohol d ether

to the colloidal particles

stop flow of
Its a show process and can be fastened using pressure or suction


I a w
p e nd can be fastened ng p e sa or Sud n

solutions
of colloidal

Properties

i i

Colligative Properties

Colloidal sols show colligative properties

Due to high mol mais of colloidal particles more fraction of D P is
verylow

Hence the values

of colligative properties are small very

Only osmotic pressure measurements are used in determining the mol mass

of polymers

observed
by Faraday studied byTyndall

Tyndall effect

caused

Its of
scattering particles

the
colloidal

by
light by

Colloidal

Trygve

solution placed in dark is observed in the direction

If a homogeneous
it appears clear and its observed from a direction 1of

light if
to
light path it appears perfectly dark

vBut
strong beam is passed through a colloidal sol placed

if a
in a dark place of light
the path the beam gets illuminated

of

This phenomenon is called Tyndalldefect

The illuminated path the beam is called tyndall cone

of

EgEf

EB

EGe

Tyndall effect is observed only when the following two conditions are

satisfied

i The diameter the dispersed particles is not much smaller than

the wavelength of the used

of light Rayleigh ring

Ii Refractive indices the D

of and D dilter in magnitude
greatly

effect is in lyophobicsols

Tyndall s

in lic sols
WILE lyo


ty e

t.tt

viofet.EU

1
reach

I ii

e cn

tyndall
M sundae le

Blue iris in an is due to tyndall scattering in a translucent

iriseye

in the

layer

Colour The colour

of colloidal solutiondepends on wavelength oflight

scattered by the dispersed particles which depends on size and

nature of particles

9 a mixture milk and water appears blue when viewed by reflected

and red ofwhen viewed by the transmitted light

light

finest gold sol red

man
S again name

transmitted

tTTdE

scattered
 scattered

I Blue

Brownian Movement

L X

if

This motion is due to the unbalanced bombardment of the particles

the molecules

by of the dispersion medium

This motion is independent the nature the colloid but depends

on the size the particles

of
and of the solution

of viscosity of

Smaller the size and Leeser the viscosity faster is the motion

Its responsible for the stability of the sols

It 9 with 9 in temperature

charge on colloidal particles

Colloidal particles always carry an electric charge

e capture by sol particles during

electrodispersion metals

of

charge exists due to Preferenhal adsorption of fromsoln

D to electrical double layer

Agelz
I

Tinio

added
I use
nested

s Agents 1 NOI Agt K vesol

Hot water Positive sol

Feds t 3h20 F Felon t 3114 felon z red felon ret

NaOH solution 4 ve sol

Re OH OH pesos NHao OH

Ese
neeli

Kt Kt Tesol

Kt

KT

TI 1kt

I n f

ki te I
I i r

I I I 1kt

Ad

I 1
I
fixedly Istlayer

1kt

Kiya a
X z z
z T
i D Hused layer 2ndlayer

ki

ke ki

Zeta.fr ticfledwkindic
Potential


Electrophoresis The movement

of colloidal
electric potential is called
particles un aranapp lied

electrophoresis

when electrophoresis is prevented
suitable the

by Dura
some
begins to
means
move in an

electric field

Its called Electroosmosis

Coagulation or precipitation The process

of settling of colloidal

particles is called coagulation or precipitation of sol

electrophoresis

Mixing two opp charged sols

Boiling

Persistent dialysis

Adding Electrolytes

The ion responsible for the neutralization of charge on the particles

is called the coagulating ion

Tze_Rule Greater the valence

tea added is its

of coagulating flocculating ion
to cause

greater power precipitation

3 1 21


eg

in coagulation of re sol the flocculating power of ALI NE BEI

is in the order Al Ba 7 Nat

in coagulation of a tre sol

o
Cre CneDh Poy soup U

m.mn U

The min conc

of ele an
yte in minches per litre required to

cause precipitation of a sol on 2 kudos is called coagul.at

ralu CoagY

dw

yower coag

Coagulation value mincresofelectrolyt vol

of Sol init

factors affecting coagulation

Nature
of sols lyophobic colloid coagulate easily
lyophilic colloid

coagulation is not that easy

but addition

of electrolyte
with a suitable solvent can

affect coagulation

Nature

of electrolyte

strong electrolyte weak electrolyte

0.1 M NaCl O l M UlycooH

Charge coagulating ion

on

Af Ba neat

02
4 Classify the following sols acc to their charges

A Gold

b
sol

felon z Sof

c Gelatine

d Blood

e

Sulphur

fAgSz

035 5h02 re sol in acidic medium and ve sol in basic

forms

medium Explain

5h02 1 UHH Sn
Uy t 2h20

H

Sno Snay I
Sno Sn ve

02 Ireton re can be

Riled easilyby

a soya b U c pop 74
re CN

d c ab

CEE Particles colloidal solution Asasz are we

of aparticular of

charged Which 0.002M solution would be most effective

in coagulating this Sol Nad Mgdz Alds or
NfsPoy

red i

To coagulate Ing17 Agt in

Nos sol arrangethe following electrolytes

in decreasing order of their coagulating male

NaCl Kasoy CazCPOy Ky Tre CN

Power Creche Poy soul U

value Reverse


Protection colloids

of

Lyophilic sols are
extensively solvated hence are more stable than

lyophobic sols

Lyophilic colloids act as protecting colloids for lyophobic colloids

Leg gelatin egg elbumin gumgrabic potatostarch

ete GE

Protecting power is expressed in terms of umbyer
gold

The min amount protective colloid in my which when added to 10mL

of

of a standard
sol
gold sol is just sufficient to prevent coagulation of
addition Sol

gold on
Life of 1
of

me

52ft N
lot Nta Et

pfomfean.ve

e wanted
Id sol

LuPone d
g mbeT

Lyophilic colloid GoldNumber

Gelatin 0.005 0.01

Egg Albumin 0.08 o 10

Gum Arabic 0.10 0015

potato starch 25

9 On
adding 1 ml solution of 104 NaCl to tool gold sol in presenceof
starch the coagulation is prevented What is

of 0.25g
the gold number starch

of

gas g 250

g

Gold Number

0 Colloidal solution can be prepared

of Ag by

a Colloidal mill

b Double decomposition method

I d
Bredig's Arc method

Electrodialysis

51

Colloidal solution commonly used in treatment of skin disease is

olloidal sulphur b colloidal silver as colloidal gold

1 Emulsions

mixture
These are liquid liquid colloidal systems
If a
is shaken

of 2 meme or
partially misable liquids

a coarse dispersionof one liq in the other is obtained

which is called emulsion

Oil in water 01Wtype eg mid and vanishing cream

water in oil w o type 9 butter and cream

Properties
of Emulsions

Demulsification Emulsions can be broken or demulsified to get the

constituent liquids by heating freezing centrifuging or

by addition

of appreciable amount of electrolytes

They are also broken by destroying the emulsifying agent

Dilution Emulsions can be diluted with

any amountwhen
medium On the other hand the dispersed of themixed
dispersion

it will at once form a separate layer

liquid with

oil in water

GEL A gel is like a colloidal system

jelly likemedium in which a liquid

is dispersed in a
solid

The process of gel formation is known as Gelation

Elastic Gels

Non Elastic Gels

To Hydration

A completely dehydratedelastic gel can be regarded by

addition
of water but a n i
gel can't

swelling

Syneresis Many is gets on standing undergo shrinkage

which accompanied by loss of Event

Thixotopy some gels are semisolid when at rest but revert to

sod agitation This reversible setget

liquid on
transformation is called thixotropy.me

Application colloids

of

and

32

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34

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037
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OSI

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10 ml Gold

0.03mg
3mg so o too

OUI Assess
V

Efg to

ay

Ty

out

can TE

0.15

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of

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NCERT

Exemplar

JEE

adrancedsech co

Surface tensions of 1 L aqueouselectrolytes are usually higher than that of

pure water