Example 2
A 275 mm deep prestressed hollow core unit (HCU) is shown the attached Figure. The initial prestressing force
may be taken as 70% of the characteristic strength of the ‘standard’ 7-wire helical strand (with two different
diameters). Manufacturer’s data gives as follows:
Area = 173× 103 mm2; I =1320.0× 106 mm4; yt = 142 mm; fck = 52N/mm2;Ec = 32kN/mm2;
fcki = 35 N/mm2; Eci= 27kN/mm2; fpu = 1750 N/mm2; Eps = 195 kN/mm2; Aps = 94.2 mm2 per strand of 12.5 mm
diameter; Aps = 71.0 mm2 per strand of 10.9 mm diameter ; concrete cover to strands = 35 mm; Self-weight
4.7kN/m2. Relaxation loss is 5%.
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a. Determine and check the initial stresses at the top and bottom concrete fibres.
b. Determine stresses at the top and bottom concrete fibres after considering all losses.
c. Calculate the Msr at the top and bottom fibers and check which one is the critical, then, check the HCU
if critical or not at the Mur.
d. Calculate and check the long-term deflection and the net deflection of the HCU when it carry
permanent and variable loads of 3 kN/m2 and 4 kN/m2 respectively, over a simply supported span of 7.5
m. The finishes are non-brittle. Use a creep coefficient of 1.8.
e. Calculate the uncracked and cracked shear capacity for the section. The bearing length is 100 mm.
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Solution
a. Determine and check the initial stresses at the top and bottom concrete fibres.
• Initial prestress in tendon fpi = 0.7x1750 = 1225 N/mm2
• Initial prestressing force Pi=fpi .∑Aps= 1225 x (3x71.0+4x 94.2)x10-3 = 722.5 kN
• yb = h-yt = 275-142 = 133 mm
• Zb = I /yb= 1320x106/133= 9.92x106 mm3
• Zt = I/yt = 1320x106/142 = 9.3x106 mm3
• e = yb – a = 133 – 40= 93 mm
• fbc-i = Pi (1/A+e/Zb) = 722.5x103 (1/(173x103) + 93/(9.92x106) )
= +10.9MPa (compression) < 0.6fcki (21 MPa) OK
• ftc-i =Pi (1/A-e/Zt) = 722.5x103 (1/(173x103) - 93/(9.3x106) )
= -3.05 MPa (tension) > -0.3 (fcki )2/3 (-3.2 MPa) OK (assume Class 2) 3
b. Determine stresses at the top and bottom concrete fibres after considering all losses.
• Fined Elastic loss %
Use linear interpolation to fined the (fsc), from ftc-i /X=fbc-i /(h-X)
fined, X=ABS(-3.05 )x275 / (ABS(-3.05)+ 10.9 ) = 60.1 mm (all values taken +ve)
a= distance from bottom concrete to center of strands = 40 mm
fsc /(h-a-X)=fbc-i /(h-X)……….
fsc = (275-40-60.1)x(10.9)/(275-60.1)= 8.9 MPa (compression)
Elastic loss %= (fsc xEps/Eci) 100/fpi
= 100x(8.9x 195/27)/1225 = 5.3%
• Fined Creep loss %= 1.8 x 5.3 = 9.5%
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• Fined Shrinkage loss % = (300x10-6xEps). 100/fpi = (300x10-6x195x103 ) 100/1225 = 4.8%
• Fined Relaxation loss %= 1.2x 5 = 6% (5% given by manufacture)
• Then, Total losses %= (5.3%+9.5%+4.8%+6%)= 25.5%
Final residual amount = (100-Total loss%)/100 = (100-25.5)/100 = 0.745
Thus, the final prestress at bottom and top after considering all prestress losses
• fbc-e = Final residual amount x fbc-i = 0.745x(+10.9) = +8.2 MPa (compression)
• ftc-e = Final residual amount x ftc-i = 0.745x (-3.05) = -2.3 MPa (tension)
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c. Calculate the Msr at the top and bottom fibers and check which one is the
critical, then, check the HCU if critical or not at the Mur.
• Msr at bottom fiber = (fbc) Zb = [(8.2)x9.92x106]= 81.2x106 N.mm= 81.2 kN.m
• Msr at top fiber = (ftc+0.6fck) Zt = [(-2.3+0.6x52)x9.3x106]= 268.9x106 N.mm= 268.9 kN.m
Then Msr at the bottom (81.2 kN.m) is the critical
Fined the Mur
• d= h - concrete cover - (larger strand dia./2),
OR from d= yt+e, OR from d= h-a
d = 275 – 40 = 235 mm
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•Fined the design tensile stress in tendon fpb =fpu/Ƴs =1750/1.15 = 1522 MPa
• Ultimate force in strands, Fs = ∑ fpb . Aps = 1522x (3x71.0+4x 94.2)x10-3 = 897.5 kN
• Fined X from Fs=Fc , where, Fc= 0.567fck . (b . 0.8X)
897.5x103 = 0.567 x 52 x (1160 x 0.8 X), then, X = 32.8 mm
• Ultimate moment of resistance (Mur)
Mur = Fs . Z = Fs . (d - 0.4X)
= 897.5x (235 - 0.4x32.8) x10-3 = 199.1 kN.m
• Mur/Msr = 199.1/81.2 = 2.45 > 1.5 OK
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d. Calculate and check the long-term deflection and the net deflection of the HCU when it
carry permanent and variable loads of 3 kN/m2 and 4 kN/m2 respectively, over a simply
supported span of 7.5 m. The finishes are non-brittle. Use a creep coefficient of 1.8.
• Fined upward mid-span camber deflection (δ)
the Absolute value of upward deflection (11.4 mm) < (span/250 = 30 mm) , then OK
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• Fined long-term downward deflection (Δ)
Wd = dead load only = 1.2 x 3 = 3.6 kN/m (dead load per m2 x 1.2 the HCU width)
Δd= 5x3.6x75004x(1+1.8)x10-3 / (384x32x1320.0x106) = 9.8 mm
Δd = 9.8 mm < L/350 = 21.4 mm then OK (non-brittle finishes)
Wt = dead load + live load = 1.2 x (3+4) = 8.4 kN/m (load per m2 x 1.2 the HCU width)
Δt= 5x8.4x75004x(1+1.8)x10-3 / (384x32x1320.0x106) = 22.9 mm
Net deflection = Δt – Absolute (δ) = 22.9 – 11.4 = 11.5 mm
Net deflection (11.5 mm) > L/1000 = 7.5 mm then NOT OK
(that means it need to increase the HCU size/depth)
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e. Calculate the uncracked and cracked shear capacity for the section. The bearing
length is 100 mm.
• bw = b – total width of voids = 1160 – 6x150 = 260 mm
• σcp = 0.9 Pe /A = 0.9x538.2x103/173x103 = 2.8 N/mm2 (MPa)
• At.y’= A/2 x 0.67yt = (173x103/2) x (0.67x142) = 8.23x106 mm3
• fctd = 0.14(fcki)2/3 = 0.14x(35)2/3 = 1.5 N/mm2 , and α1= 1.0
Vco = (1320x106 x 260)/(8.23x106)x (1.52+ 1.0x2.8x1.5)1/2 = 105.9x103 N = 105.9 kN
• Applied shear force = total loads x span/2 = 1.2x(3+4+4.7)x7.5/2 = 52.6 kN < Vco . OK
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• d = 235 mm
• bw = 260 mm
• σcp = 2.8 N/mm2 (MPa)
• k = 1+(200/d)1/2 = 1.92
• Vcr,min = [0.035x1.922/3x521/2+0.15x2.8]x260x235 = 49.5x103 N = 49.5 kN
• Applied shear force = 52.6 kN > Vcr,min NOT OK
(that means it need to increase the HCU size/depth)
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