Solution

mistene of two a
of is the homogenene
more
componeth.
he confornt which is frent is les Thantity is called police
and auther soluer solute and olute and
zu
solunt mag there physical estate as solid
ligued & gas anthis basis solution
hy be
super: -
solute
Solven
t
S

(v
l
(1) l
go t за деца
 not possible (Я
(via) g & Types of solution on the basis of position of
solute particles! - These are of two types (1) Interstehal
solutions - The solution which
one formed by the filling of solute factice in the interstetical
spaces of solvent molcades vishvalosmal hechtings are of such
typer

Q00

solute molende Gotvert

molecule.. (1) substituhmal solution
These
soluticas, are someed by substituting solvert molease by the
rolete moleale...
solet
e e so Selete Quo

toluet
Solunt Concentration of
solution..... а) - as feлotero Кочас с
нас u Strength Cg/L...
i molarity...
M.... .. (1) molality (m)
... mole fraction
V lem....
Page
No
Percafatge concachata

are
(Can
mars - Volune of.
Cae.
volme velmeye i mass-maps- cover, (m/vol)
(v/v)
(m/my.) Amount of
solute dissohed Amat of solute preet vou In loond of
solution is loo gol solution haved as mul
named as m/mih. I ne of solutia named as
I is named
as mrt = amontobsolute for me. Anne obsolute pice lurt Care
 Amont of solution (ing) )/0% = Volnochus = Annet
obsolube doo Warecha
Anout of (sedute & Solvent) 30%
(m/m) imeanza amowe
Rosolute= 30g Arnt of
sol" = log Amat obsoluit
= 100-300g
volume of soph
(nl)

2
Strength". Eg/ - Amoet of sobre dissolned in open litee of
solution, named as Streyse
s- Amont of solute (9
volune of solution (incs

wylow
Veinis
Vinme,
Vishvas
Date.....
M = md
1+
MM2 Experiment No .....
momolality
a-density (kg/2)
m--malastfy
m = 1ooox Mimolarity where
Molarity (M) - conselling Mx My - 1000xd
M molar
" The Mo. of moles of solute dissolved in fer litter of
solution namedas.
molarity. Molarity
=
no of moles of solute d volume of
solution in 2) M = amant of solube
Clas)
. molar mass of solute & volume of sol (in y M = w
love
- M' x V hond)
• Molarity is tempratura dependent became volume
changes by changing Tempe

Morality (m): No. of moles y solute sonet, named as

 molality. Molality =
no of moles of salute
Mass of solvent (in kg) m =
amont de Salute
Molar massof solute & massach solvent in(lice) m = w
x/600
Molaley
dissolved in
her
leg of

ml x Weings
Page
No
Exper

Molality is bellene over molarity because molality

to mass of soluct is un
uned & it can not pe
changed by changig seup, but inmolarida rolune term wed
& it cheyes by changing Haupsature. There gove molality is
prepared
aver
molarity.
mole
fraction. It is
"AGA
Rang

NA
na shBthe
defined as the ratio e of moles of
particular
Componat to the sotal moles present in the
mixturel solution mole fraction of Me (NA) =
Menstre mole freeltia de (6) - no
nathe the
Similarly, He= ne
Nathothe sum of mole fraedia of
each componnect is always Unity Vishvas VA HB the 22
 Pom
farts per million), -
part of 1 millia of
solution.
solue
fresant

Pom a
amant of
solute

Amount of solution :

1. (od Binary solution - The solution which is

- formed by mixing of two liquid Component.
Rasult's Law for binary solutions -
- According to this
law the vapour pressure of liqued. Component is directy
foroportional to its. mole fractia in a binary solution.
let us consider binary solution famad by two liquid
Component as A & B,

NB
 moles nA
molefucha NA
V.P. PA
Pinpregate P
PA & NA
PA = PANA-PATA
fo с из

Po Po B =18.
nano

Mow Rotal Pressure of sol" - PAtle

Stotal = Patil Ideal solution - The solution which follow
Raouls
law e ale emotions in eye thressure. It following
conditias. i) PA - P% Х Р = яд
(ii
) (ii)
al mixing=o Alt
mixing = 0
#-#, д-
EA –
зи+ел
на L'u kе kаmе.

Acup.net
 (A-
AS
BCampant
B-B
-
sole AB

PÅ
Protal =
PA+PB

Vapor
Pressur
e
Vafen
Pressup

Vishvas
MB zo mole
fraction
Harl
Non ideal solutions: -

The solu her which alonet fellow

 Raouls lan in all entretiranh lupe L.
pressure and also follow fotter follens endin (1) PA 7
PANA 4 1B I PE HB (i) Armixing to (11) Slimixing to - A-A, B-B &
ArB interaction and different
It is of two types .
Mon ideal solution with
........
Moh ideal holubs as
with the deviation
ne deviation i, PA >
Р°A Ka Efe7f& Ma d) Pa 4 PAYa kPa < ряд (ii) AV mixing zo
.
() AV mixing Lo.
(W! AVmalung (9) AH
mixing ro............. s(lll ahmixing co ... FW) A-B. ATB
interactions (N) A-B- A-B interaction
are weaker less than are stronger than A-A
A-A or B-B interaction OV B-B intecachian e o ch.2 l est acetone
e chloroform & Acetone
calan) ( 050)

Page
No
 Proml-lAlo
Expe

A
PA
BB

KAZI
HAZO
KAZI
XBzo
ge)
иде).
NBro
ece

.
mole fraction
wa

Azeotropic mixture: - The mixture which brile

 at constant boiling point and can not be separated by
distillation process named as Azobopic mixture / Constant
boiling mixture.
Эні кое арел Im
maximum bailing Azeotrops! -
mixture for which
The boiling of point
is more than the boiling point of their constitut
liquid component.
Vishvas. A clique'-B.P host
Bit morethan
Bpliquid) 1050 /
mix 110 eles
ef.
mixture
mi with (ne) deviation Eton Icheat ut darah

minimum balling
Azessops.

than
whic
h liquid
have lower b.p
 components...
The mixture the bop of their

*****

Bp.
A liquid pel bosc
... miol Bol ters the lootboss Bersund) ep.
1050
ep. Monideal solution with the deriation
Solubility of Gases of Henery's law
Solubility
as es invernly proportial to the
temprature.
Solubility al
Henny's Law
Ina tachiadas solvent
 According to this law the partial pressure of the gas e rapour
phase is diretty proportional to the mole praction of the gas
the holuhan
Page No
How
a
mole
prection of
gen.
Expe

Partial
pressur
e

P = kan
Henrly law constant / Proportionality
 Constant of P = KH.
Ngas
ngas
tasolrent

KH
depends on the nature of goods
KH al
.
solubility
Intex
exarple - 2.4
KH = 76.40 kbar = 76.48x13 bar
p=0.987 bar

PakH. Kgen
Mgao zem - 0.983
. 76.40x3 = 1,29x65
water ? 12 =
n e = loro
1000 grem (bcz. d=1 gesel)
= 55.55
moles.
 Agers =
1.28xlos.

1:29x2.5
NH2+iro

males of Ni atlich niro do in Preno 4 At the

-
=128 xosa...
Miho

MH2 = 1:28 xlos ante = 129x105x55.5 n o

los gs los moles. 29 = 7:1595 X 10 -4
moles MH = 9.159rxloh x 103 mat mille moles nt - oligur
milli moles.

Vapour pressure
when any liquid beated then it takes
energy and increase the cinetic energy of molecede, get
connected. into rapour phase and it exect pressure. on the
wall of catainen named as rapour freysurl
vapour pressure of pure liquid is
*
Te NO
 reduction
Containe
always more than the non
volatile component.

to the decreare u vasen pressure of

the solution with respect to fit rapar
pressure of pure solventh diguid is hann as lowing in
vapore pressure Row, consider the V. p. of fure solvent
po
" " " solution p
them
sacos

Lowery in v.p = po_p : Ap=popl

The ratio of clowering in V. p. to the v.p. of sot
Pure solvent is named
as relabore loweig in v. p. Relative
lowering in v.p = OP
- po Relative powerp in ropa Pop
for vip. only liquid component & responsible and it
depended on the
-
po
Experiment No.
Date.

mole
fraction
of loquid
pofunt component

vep.

TE

mole paction Epitext 28 P = 4somnang.

Po = 760 mm of Hg Ptotal = 600 mm obtg. Prosul
- P., o + (6 - B 2 42. 6o . 450+ (700-4500x42
6o - 450 = 2500
ene

-
 M = 0.6 (for B) then for Al
mote . Th en
h -1 - 1-0.620 et
Pag
ege No
IPA. = 45ooo.4 = 180 mm offee
16 - Frox 0.6 = 420 mong Cengida mole hinchio a luv.l 18 9,
& fr.Bitsy
PA=Y, Ptotal 4 = 188 3 -013 – Ais les volatile
Gog

=
420
a
7-oil
bis more relate

solute
Collegative properties: - The properties of the solution which
depends upon the no. of Particles (lans I molecules) present in
the solution, homed as colligative properties: - These are of
 four types.
0 Relative lowering in U.P.
2 Elevation in boiling point 2 Depression
in frezing point
Osomatic pressure

Raoudits Law fer alan volatile conformet, -

According to Racult's law, The rop. of
solution Centari non volatile canfmat is dirtly proportial
to the mole forchian of volatile (liquid) component
How cansider the solution formed by a Non rolalle
caponent (A) & volabile confonet (Bo.
The vapore pressure of solution is pr. the
sceeding to Raoult's law,
Р. «Ид
APO = v.prof B carport Ps =
po do
in pure state de

po
1.6
ag
NO
 but , KATHB=1
88 = )-HA
=
|-
4.

NA
-
- Ps
Po
XA - po -ps) Relative for lowering
invip. There fore, the
relatine loweng in vep. of solution is equal to the male
fraction
of Mon volatile component from
ep. (1)
HA = Pools

Atha
=
por
 for very dilute solution,
MA LLLLLLtchB
Now, no
low,
NA
pops
= P.
no

( WA XMB
MA WB
lol

Vishvas
-

.
TER
 .

-
Collegative properties
Relative lowering in v. Pensionen 2 Elevatia
in B. p. (Bulling Points 9 Depression in F. (Freezing
Reint)
Osmotic Pressure Relative owenih inv.p- ( fact of
Raoult's Land for son volatile components... Elevation in
boiling point!

when any liqued! Solvent Crolatile components is

heated then it boils at a definite Temp. (Bolling Points but or
addition of small quantity of non rolatile component in the pure
solvent then it boiling beint increases
This increased in b.p. of solution Carthing non volatile
component with respect to a
pure solvent is named as elevation in briling point
FB
.

RE

Solvent
 V.R.

To
To

T6"-Tho
To
Temp -
Elevation in Bop= Tb -To b on for
Solution-I,
Elevation in B.P for Sulh y =
PTO = Toto
To'-th

but, Elevation in B.p a molality of solution

ATb a m LATO = ky m. 7 A
Molal elevation constant
 Ebullioscopic constant if m= 1
motal then, AT6=k6|

Therefore, The Ebullioscopic constant 18

numerically equall to the elevation in B:D. of het
contact 1 molal solution
OR............ The ebullio scopic
constant is numerically equivalent to the elevation in B.P
of solunan Containg 1 mole of solute present in teg of
solvent
flow, somes. ☺

4 Tb = kb.m
E
RNE

AT b = kb.w x1000
M' xWlings
2

for calculation of kb, kg = RX

M XT62
 1000 x Hvap.
Ra gas cennett
(0.314) m= molar mass of
select
To = Boiling point of solved
Atraps = Enthalpy of
rapportsch
Unit of kb:
ATD - kb. w
m' x W ling
Albo k = kbmith
geram mot & granny k - kb
(ment)
mot kg
kb (rits a legmon ko Depression of freezing Point! - *
The lowering in v.p. of a solution causes a lowishing
of the
ng comparud to that of the pure
Solvent * At the freezing point of a substance , soled
Phase is in equilibrium with the liquid phase. Thus the
freezing point of a substancese may be defined as the
temprature at which the vep. of the substance in its liquid
phone is equal to its rapoure pressure in soled phan
Arcady to Raoults law when a non volatile
 per solid is added to the
solvent then its rop decreases how it would Vishvas become
equal to that of solid solat
at lower teup.
Ho
w
s
olh
Experiment
ado
The decreare in fp of
writ. pese solnect is homes de presta in fp.
Date....

loquial salud
salt
solution

Temp Deresin freezing fan't afsoh - T - Tf'

AT = Tf .-It' but atf
a molality
ATG = 4 molality 1 constant or if molality = 1
 (melad for molesleg)
molal depressia
constant on Cryoscopic consect

Therefore, The depression crgoscopic constant is

numerically equivalent to depression in f.p. for not I molal
concentrated
solution.
Page
No
from el: 0
ATS = kg.m.

•
74T1 = kr. w w/oro
af af. Ml XW ling)

for calculation of kg,

kg = RXMXT2
- 1000 x All fusion
 If = freezing point of pure solunt
. Dhe pusica - Enthalpy of fisian * The value of ky & kb varies by
varying solvent. he different resunt have different values
of kf orkes, and It depends on nature of solmat
Osmosis

spor
(semi perable
membrare?
solvent molect Solh sol" 2
(high hee) (low las) e process of morement of
Solvent pachdes. from lower concentrated solution to
lugha... Concentrated solution, when they are separated by
S.P.m, known as Osmosis

aceabated

The process of monemut of solvent particles rated from high

endoproteed of solvent to lower pregia of solvent, when
they are separated by sem, alled as Olmosis. S osmosis
are

Like us senos
mosis
 movement of Revenal
end of mosis
entry of golvet
to inside
fromentsid
e
of solunt molecules fon
inside to outside,
fauzima
r
(Resin)
sugarsac
h
tot water 1:0 f swallup.
vexogra
d
Lord
Osmotic
Pressure. (A) , besme (minimum)

direction

come
 movent &
of solent
particles
‫م‬.‫)زانم‬
65pm o lection low concentated
Solha The minimum exposure applied on the
high concentrated solution to check/stop the process of
osmosis, when solutias are separated by spm, named as
osmotic Pressure. Reverse Osmosis! -
When two The external pressure more than
ostmotte applied on thig opmotic pressure is applied
on highly concentrated solution, then the diredita process of
osmosis becomes reverse (when solutiass ou sepated by spm),
named as Reverse Osmosis. wall. Desalination of sea water

X
&
c
 Equo Derivation of equation of solhi - e VanHoff
boyl's Law
. According to this low the o at constant
thipratuse the osmotic ... pressure of solution is directly
proportiond
to its conc... te.
C... to Cat T-lastut ...
Gaylussat van Hoff Charles
Law! -
-
Are
According to this
lore ... At Concstat conc. of solution the Osmotic
pressure is diretly proportional to its .. absolute
temp.

tdT A Cat constant Canc. ) fer el. 0 0

A X CT
solution Constad. л -
Кст
=o oda bon Looft kl. иг скт
(
 A = ART
WEBM

=
=
=

=
=

LE

ES

avanRT)
med
geN

av = WRT

have
high
 o
type Isotonic solutions. The solution Her which osmotic
pressures are alaugs home hand as Isotonic solution.
Hypotonic solution & rypertonic solution e Out of two
different solution, which
e high opmotic pressure are named as Hypertonic solattan &
other with low offmetic
pressure said to be Hyotonic solutions &. Osmotic pressure is the
better colligentne
property for the calculation of molecular
masses why ? Ans. bcz - (0 it can learned to calentate
the molecular
mass of folymers like proteins, starch ete-te for
macromolecules. . (11) It can be used fear very dilute
solutionabo. (1) polymers are host stable at higher thub.
(1) poor solubi polymers home for solubility, "Vishvas
Abnormal collegatine professies: -
The callipathe
propeches of the solution will varies due to the dissociation or
association of solute mole The Abnormalities in the solution can
be compansated by using
asing
a ang
facter facter
 named
as Vant Hoff
name ... It is defined
on the ratio of observed (Experimets colligative properties to the
the critical calculated. calligative properties
obsenned colligative properties. ie
calculated collegative properties. but elcomed
colligative properties & L Now, i Calculated 1
Theositical Molero
. Obseuod molecular masses.
Therefore,
1 - Ps = i kB (mele faction of golutes
Molecular
masses.

ATb = i kb. nolaletty = i kb. W X1600

xwling
Aty e i tej metality alle w xlovo
a=iCRT av=nRT ai w RT
 Im x W
ingent

or
ge NO

of
solute
meoleude
undergo dissoo

N
a=
-1
n-1
da degree of dissociation
las formed after
( fr 100%. dissodata=d=1) dissociation
na no of lan honed after es. Nags04
2rat & sou
M = 2+1=3
ke & kettu n=2, for
dissociation i 71
if
selute molecule
 under go association -

x= degree of association
undengo na no ich das
molecules fened after ansociatia fer dimerisation =
n=2.
. bimerisata = n=3 for
tesameaçete = n=4

k
g
"
са 2.
1

*
i disso a aton
content find anut the value of Vaut Hoff
gol. dissociation or ansociation
factor
for
Date..

for dissociatia (i
 kel,
given
,
da doy. a do so....
kel -
Kreu
nez

ha

....
.
2-1

iz Itod a lod
(ii) fre kalte (CN)6]
~
467
[Fe (CN) 6.74

d-2:
O
nas
 EUR
ELL

5-) = 1-1
8x 4
a
32-
f
or {
3+2+1242
-

for
anociation i
Audic
n=2
teid
Cudego dimerisation damico = 80 .O.
ES

ood =
i-1
-0.04 = 1-1
i=1+004 ů =
 0.96
ge No.

lote- In association I dissociation of percentage

Cdissociation ( association) not given then the value
of x association addesociation will be taken as unity (e.
2007. dissociations ansolderia)

lite -C6H8O6
mm = 12x6*178 +6X6 )
64806aw
s AT8 = TP-LE!
wext
wo27
mm
(216 +

W=75 g
272 +8+96.
o =256 gfm ATAF ATf
= 156 =lisk lega 3.9k kg motiv
4Tf=14. wow laten
w
 looo
Important
Date..... problems. l solution
Exercise/
of
Intent.
12
1=2 Separed,
wasog. mm=
larova V =
troml
mm = lorovo
T=37 +273.15

......
..
34o.sk
court
* v= w RT
WIND

MAS

- ...
W RT = x® 083 43) 0.15 M.V .185000 80.450

ñ-
orod3x3/o.is 185x450
 bar haben
be

HERE

PES

Sparple-2.12 w=2g. W=259

... Moonston = 12x7 h 1x6+1642
. 8476 4.32
= 122 g/mole, ATS = 162k
legator 4.9 k kg mall To association (d.
1.) = 2
ATS = 1 kg. w x1000
Axw = 1 *4.9* 2 Xlowo
122x25 i_
1.62x122425
4.9+ 2x1000
 4540 0.504 for
associana
a = -1 ... Ir
but n=2

a=
o.soul

d= -0.495
-0.9916
-os

doo - 0.9916Xito
-99.16).

58 - ‫شما‬
220 CExercise)
sugar
sl Cane
Gluwse
 wasg
W=9s9
W = 958 Mecane sugar
(Cinth, 2011) = 342gful glucose [(CH 206] = 180 suale T =
271K
Tec.s)
If gluure??
Vishvas
Affe glume) = Tf - Tsolumns
If = 273.156
BTees) = 273:15 -271k
Fles) 2 295k
for
cane sugen

er kl. ww x1ooo
a wew - If X M XW
= 2.15x342495 wyloco
х си for
grunge,
AT - Kf wxloro
Cylus) Mgl XW ... kg
at se x Myp, xw
...WXlcro Resep stred) x
 12.0x9r.
x lovo for ef olo Tf gtx
180x2
- 2.15 X34289 sxlora
2:15X342. Hods to
ROWS

-
store

Atsigp
-
180
T - Tige) z4085 Tigh) = Tf -4:005 =
269.065k
Page
No
A+B

AB4
A
B2 wrig
w=log
 Warg
AT = 2.3k
W=20g
4Tf=1.3
kg = 5.1 kegnat
kg = 5 lk. kgenot

AT = ks. wylono
m'xw.
ATS = K. wxloro
m
'xw M=?
MARA =? 2,3 = 5.1 X 2 oxlooo 1.35 5.1X IX loud
Mix 20
M'x2
0 M'=5.1x1ooo
M'= 5.1x100 2.3x20
7.3
x2 M'=22739 = 110.37 l Ms 196.15 Moormans of
ABL!
Atab a Plo. 07-01
Molarmass of
AB ga 1 Atab= 110.07
A + 4B
196-15_ (A+16= 156.15
& Atomic mass of A = 25.59u 2b =
85.28 b=42.64
Atomic mass of B = 42.64 m.
az 21 92.64 2 110.87 42 o 5.59

2.
B
ws 19:50
A2 F cat =
78 gsnell, warog

xloro
272 i Kf. W Y loob
.mlx.w - t. 1.8 6x lyftoroz
molality - w
mixw
= 19 x 100
704x800
2 2 1x1.86 of 2 iz
27/36 = 1.0753
-
 0.5m.

a.
l-1
K=
Cd ?
da 10753-)
2-)
-0.0753
=
7.534102
k = o.sx .. (1.331102) 2
.. (1-0.0753)
-
3.0741.-3.

Solve
all
the intent and
Exercise
Assignement -
frobleme