General Mathematics: Revision and Practice arsOxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Petaling Jaya Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dares Salam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press © D Rayner 1988 ISBN 0 19 914278 5 First edition published in 1984 ‘Second edition published 1988 [Reprinted 1990 (twice), 1991, 1992 Allrights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, Stored in a relrival system, or transmited, in any form or by any tmeans, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, Within the UK., exceptions are allowed in respect of any fair dealing for the purpose of rescarch or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. or inthe case of eprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries eoncerning reproduction outside these terms and in ther countries should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University. Pres, a the address above ‘Acknomiedgements ‘The publishers would like to thank the following for permission to use photographs: Bettman Archive Popperto ‘Ann Ronan Picture Library Printed and bound in Great Britain by Butler & Tanner Ltd, Frome and LondonGeneral Mathematics: Revision and Practice D. Rayner Second edition with investigations and answers Oxford University Press ‘gRras | cee WRPreface This book is for candidates working towards GCSE in mathematics: it covers the requirements of all the major examination boards. The book contains teaching notés, worked examples and carefully graded exercises. These can be used selectively for classwork, for homework and for later revision. The work is divided into short topics to suit any required order of treatment. The wide choice of questions provides plenty of practice in the basic skills and leads on to work of a more demanding nature. Each major part of the book concludes with two exercises: one of short revision questions and another of actual past examination questions, All numerical answers are given at the end of the book. ‘The author is indebted to the many pupils and colleagues who have assisted him in this work. He is particularly grateful to Reg Moxom, Philip Cutts, Michael Day and Micheline Dubois for their invaluable work of correction and checking. For the second edition the whole text has been revised to reffect the new GCSE syllabuses. Redundant material has been removed and in some cases new work hhas been added. Many exercises have been rewritten to add extra interest and relevance to everyday life. In the new chapter eleven there are numerous ideas for investigations, practical problems and puzzles, many of which can be extended at the discretion of the teacher and used as a basis for assessment. Also new is chapter twelve which consists of mental arithmetic tests and multiple choice revision tests. The author would like to thank Lawrence Campbell and all his colleagues at school for all their help and suggestions. Thanks are also due to the following examination boards for kindly allowing the use of questions from their past mathematics papers. Associated Examining Board East Anglian Examination Board Joint Matriculation Board = Northern Examining Association for Joint Examinations Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board Oxford Delegacy for Local Examinations Southern Universities’ Joint Board University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate University of London School Examinations Department Welsh Joint Education Committee. 2 sgPasnsnaElaegraraenneenag aeContents Part 1 Number Arithmetic 1 Number facts and sequences 4 Approximations 5 Standard form 6 Ratio and proportion 7 Percentages 10 Speed, distance and time 15 Calculator 17 Revision exercise 1A 18 Examination exercise 1B 20 ean RoRE Part 2 Algebra 1 Directed numbers 24 Formulae 26 Brackets and simplifying 28 Linear equations 30 Problems solved by linear equations 33 Simultaneous equations 35 Problems solved by simultaneous equations 37 2.8 Factorising 39 2.9 Quadratic equations 41 2.10 Problems solved by quadratic equations 4B Revision exercise 2A _ 44 Examination exercise 2B 46 PPPPPNy Seaoghone Part 3 Mensuration Area 49 The circle 53 Arc length and sector area 55 Chord of acircle 57 Volume 59 Surface area 63 Revision exercise 3A _ 65 Examination exercise 3B 66 PE Ywuw RoaBRE 5. 5.2 5.3 54 5.5 5.6 6.1 6.2 63 64 65 pape a essa PLeeuanaone ES Part 4 Geometry Fundamental results 69 Pythagoras’ theorem 73 Symmetry 75 Similarity 76 Circle theorems 84 Constructions and loci 91 Nets 93 Revision exercise 4A 94 Examination exercise 4B 96 Part 5 Algebra 2 Algebraic fractions 98 Changing the subject of a formula 100 Variation 104 Indices 107 Iterative methods 109 Inequalities 111 Revision exercise SA _114 Examination exercise SB_ 116 Part 6 Trigonometry Right-angled triangles 118 Scale drawing 125 Three-dimensional problems 126 The sine rule 128 The cosine rule 129 Revision exercise 6A 132 Examination exercise 6B 134 Part 7 Graphs Gradients 139 The form y=mxr+ce 140 Scatter diagrams 141 Plotting curves 142 Interpreting graphs 145 Graphical solution of equations 146 Area under acurve 149 Distance-time graphs 150 Speed-time graphs 153 Sketch graphs 155 Revision exercise 7A _156 Examination exercise 7B 158Contents Part 8 Matrices and transformations 8.1 Matrix operations 162 8.2 Route matrices and data storage 164 8.3. The inverse of amatrix 165 8.4 Simple transformations 166 8.5 Combined transformations 171 8.6 Transformations using matrices 174 Revision exercise 8A 179 Examination exercise 8B 180 Part 9 Sets, vectors and functions 9.1 Sets 183 9.2 Logical problems 187 9.3 Vectors 189 9.4 Column vectors 193 9.5 Vector geometry 196 9.6 Functions 199 Revision exercise 9A 201 Examination exercise 9B 202 Part 10 Statistics and probabil 10.1 Data display 205 10.2 Mean, median and mode 208 10.3. Cumulative frequency 210 10.4 Simple probability 212 10.5 Exclusive and independent events 215 10.6 Tree diagrams 216 Revision exercise 10A 219 Examination exercise 10B 220 Part 11 Investigations, Practical problems, Puzzles Investigations 1, Opposite corners 225 2. Weighing scales 226 3. Buying stamps 226 4. Frogs 226 5. Triples 227 6. Mystic rose 228 7. — Knockout competition 228 8 Discs 229 9. Chessboard 229 10. Area and perimeter 230 u. 12, 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 21. ee 24, 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. yaene SPIRALS a Happy numbers 231 Prime numbers 231 Squares 232 Painting cubes 232 Final score 233 Cutting paper 233 Matchstick shapes Maximum box 235 Digit sum 235 ‘An expanding diagram 236 Fibonacci sequence 237 Alphabetical order 237 Mr Gibson’s job 238 Diagonals 238 Biggest number 239 What shape tin? 239 Find the connection 240 Spotted shapes 240 Stopping distances 241 Maximum cylinder 242 234 Practical problems Timetabling 242 Hiring a car 244 Running a business Income tax 245 How many of each? 246 244 Puzzles and experiments Cross numbers 246 Estimating game 247 The chess board problem 248 Creating numbers 248 Pentominoes 249 Calculator words 249 Find your reaction time 250 Probability pi 250 Part 12 Mental arithmetic, Revision tests Mental arithmetic 251 Revision tests (multiple choice) 258 Answers 2661.1 ARITHMETIC Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) was the son of a German labourer and is thought by many to have been the greatest all-round mathematician of all time, He Considered that his finest discovery was the method for constructing a regular seventeen-sided polygon. This was, not of the slightest use outside the world of mathematics, but was a great achievement of the human mind. Gauss would not have understood the modern view held by many that mathematics must somehow be ‘useful’ to be worthy of study. Decimals Example 1 Evaluate: (a) 7-6 +19 (b) 3-4-0-24 (©) 72x0-21 (4) 0840-2 (e) 36+ 0-004 @ 76 +19.0 AO eat x 0-21 2 1440 1.512 (b) ey Ss e a No decimal points in the working, ‘3 figures after the points in the question and in the answer’. (4) 0:84+0-2=8-4+2 4-2 Multiply both numbers by 10 aje4 80 that we can divide by a whole number 1600+ 4 100 Exercise 1 Evaluate the following without a calculator: 1. 764031 2, 1547-22 3. 7-004 + 0-368 4. 0-06 + 0-006 S$. 42-442 +420 6, 3-84 —2-62 7, 11-4-9-73 8. 461-3 9. 17-037 10. 8-7 + 19-2-3-8 ML, 25-78+9-5 12. 3-6-8-744+9 13. 20-4 - 20-399 14. 2-6 0-6 15. 0-72 x 0-04 16, 27-2 0-082 Part 1 Number 17, 0-1 X02 18. (0-01) 19, 2136 20, 231x034 21. 0:36 x 1000 22, 0-34 x 100000 23. 36402 2A, 0-592 +08 25. 0-1404 + 0-06 26. 3-24 + 0-002 27, 0-968-+ 0-11 28. 600+ 0-5 29, 0-007 +4 30, 2640 +200 31. 1100+5:5 32, (11 +2-4) x 0-06 33. (0-4)? + 0-2 34, 77+ 1000 35. (0:3)? + 100 36. (0-1)*+0-01 37. 92X46 38. 1804 23 36 39, 0:55 X 0-81 40. 63 x 600 x 0-2 45 3607 Exercise 2 3, 5. 6 ‘A maths teacher bought 40 calculators at £8-20 each and a number of other calculators costing £2-95 each. In all she spent £387. How many of the cheaper calculators did she buy? ‘Ata temperature of 20°C the common amoeba reproduces by splitting in half every 24 hours. If we start with a single amoeba how many will there be after (a) 8 days, (b) 16 days? Copy and complete. Pee + Pa IF FH +30 = 31? CHPe rt tos Find all the missing digits in these multiplications. (a) 5* (b) #7 () 5* 9x x *x 96 446 14 Pages 6 and 27 are on the same (double) sheet of a newspaper. What are the page numbers on the opposite side of the sheet? How many pages are there in the newspaper altogether? Use the numbers 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 once each and in their natural order to obtain an answet of 100. You may use only the operations +, —. X, +. The ruler below has eleven marks and can be used to measure lengths from one unit to twelve units. 9. 10. a Design a ruler which can be used to measure all the lengths from one unit to twelve units but this time put the minimum possible number of marks on the ruler. Each packet of washing powder carries a token and four tokens can be exchanged for a free packet. How many free packets will I receive if I buy 64 packets? Put three different ‘numbers in the circles so that when you add the numbers at the end of each line you always get a square number. Put four different numbers in the circles so that when you add the numbers at the end of each line you always get a square number. ‘A group of friends share a bill for £13-69 equally between them. How many were in the group? Fractions Common fractions are added or subtracted from one another directly only when they have a common denominator. Example 1 Evaluate: (a) i+} (b) 23-15 (©) 3x4 (a) 23+6 (b) 25-18 (@) +611 Arithmetic Exercise 3 Evaluate and simplify your answer. 1 ded 2 d+t 3. i+ 4 F-4 5 3-$ 6 3-3 1 oxd 8. dx$ 9. §xB 10. +4 nm. 3+t 1 3+} 2B. 3+} 1. 5x5 18. B+} 16. 13-3 1. td 18, uel 19. 33423 2 2. G-Dsk 2B. wit as, PE B rt 26. Arrange the fractions in order of size: @) BbF (0) 28 OLEH (4) $3.4 27. Find the fraction which is mid-way between the ‘two fractions given: OR BE ORG @ hs ©) #4 © 28. In the equation below all the asterisks stand for the same number. What is the number? gg, the shell of a certain ‘crab is 1 cm across. When fully grown the shell is approximately 10 cm across. Each new shell is one-third bigger than the previous one. How many shells does a fully grown crab have during its life? 30. Glass A contains 100 ml of water and glass B contains 100 ml of wine. o—= 100 mi 100 mt 10m A 10 ml spoonful of wine is taken from glass B and mixed thoroughly with the water in glass A. A.10 ml spoonful of the mixture from A is returned to B. Is there now more wine in the ‘water or more water in the wine? Fractions and decimals A decimal fraction is simply a fraction expressed in tenths, hundredths etc. Example 1 (a) Change } to a decimal fraction. (b) Change 0°35 to a vulgar fraction. (©) Change {to a decimal fraction. (a) 3, divide 8 into 7 0-875 J = 0-875 8)7-000 (b) 0:35 == (©) 5, divide 3 into 1 03333 $=0-3 (0-3 recurring) 3)1-0'0'0'000. Exercise 4 In questions 1 to 24, change the fractions to decimals. Le ze 3.3 5.5 6. ay a4 10. § 1} 13.5 14.3 15. § 17. 1g 18. 25 19. 24 21. 2% 22, 25 23, 2§ In questions 25 to 40, change the decimals to vulgar fractions and simplify. 25.02 — 26..0-7 27. 0-25 28. 0-45 29,036 30. 0-52-31. F125 32, 0-625 33.084 34.235 35. 3-95 36, 1-05 37.32 38.027 39, 0:007 40. 0-00011 Evaluate, giving the answer to 2 decimal places: 41. d+ 42, §+0-75 43. §- 0:24 44. 5 45, $x 0-2 46. 47. f=02 48. Arrange the numbers in order of size (smallest first) 49. $,0-33, 35 $0. 7,03, 5 51. 0-71, 77, 0-705 52. #,03,%1.2 NUMBER FACTS AND SEQUENCES Number facts (a) A prime number is divisible only by itself and by one. e.g. 2,3, 5,7, 11, 13... (b) The multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48... (©) The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. (d) Rational and irrational numbers. The exact value of a rational number can be written down as the ratio of two whole numbers. e.g. 3, 24, 5-72, —3}. The exact value of an irrational number cannot be written down. e.g. 7, V2, V3, V5. Exercise S$ 1. Which of the following are prime numbers? 3, 11, 15, 19, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 37, 39, 47, 51, 59, 61, 67, 72, 73, 87, 99. 2, Write down the first five multiples of the following numbers: (a) 4 (b) 6 (©) 10 @) (e) 20. 3. Write down the first six multiples of 4 and of 6 What are the first two common multiples of 4 and 6? [i.e. multiples of both 4 and 6] 4, Write down the first six multiples of 3 and of 5. What is the lowest common multiple of 3 and 5? ‘5. Write down all the factors of the following: (a) 6° (b) 9 ) 10 (d) 15 (e) 24 ( 32 6. Decide which of the following are rational numbers and which are irrational: (a) 35 (b) 3-153 © v7 (@)$ (e) 0.072 () v2 (@ v4 = o¥ G@ vi00 (k) -23 @ vs 7. (a) 18 263 a prime number? By how many numbers do you need to divide 263 so that you can find out? (b) 15527 a prime number? (©) Suppose you used a computer to find out if 1147 was a prime number. Which numbers ‘would you tell the computer to divide by? 8. Make six prime numbers using the digits 1,2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9 once each. Sequences “ Exercise 6 Write down each sequence and find the next two numbers. 1, 2,6, 10, 14 2, 2,9, 16, 23 3. 95, 87, 79, 71 4, 13,8, 3, -2 5. 7,9, 12, 16 +6. 20, 17, 13,8 1.1,2,4, 7,11 8. 1,2,4,8 9. 55,49, 42, 34 10. 10,8, 5,1 1, -18,-13,-9,-6 12. 120, 60, 30, 15 13. 27,9,3,1 14. 162, 54, 18, 6 15. 2,5, 11, 20 16. 1, 4,20, 120 17. 2,3,1,4,0 18. 720, 120, 24, 6 We can describe a sequence using symbols u, to stand for the nth term, and u,,, to stand for the (n+ Dth term. For the sequence 3, 8, 13, 18... First term, =3 Uya 1 = Un 5 So up =u +5 u3= u2+5 and soon. By inspection, the nth term, u,,=3+ (1 - 1)5 Exercise 7 Une = ln)? ges = 7 ~ thy WO. tty =2y Ug = In questions 11 to 18 write down the first four terms. Start with Meu, =r? 12. ty 13, uy =2n? 1. uy 1S. uy = (0+ 1) 16. u,=2" 17. uy = (n+ 1Y(n +2) In questions 19 to 24 find a formula for the nth term. 18. u,=3%2" 19, 3, 6,9, 12 20. 5, 10, 15, 20 21. 1,4,9, 16 22. 4,1,2,4.8 2B. 3,9,27,81 2A, 1X3, 2%4,3%5, 4x61.3 APPROXIMATIONS Example 1 (a) 7-8126 = 8 to the nearest whole number t This figure is “5 or more’. (b) 7-8126 = 7-81 to three significant figures 1 This figure is not ‘S or more’. (©) 78126 = 7-813 to three decimal places t This figure is ‘5 or more’. Exercise 8 Write the following numbers correct to (a) the nearest whole number (b) three significant figures (©) two decimal places 1, 8-174 2. 19-617 3. 20-041 4. 081452 5. 31L14 6. 0-275 7. 000747 8. 15-62 9. 900-12 10, 3-555 1, 5-454 12, 20-961 13. 0-0851 14, 05151 15. 3-071 Write the following numbers correct to one decimal place. 16. $71 19. 0-0614 17, 0-7614 20. 0-0081 18. 11-241 2. 112 22. If a=3-1 and b =7:3 correct to 1 decimal place, find the largest possible value of (a+b (ii) ba 23. Ifx =5 and y =7 to one significant figure, find the largest and smallest possible values of @xt+y (i) y-x cay 5 24. In the diagram, ABCD and EFGH are rectangles, with AB = 10cm, BC=7 cm, EF = 7¢m and FG =4 cm, all figures accurate to 1 significant figure. Find (a) the largest and (b) the smallest possible values of the shaded area. & The velocity v of a body is calculated from the formula v=25—u where u, sand # are measured correct to 1 decimal place. Find the largest possible value for v when w= 2-1, s = 5-7 and 1=2:2, Find also the smallest possible value for v ‘consistent with these figures. Estimation Its always sensible to check that the answer to a calculation is ‘about the right size’, Example 2 Estimate the value of S727110., correct to one significant figure. 58100 _ 5g 2x5 On a catculator the value is 62°52 (to 4 significant figures). We have approximately, Exercise 9 In this exercise there are 25 questions, each followed by three possible answers. In each case only one answer is correct. Write down each question and decide (by estimating) which answer is correct. 1, 72x98 [52-16, 98:36, 70°56] 2, 2-03 x 586 (118-958, 87-848, 141-116] 3, 4x 19-3 (213-32, 301-52, 451-62] 4, 313 x 1076 (3642-8, 4281-8, 33678-8] 5. 63 x 0-098 [0-6174, 0:0622, 5:98] 6. 1200 x 0-89 [72, 1068, 131] 7. 021 x93 (41-23, 9-03, 19-53] 8, 88:8 213 [18914-4, 1693-4, 1965-4), 9. 0:04 x 968 (38-72, 18:52, 95-12] 30. 0-11 x 0-089 [01069 0-0959, 0:00979 | 1392458 (0-52, 4:2, 2-4] (8-9, 11, 15] 13, 8405 +205 (4-6, 402, 41] 14, 881-1 [45, 8:9, 88] 15. 4183089 [4-7, 48, 51] 16. 6:72 + 0-12 {6-32, 21-2, 56] 17, 20-301+ 1010 [0-0201, 0-241, 0-0021 ] 18, 0:28896 + 0:0096 (312, 102-1, 30-1] 19, 01434011 [23 1:3, 11-4] 2. 159-65+515 [0-11,3-61, 031) 2A. (5:6-0-21) x 39 [389-21, 210-21, 20-51] wa, 15x (294, 504m 86] 23, (906 + 4:1) x 0-31 [473-21, 282-131, 29-561 ] 343-4472 m4, SBE (65,35, 85] 112.27: 3s, 122x785 (242, 204,252]1.4 STANDARD FORM When dealing with either very large or very small numbers, it is not convenient to write them out in full in the normal way. It is better to use standard form. Most calculators represent large ‘and small numbers in this way. The number a x 10" is in standard form when 1 = £240 New price of car = £(2400 ~ 240) £2160 Example 3 After a price increase of 10% a television set costs £286. What was the price before the increase? The price before the increase is 100% 110% of old price = £286 286 110 286 100% of old price = £575 Old price of TV = £260 + 1% of old price =£ Exercise 18 1, Calculate (a) 30% of £50 (b) 45% of 2000 kg. (©) 4% of $70 (@) 25% of 5000 people 2. Ina sale, a jacket costing £40 is reduced by 20%. What is the sale price? 3. The charge for a telephone call costing 12p is increased by 10%. What is the new charge? In peeling potatoes 4% of the mass of the potatoes is lost as ‘peel’. How much is left for use from a bag containing 55 kg? 5. Work out, to the nearest penny (a) 64% of £15:95 (b) 11-2% of £192-66 (©) 8:6% of £25:84 (b) 2-9% of £18:18 iW 6. Find the total bill: 5 golf clubs at £18-65 each 60 golf balls at £16-50 per dozen 1 bag at £35-80 V.A.T. at 15% is added to the total cost. 7. In 1987 a club has 250 members who each pay £95 annual subscription. In 1988 the membership increases by 4% and the annual subscription is increased by 6%. What is the total income from subscriptions in 1988? . 8. In 1987 the prison population was 48700 men and 1600 women. What percentage of the total prison population were men? 9. In 1988 there were 21 280.000 licensed vehicles on the road. Of these, 16486 000 were private cars. ‘What percentage of the licensed vehicles were private cars? 10. A quarterly telephone bill consists of £19-15 rental plus 4-7 p for each dialled unit. V.A.T. is added at 15%. What is the total bill for Mrs Jones who used 915 dialled units? Johnny thinks his goldfish got chickenpox. He lost 70% of his collection of goldfish. If he has 60 survivors, how many did he have originally? 12, The average attendance at Everton football club fell by 7% in 1982. If 2030 fewer people went to matches in 1982, how many went in 1981? 13, When heated an iron bar expands by 0:2%. If the increase in length is 1 cm, what is the original length of the bar? 14, In the last two weeks of a sale, prices are reduced first by 30% and then by a further 40% of the new price. What is the final sale price of a shirt which originally cost £15? 15. During a Grand Prix car race, the tyres on a car are reduced in weight by 3%. If they weigh 388 kg at the end of the race, how much did they weigh at the start? 1 16, Over a period of 6 months, a colony of rabbits increases in number by 25% and then by a further 30%. If there were originally 200 rabbits in the colony how many were there at the end? 17. A television costs £270-25 including 15% V.A.T. How much of the cost is tax? 18. The cash price for a car was £7640. Mr Elder bought the car on the following hire purchase terms: ‘A deposit of 20% of the cash price and 36 monthly payments of £191-60° Calculate the total amount Mr Elder paid.