Reinforced Cement

Concrete (RCC)
By Ar. Aashish M
BMT – SEM 4
02 June 2021
 What is RCC?
• . A mixture of cement, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate is called a plain
cement concrete but when it is REINFORCED with STEEL BARS, which is
also known as rebars or reinforcement bars , it is said Reinforced Cement
Concrete.
 Why is RCC used?
• Structures made from reinforced concrete are stable and durable. It
possesses high compressive and high tensile strengths. It is economical, and
the maintenance cost is almost ignorable. R.C.C has the least chances of
buckling and rusting.
 Where is RCC used?
• Reinforced concrete is being used for the construction of foundations to the
rooftops of buildings, in the construction of highways roads traffic, precast
structures, floating structures, and hydro-power tunnels, irrigation canals,
drains, and all other conceivable structures.
 Who invented RCC?
• JOSEPH MONIER was a French gardener and one of the principal inventors of reinforced
concrete.
• He Experimented with iron-wire reinforcement for his cement and concrete tubs and basins.
He patented the idea in 1867
• The concrete slab or girder took most of the compressive forces, and the embedded metal
wire took most of the tensile forces. The two elements acted as a unit.
• FRANÇOIS HENNEBIQUE was a French engineer and self-educated builder who
patented his pioneering reinforced-concrete construction system in 1892.
• He Integrated separate elements of construction, such as the column and the beam, into a
single monolithic element.
 Behavior of RCC
• Concrete is a mixture of coarse (stone or brick chips) and fine (generally sand or crushed stone)
aggregates with a paste of binder material (usually Portland cement) and water.
• When cement is mixed with a small amount of water, it hydrates to form microscopic opaque
crystal lattices encapsulating and locking the aggregate into a rigid structure.
• Typical concrete mixes have high resistance to compressive stresses,however, any appreciable
tension (e.g., due to bending) will break the microscopic rigid lattice, resulting in cracking and
separation of the concrete.
• Thus Concrete must be well supported to prevent the development of tension.
• Thus a Material with high strength in tension, such as STEEL, is placed in concrete, then the
composite material, reinforced concrete, resists not only compression but also bending and other
direct TENSILE actions.
 Difference between architectural drawing and
RCC drawing
• Architects convey the design ideas and convince their clients through architectural drawings.
• Architectural drawings show; the conventional views of the floor plan, site plan, elevation, cross-
section, isometric and axonometric projections, and detailed sectional drawings. These drawings
help architects to create a design idea into a coherent proposal.
• RCC drawings or Reinforced cement concrete drawings show the steel bars layout in the
concrete, and also include bar bending schedules.
• RCC drawings show the placement of columns, beams, and slabs on the concrete, the length of
elements such as bars, number of bars, type of bars, lap length, spacing between the bars,
information related to calculation of cutting length bars, the weight of the steel, etc.
• Architectural drawings help the RCC consultants position the steel rebars and RCC elements on
the concrete.
What is the difference between RCC and PCC?
• Rlain cement concrete (PCC) is a hardened mass obtained from a mixture of
cement, sand, gravel, and water in definite proportions.
• If steel is kept in the concrete then it is called Reinforced cement concrete (RCC).
• PCC is done to form a leveled surface and to avoid laying concrete on soil directly
so as to avoid mixing with soil and also to prevent soil extracting .
• PCC is to provide a rigid impervious bed to RCC in the foundation before starting
any RCC or masonry work directly on the excavated soil.
• PCC can bare compressive loads only.
• RCC can bare compressive loads and tensile loads.
 What is meant by RCC columns?
• RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) column is a structural member of RCC frame structured building.
• It’s a vertical member which transfers loads from slab and beam directly to subsequent soil.
• A whole building stands on columns.
• Most of the building failure happens due to column failure. And most of the column failure happens not for design fault
but for the poor construction practice.
• Constructing RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) Column involves following four stages of works
• Column layout works
• Column reinforcement work
• Column formwork, and
• Pouring concrete into column.
• Curing
 What is meant by RCC Beams?
• RCC Beam can be defined as a structural member which carries all vertical loads
and resists it from bending.
• There are various types of materials used for beam such as steel, wood, aluminum
etc.
• The most common material is reinforced cement concrete (RCC). RCC Beams
Involves thr following stages of work
• Formwork
• Bending and Binding Steel Bars
• Laying of Cement concrete
• Curing
 What is meant by RCC Slab?
• RCC slab is a structural element, made of concrete, that is used to create flat horizontal surfaces such as
floors, roof decks and ceilings.
• RCC Slab is supported by beams,columns, walls, or the ground.
• RCC slab comprises of carefully worked out steel reinforcements in order to provide tensile strength to the
structure.
• RCC Slab tensile loads end up being taken by the steel reinforcements so that the concrete can sustain
without too much damage
• RCC slabs are most prevalent in normal construction practices and can easily be located in any of the
common buildings.
• Concrete floor slab construction process includes erection of formwork, placement of reinforcement,
pouring, compacting and finishing concrete and lastly removal of formwork and curing of concrete slab.
 What is meant by RCC Lintel?
• A lintel is a beam placed across the openings like doors, windows etc. In buildings to
support the load from the structure above.
• The width of lintel beam is equal to the width of wall and depth depends on length
of span and magnitude of loading.
• RCC lintels are used because of their strength, rigidity, fire resistance, economy and
ease in construction.
• Lintel is made of Lime, Steel, Wood, Concrete, RCC, Stone etc.
• Lintel can be a load-bearing , a decorative architectural element, or a combined
ornamented structural item. In many buildings Lintel acts as a structural member.
 What is meant by RCC Waist Slab?
• Waist Slab is the nothing but the normal slab which is in some inclination
angle between two supports. (Mainly used in RCC stair).
• Waist Slab is rest on the beam to beam and main stair reinforcement steel
goes up to mid-depth of the resting beam.
• The stair is either cast with the steps making one unit or it is created by
beams holding the steps.
 Architects checklist at site Concreting
• Inspection of concreting works is an important step to achieve greater strength and
durability of the structure.
• Type of inspection of elements depends on type of concrete, i.e. PCC or RCC, type of
elements to be casted, such as RCC slab, columns, footing, beams, walls etc.
• It helps identify the proof of quantity of concrete work done by the contractor.
• Stages of Inspection of Concrete Works
• 1. Concrete Pre-Placement Checklist
• 2. Inspection during Placement of Concrete
• 3. Post placement Concrete Inspection Checklist
 Pre-Placement checklist
• This helps to cross check the construction method to drawings by the design
team at site at stage5 of RIBA POW 2020.
• The checklist are for following: centre-line , form work andconstruction
joints location, steel reinforcement Dia/ spacing and coating, Reinforcement
overlap, Shuttering and its water tightness, Reference levels, Placement of
electrical conduits and points for lightung and fans,.
• All the above checklists needs to be cross checked By the design team with
the Construction issue plans and manufacture Shop drawings.
 Placement checklist
• The checklist are provided to overview the following: Water cement ratio,
Surface preparation by mortar bedding, Adequacy of vibration, Steel
reinforcement, Removal of temporary spacers and ties.
• All the above checklist needs to be checked by design team during
concreting for the various elements.
 Post- Placement checklist
• The checklist are provided to overview the following: Line and level, surface
finish, Method of curing, Check on formwork supports, Check for
concrete leaks from formwork, Repair and finish all surface defects by
specification / approved method,
• Once construction is complete as-built drawings are prepared and submitted
to the client and facility manager for future use stage 7 RIBA POW2020.
 What is BIS specifications?
• The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the national Standards Body of
India working under the aegis of Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food &
Public Distribution, Government of India.
• It is established by the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 which came
into effect on 23 December 1986.
• BIS Act 2016 is established for the harmonious development of the
activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods.
RCC construction joints
By Ar. Aashish M & Er. Stephen
BMT - S4
Dated 03 June 2021
 What are Construction Joints?
• Construction Joints in construction are the separation or discontinuity
created in concrete or sometimes steel structures in order to neglect the
effect of contraction, expansion, movement, and settlement in structure with
a change in the external environment.
• They are SURFACES where two successive placements of concrete meet.
• In slabs they may be designed to permit movement and/or to transfer load.
 Purpose of a construction joint?
• Construction Joints allow one concrete element to move independently of other parts of
the building or structure.
• Construction Joints also let concrete shrink as it dries—preventing what’s called internal
restraint.
• How do you define restrain in concrete?
• Tensile stresses are generated in concrete when VOLUME CHANGES caused by moisture
loss, temperature reductions, and chemical reactions are restrained.
• When these tensile stresses are high enough, they may result in cracking.
• Cracks can accelerate the deterioration of concrete and reduce the service life of structures.
 What are Expansion Joints?
• An expansion joint is designed to absorb safely the expansion and contraction of several
construction materials, absorb vibrations, and permit soil movements due to earthquakes or
ground settlement.
• The expansion joints are normally located between sections of bridges, paving slabs, railway
tracks, and piping systems.
• As the temperature rises or the moisture content of the concrete increases, expansion takes place.
• The provision to accommodate movement at predetermined locations with proper joint
applications prevents the development of stresses that could rupture the concrete.
• Joint type and spacing will vary with each project according to the kind of structure, climatic
conditions, and anticipated stresses in the concrete.
 Purpose of Expansion Joints?
• Concrete expands and contracts with changes in temperature and moisture.
• Expansion joints are put in place before the concrete is poured.
• Expansion joints are used to allow the slab to move and not put stress on
whatever it abuts.
 How are Joints filled?
• Joint filling is done the full depth of the joint while sealing is only done over
the surface level with a flexible material over a rod to help keep the proper
shape of the joint.
• Filling requires a material with enough compressive strength to match the
durability of the slab when subjected to heavy traffic.
 What is water proofing in architecture?
• Waterproofing is the formation of an impervious barrier over surfaces of
foundations, roofs, walls, and other structural members.
• The building surfaces are made water-resistant and sometimes waterproof.
• Waterproofing is used in reference to building structures (such as basements,
decks, or wet areas), watercraft, canvas, clothing (raincoats or waders),
electronic devices and paper packaging (such as cartons for liquids).
 What is steel reinforcement?
• Steel reinforcement are steel bars that are provided in combination with plain
cement concrete to make it reinforced concrete.
• Hence these structures form steel reinforced cement concrete structure
(R.C.C).
• Steel reinforcement is commonly called as ‘rebars’.
 What is steel reinforcement made of?
• Carbon steel is the most common form of steel rebar (short for reinforcing
bar or reinforcing steel).
• Rebar is commonly used as a tensioning device in reinforced concrete and
reinforced masonry structures holding the concrete in compression.
• It’s typically consisting of hot-rolled round bars with deformation patterns.
 Why steel is used For reinforcement?
• Concrete is only strong against forces of compression and has low tensile
strength and ductility.
• Reinforcement materials are needed to withstand shear and tensile forces on
the concrete.
• Steel is used because it bonds well with concrete and expands and contracts
due to temperature at similar rates.
 What is welded wire fabric?
• Welded wire mesh, or welded wire fabric, or “weldmesh” is an electric fusion
welded prefabricated joined grid consisting of a series of parallel longitudinal
wires with accurate spacing welded to cross wires at the required spacing.
• Welded wire reinforcement is a material composed of cold-worked steel wire
with indented or raised rib deformations.
 Where is Welded wire fabric used?
• Welded Wire Reinforcement (WWR) provides the exact size of
reinforcement where needed through variable bar size and spacing, thereby
reducing steel waste.
• Welded Wire Reinforcement can be used for: Slab on Grade reinforcement.
Floor and Walls Systems.
 What is prestressed concrete?
• Pre-stressed concrete is a form of concrete where initial compression is given in the
concrete before applying the external load so that stress from external loads are
counteracted in the desired way during the service period.
• This initial compression is introduced by high strength steel wire or alloys (called ‘tendon’)
located in the concrete section.
• The essence of prestressed concrete is that once the initial compression has been applied,
the resulting material has the characteristics of high-strength concrete when subject to any
subsequent compression forces and of ductile high-strength steel when subject to tension
forces.
• Its improved performance can allow for longer spans, reduced structural thicknesses, and
material savings compared with simple reinforced concrete.
 Where is prestressed concrete used?
• Pre-tensioned concrete is most commonly used for the fabrication of
structural beams, floor slabs, hollow-core planks, balconies, lintels, driven
piles, water tanks and concrete pipes.
 Why is the need to prestress concrete?
• The use of the prestressed technique in concrete gives it greater strength, by providing an
internal compression force which counteracts the traction force produced by the loads of the
structural elements.
• One of the great benefits of the prestressed beams is the elimination of cracks from all of the
load stages.
• Prestressing process involves application of an initial compressive pre-stress on a structure to
minimize or eliminate the internal tensile forces this will help to control or eliminate cracking.
• What ia traction force?
• The force used to generate motion between a body and a tangential surface, through the use of
dry FRICTION, though the use of shear force of the surface is also commonly used.
 What is RCC Shuttering?
• Formwork (shuttering) in concrete construction is used as a mold for a
structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
• Types of concrete formwork depend on the material and structural
elements.
• Formwork (Shuttering) are used for Different Structural Members –Beams,
Slabs, Columns, Footings.
• Formwork (shuttering) is a temporary mould to provide support to fresh
concrete when placed in a structural member until the concrete has set.
 Which Shuttering material is best?
• Steel shuttering plate is the best type of shuttering because this is watertight
shuttering which can bear the load of cement concrete placed on it.
• This shuttering can be used for horizontal, vertical or any other shape required for
the work.
• It gives a LEVELED surface which has a good APPEARANCE.
• Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-usable are called stationary
forms.
• Timber is the most common material used for formwork.
• Stripped formwork can be reused.
Building Materials and
Innovation
BMT – S6
By Ar. Aashish M, Er. Stephen
Dated 09 Jjne 2021
 New building materials
• New types of building materials are emerging.
• New building materials can reduce material usage, decrease energy
consumption of the built environment and/or improve the indoor climate in
buildings.
• Some of the new materials are more sustainable, stronger than the existing
alternatives.
• They also offer entirely new functionality from a well-known material.
 Light-emitting concrete
• A concrete material that is charged by means of natural or artificial light, and
emits light in the dark.
• The material is produced at room temperature, which makes it more
sustainable than traditional concrete.
 Self-healing concrete
• Cement is one of the most widely used construction materials.
• Researchers from Delft University have found that adding bacteria to the
concrete can make it self-healing.
• The bacteria produce limestone when exposed to water and air (i.e. When
there is a crack in the concrete). The limestone seals the cracks, hereby
prolonging the lifetime of the concrete structure.
 Emerging Objects Creates “Bloom” Pavilion
from 3D Printed Cement
• The California-based Emerging Objects team has created Bloom, a pavilion
constructed from 840 unique blocks 3-D printed from portland cement.
• The 9-foot (2.7 meter) tall pavilion is cruciform in plan, morphing as it rises
to become the same cruciform shape twisted by 45 degrees.
• On the facade of the pavilion, perforations are mapped onto the cement
blocks to create a design inspired by traditional Thai flower patterns.
 Reinforced “bendable” concrete resistant to
cracking
• Scientists at the University of Michigan have developed a new type of fiber-
reinforced “bendable” concrete.
• Its 500 times more resistant to cracking and 40 percent lighter in weight.
 ‘Programmable’ cement by Rice University,
Texas
• When cement (an aggregate made of various materials) is mixed with water, sand and stone
and left to dry, it forms concrete – the basis of the vast majority of modern buildings.
• But concrete is porous, allowing water and chemicals through. This degrades the concrete
itself and can lead to rust in any steel supports encased within it.
• Scientists at Rice University, Texas, have discovered a method for ‘programming’ the
molecular structure of concrete as it sets, meaning builders could ‘tell’ the cement to form
into more tightly packed cubes, spheres or diamond-shaped structures, for instance.
• The team discovered that by adding negatively and positively charged surfactants
(compounds that lower surface tension) to the cement mix they could control the form that
the cement particles took as the cement set.
 Integrating bio-based materials and elements
into concrete mixtures
• Recently, researchers at Lancaster University in the UK unveiled a novel
approach of using nanoplatelets extracted from carrots and root vegetables
to enhance concrete mixes.
• Another trend of “bioreceptive concrete”, developed by Dr. Sandra Manso-
Blanco, sees structural concrete layered with materials to encourage the
growth of CO2-absorbing moss and lichen.
 GFRC (Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete
• The material consists of a mortar made of concrete, sand, alkali-resistant
glass fiber and water. Plasticity is one of the main qualities of GFRC,
enabling the molding of thinner and thus lighter façade pieces.
• This material is used in the cladding of the Heydar Aliyev Centre by Zaha
Hadid Architects, and it is also being used to implement the complex forms
of Gaudi’s Church of the Sagrada Familia.
 Pigmented Concrete
• Concrete is an achromatic symbol of strength that triggers harsh and roughness
with human feelings when exposed. However, when appropriate pigmented
admixtures added to cement, gravel, sand and water can result in coloured concrete
mixtures. Other than aesthetics, it adds a sense of perspective and contrast with
surroundings while reducing the dependence on paints and sealants.
• Name of the project: Casa Terra, Architect: BernardesArquitetura
• The reddish-brown texture of this house profoundly complements with the
surrounding hills and the lush landscape. The walls are emulsified with pigmented
concrete of iron oxide.
Vertical
Transportation
BMT – S4
By Ar. Aashish M
Dated 24 June 2021
 Building transport system
• Most multi-storied buildings have many floors above the ground floor and
also one/two floors below the ground floor.
• Therefore an appropriate and efficient building transport systems are not
only important but necessary also for operation.
• The systems should be a mix of manual and automatic operations.
• There are two types of building transport system namely Vertical Transport
System and Horizontal Transport System.
 What is Vertical Transportation?

• Vertical transportation is a phrase used

to describe the various means of
travelling between floors in a building
• The vertical transportation system is a
crucial element in the efficient operation
of a building
• Its designed for improving experience
and comfort of building occupants.
 Architects Design for Lift lobby
wall / floor / ceiling / lighting / furniture
• Building’s elevator lobby is the
first impression you make on
your visitors.
• Architects should take great care
into designing lift lobby
• It’s one of the most important
aspects of interior design for a building.
• Hence coordinate your lobby, doors,
entrances, and elevator interiors for a cohesive environment.
• Architects need to focus on lighting design,
Furniture design, flooring design, wall cladding design,
 Design consideration for Lift Lobby
• Designs should focus on
All aspects of flooring, wall cladding,
flooring lighting, furniture to develop
a first impression
• How to Make elevator lobby More interesting?
• Any suggestions?
 Design consideration for Lift Lobby
• How to make elevator lobby more interesting?
• 1. Finding interesting Art pieces,
Photography,
Paintings,
Sculpture,
that make visiting your entrance area an experience.
 Design consideration for Lift Lobby
• 2. Use of smart lighting designs
• Diffused lights provide a subtle
and consistent illumination in the lobby area.
• Such lights is provide low glare.
• Thus the lift lobby wall design
gives a comfortable and friendly feel.
 Design consideration for Lift Lobby
• 3. Key aspect is to locate the fire safety
• Elevator lobby should be designed to
stringent fire standards and must have
fire exit stairwells.
• Fire alarms and communication systems
need to be installed.
 Design consideration for Lift Lobby
• 4. Maintainance aspect by Lift Shaft
• Shafts with fire hose reels should be
there for a fire emergency
• Depending on different lift type the
lift shafts size are considered
 How to design a lift lobby?
• Design considerations
• 1. Consider FLOORING materials ideas
• Visually appearance
• Durability
• Easy to clean
• Spill resistant
• Tile size considerations
 HW
• Design your lift lobby With the below ideas
• Identify Material
• Flooring
• Wall cladding
• Ceiling
• Lighting
• Sculptures, painting