YDS ineitizce YABANCI eee insiwavi 3 JCONTENTS MODALS PAGE INTRODUCTION ... 1- REQUESTS .... 1-1 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "1"... 1-2 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "YOU 1-3 POLITE REQUESTS with "WOULD YOU MIND" 1-4 POLITE REQUESTS with IMPERATIVES .. oan e 2- NECESSITY and PROHIBITION ...... 2-1 NECESSITY : MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO. 2-2 PROHIBITION : MUSTNT .... 2-3 LACK of NECESSITY in THE PAST... 3- ADVISABILITY 1S. 3-1 SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER . 3-2 SHOULD NOT, OUGHT NOU TO, HAD BETTER NOT . 3-3 SHOULD/OUGHT TO BE DOING SHOULDN'T/OUGHT NOT TO BE DOING .. 3-4 SHOULD HAVE DONE. OUGHT TO HAVE DONE 3-5 SHOULD/QUGHT TO HAVE BEEN DOING SHOULDN'T/OUGHT NOT TO HAVE BEEN DOING ... 4- EXPECTATIONS : BE TO and BE SUPPOSED TO ... 5- ABILITY : CAN and BE ABLE TO ...6- MAKING SUGGESTIONS .. 6-1 LET'S DO SOMETHING 6-2 WHY DONT/DOESNT + SUBJECT. 6-3 SHALL WE/I .. 6-4 COULD 7- EXPRESSING DEGREES of CERTAINTY .... 7-1 PRESENT TIME 7-2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS of MODALS .. 7-3 PAST TIME 7-4 PAST PROGRESSIVE FORMS of MODALS 7-8 FUTURE TIME 27 8- PREFERENCE : WOULD RATHER/WOULD PREFER . 1 34 9- HABITUAL PAST : USED TO and WOULD .. EXAMPLES FROM OYS/YDS .. TEST YOURSELF 1 ..... TEST YOURSELF 2 TEST YOUR VOCABULARY ..MODAL AUXILIARIES and SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS INTRODUCTION ingilizce'de modal yardime fillleri: can, could, will, would, shall, should, ought to, had better, may, might ve must gibi sozetklerdir. Modal yardime: fiilleri, genellikle Konugmacimin duygulanm —yansitr. Yani, gerekliik, Zoruntuluk, olasiike gibt Kiplett lade ederier., Omegin, birine sigarayt buekmas! gerektignt sdylemek istiyorsak, buru ingilizce'de gayle ifade ederiz : You should stop smoking. (Sigaray: birakman gerekir.) Ya da, birine bir konuda izin verdigimiz ifade etmek istiyorsak + You may / can leave work early today. (Buglin isten erken gakabilirsin,) Bir modal, kullanilan dzneye gore degisiklik gostermez, He/We/1/They should teave eariy. Bir modal, kendinden sonra yalin fil ahr. He can sing well. (We may come late. /They must phone us. “ought to" bu kurehn disindadir, Lought to phone my parents./He ought to study hard. Bir modal ile belirttigimiz. duyguyu, geneliikle, benzer bir bagka yapa ile de ifade edebiliriz, He ean sing very well./He is able to sing very well. We must walk faster./We have to walk faster. a) MODAL AUXILIARIES can doit. Bir modaldam sonra gelen fill yan I could doit. gelir. You may do it. He might do it. You must speak slowly. she will do it. in would dont Sadece "ought" , kendinden sonra + shall doit. gclen Gili "to do” biciminde ahr. we should doit. you ought to doit. He ought to eat less. ‘They had better do it. We ought to walkc faster. must doit ») SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS be able to co Bir modalin cimleye kattsgx anlamt have to do bir bagka ifade ile de verebiliriz. have got to eo used to ee He ean speak three languages. be to do He is able to speak three languages. be supposed to do Bir modal, birden fala anlam ifade edebilir. $imdi modal yardime: fillerinin bu anlamlarim, inceleyelim.—_— ELS - YDS 1- REQUESTS Birinden bir sey rica ederken lullanabilecegimiz, cesitli fade bicimlert vardir, Bunlardan yaygin olarak “kulianabilecegimiz iki yapi, dane olarak "I" ya da "you" kullanarak olugturabilecegimiz ifadelerdir. Can. I borrow your dictionary for a moment ? (Sozlagana bir stire icin alabilir miyimn 7) Can you lend me your dictionary for a moment ? (Gorltigcnd bir siire icin bana verebilir misin 2] 1-1 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "I" MAY I May I (please) borrow your book ? "May I" ve “Could I" nazik COULD 1 Could I borrow your book (please)? | bir isteme ifadesidir. (formal) "Can I" daha samimi caN oI Can I borrow your book ? ortamlarda fain isterken kullanibr. (informal) ‘TYPICAL RESPONSES : Certainly. Yes, certainly, Of course/Of course, you may./ Sure. (informal) Brother: Will you be using your bike tomorrow ? Sister: [don't think so. Why ? Brother: Can I borrow it for the afternoon ? Sister: What happened to yours ? Brother: Mine has a flat tyré. Sister: Of course, you can. Una train compartment) Woman: May I have a look at your newspaper ? Man: "Yes, certainly. Here you are, (Buyrunuz,) {On the phone) Man: Could / May I speak to Mr Jones, please ? Secretary: Sorry, he is busy on the ether line at the moment. Can you wait Tor a inoment ? Man: Okay, Il call again later. 1-2 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "YOU" WOULD YOU | Would you give me some information. please? | "would, “could” ve COULD YOU | Could you help me, please ? will”, resi Could you please tell me the way ortamlarda to the station ? Kullanabilecegimiz WILL YOU — | Will you Iend me your book (please) ? vyapilardhr. Will you (please) iend me your book ? CAN YOU Can you lend me your dictionary ? "ean" daha samimi Can you open the door, please ? ortamlarda kullanihr. Eger olumsuz yanit ‘TYPICAL RESPONSES : vereceksek, yine Yes, I'd (I would) be happy to. nazik bir sekiide Yes, certainly. I'd be glad to, nedenini Sure. (Informal) agiklamamu. gerelir.ees ELS 6 YTS (Ala breakfast table} Son: Mum, ean you pass me the butter ? Mother : Sure, here you are. (Ata Travel Agent's} ‘Customer: Would you give us some information about your package tours Travel Agent: Certainly. Madam. I'd be happy to. (On the strees) Stranger: Could you please direct me to the Alien's Department ? You: Sorry, { don’t know where itis either. (At work Jane: Could you give me a lift home after work, Jack ? Jack: Sorry, I'd be glad to,but my mother will be waiting for me at the doctor's, and Tam going to pick her up right after work. “Ta be happy to, I'd be glad to” yanttlanm, "I" éznesi ile sorulmug sorvlarda kullanamaysz. — May I take your dietionary for a moment. — Ofcourse, here you are. (Yes, of course you may) oF — Sorry, I'm using it myself. — Can you lend me your dictionary for a moment ? — Yes, of course. Here you are. — Yes, I'd be happy to. Git be happy to lend you my dictionary. - Memnuiniyetleveriim,) or — Im afraid f can't. 'musing it myself. 1-3 POLITE REQUESTS with "WOULD YOU MIND" ASKING PERMISSION Would you mind if! smoked here ? Would you mind if1 apened the window ? “Would you mind if T Would you mind if 1 came a bit late tomorrow ? 4Simple Past Tense” Burada Past Tense kullamilmasina ragren, ‘TYPICAL RESPONSES anlam Present ya da No. Not at all. Please do. Future‘dur. No. Of course not. Go ahead. No, that would be fine. ASKING SOMEONE ELSE TO DO SOMETHING Would you mind opening the window ? Would you mind speaking a bit more quietly? Would you mind posting these letters for me ? “Would you mind + doing" ‘TYPICAL RESPONSES No, of course not. I'd be happy to. Not at all. 1'd be glad to. “Would you mind if T did 7", ". sizi rahatsw eder mi?" aniamme gelir. yapmamun sizce bir sakincast var mu / vapmam Bayle bir soruya yamt verirken dikkatli olmamu gerekir. Eger “Yes” ile yamt verirsek, “Eve rahatsiz eder.” antamma gelir ki bu da pek nazik bir yamt olmaz. Bu nedenle karsumedaki kigiye izin verecekselt, yanitimiz "No" ile baslamahdhr.ELS - YDS Would you mind if opened the window ? No. of course not. Please do. (Hayrr, tabii ki yok. Acabilirsiniz.) Would you mind i went to bed early tonight ? Not at all. Go ahead. Would you mind if 1 wore your red sweater tomorrow ? Of course not. Go ahead. (Tabii ki haytr. Giyebilirsin,} Eger bu istekleri reddedeceksek, yine nazil bir ifade bicimi kullanmamuz gerekir. Reddederken Jcatlanabilecegimiz yanutlar cok cesillidir ve konuya baghar. "Would you mind doing 2"... rahatsiz eder mi" anlamun verir. ‘Would you mind if | opened the window ? Well, fd rather you didn't, It's a bil cold in here. (acmamanra tereih ederim. Burasi biraz souk.) Would you mind if { wore your red sweater tomorrow @ Well actually. I was thinking of wearing it myself (Ashnda, onu yarn ben giymeyi digtimiyordum.) Would you mind if had a look at your paper ? Well, 'm reading it myself, actually. Would you mind if | smoked here ? Well, I'd rather you didn't. The smoke makes me cough. yapmamunn sizce bir sakuteast var mt / en. yapmak siz Su iki climle arasindakt aynma dikkat ediniz. Eger kigtnin ricasin: gerekir, “Would you mind Would you mind if I opened the window? (Cami agrnamun sizce bir salancasi var mi) No, please do. (Cam: agacalk olan ki "ben") Would you mind opening the window ? (Cam agmanizin sizce bir salancasi var m7) Not at all. I'd be glad to. (Cami agacak olan kisi "siz") Would you mind posting these letters for me when you go out? No, of course not. I'd be happy to. yerine getiremeyeceksek, yine nazil bir sekilde gerekgesini belirtmemiz, Would you mind posting these letters for me when you go ut? Well, I'm afraid [ can't. 'm not going past the post office. Would you mind lending me your dictionary ? I'm afraid I can’t. I'm using it myself at the moment. sever?" bigiminde verilen bir ctimleyi tamamlarken, céimlenin devammdaki anlama diktkat cimemiz. gerekir. EXAMPLES : Ex. 1- ‘I have to catch a plane early in the moming tomorrow. Would you mind (give) me a itft in your car ? * eéimlesini, Ganka kargimzdald kisinin bir sey ¥ snow doing” geklinde tamamlayabil ifidid” yapsiyla tamamlayamayiz. 1 istiyoruz, O halde bu cimlcyi Would you mind giving me a lift in your car ?