INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

Engineering Drawing:
Projections
S. P. HARSHA, PhD

PROFESSOR
MIED, IIT ROORKEE
GRAPHICS
LANGUAGE
Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in “engineering application” use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.

The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” .

A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments

or computer methods.
Freehand drawing (SKETCHING)
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example

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Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example

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Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.

Example

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 Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.

Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object. 7
 Basic Knowledge for Drafting

Graphics Word
language language

Line Projection Geometric

types method construction Lettering

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 What is projection?
It is a process by which images are formed
by rays of light or imaginary lines taken in a
particular direction from an object to a
picture plane.

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 PROJECTION THEORY

The projection theory is used to graphically represent

3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

The projection theory is based on two variables:

1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection

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Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight

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Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.

The image is produced by connecting the points where

the LOS pierce the projection plane.

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Plane of projection Plane of projection

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 Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is not
used by engineer for manu-
facturing of parts, because

1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size.
Width is distorted

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 Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.

Size in drawing Actual size

:
 Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.

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 Basic Line Types
Name according
Types of Lines Appearance
to application

Continuous thick line Visible line

Continuous thin line Dimension line

Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line Hidden line

Chain thin line Center line

NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.

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 DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils 17

DRAWING TOOLS

5. Compass 18
 Basic Strokes of letter
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1

3 6

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2
 Suggested
Upper-caseStrokes
letters & Sequence
Numerals
Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters

Curved line
letters &
Numerals
Suggested Strokes
Lower-case Sequence
letters

The text’ s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital

letter.
Example : Good and Poor Lettering

GOOD

Not uniform in style.

Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke.

Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.

 Reference Planes

• Vertical plane(VP)
B
• Horizontal plane(HP)

A First angle

D F

Third angle E
 PROFILE PLANE
❖ Profile plane (PP) is perpendicular to both HP and VP
❖ Side views are drawn in the profile plane

Frontal Plane (Vertical Plane)

PP

Horizontal Plane (Top Plane)

HP

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 Auxiliary Plane

• Auxiliary Inclined Plane (AIP)

• Auxiliary Vertical Plane (AVP)

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 What is a Point?????

• A point represents a location in space.

• It is a dimensionless geometrical entity
which has simply position but no magnitude.
• A point is usually represented by a dot or a
very small circle.
• Projections of points have no practical
significance. However, it serves the basis for
projections of lines, projections of planes
and projections of solids.
 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
POSITIONS OF A POINT

• The distances of a point from the HP and the VP are

necessary to determine its position in space.
• We may use parameters (h, d) to indicate the
position of the point in space:
➢ h indicates the height of the point
above/below the HP
➢ d indicates the distance of the point in front
of/behind the VP.
• These parameters may be suffixed by a small
alphabet for that point. For example, to indicate the
point P in space, parameters (hp, dp) may be used.
 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

• The space-coordinates hp and dp may be prefixed by

a (+) or (–) sign to indicate whether the point is above
the HP/in front of the VP or below the HP/behind the
VP as shown.

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 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

The positions of a point may be as follows:

1. A point in the first quadrant, i.e., above the HP and
in front of the VP (e.g., Point A)
2. A point in the second quadrant, i.e., above the HP
and behind the VP (e.g., Point B)
3. A point in the third quadrant, i.e., below the HP and
behind the VP (e.g., Point C)
4. A point in the fourth quadrant, i.e., below the HP
and in front of the VP (e.g. Point D)

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 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

The positions of a point may be as follows:

1. A point in the VP and above the HP (e.g. Point E)
2. A point in the VP and below the HP (e.g. Point F)
3. A point in the HP and in front of the VP (e.g. Point
G)
4. A point in the HP and behind the VP (e.g. Point H)
5. A point in both the RPs (e.g. Point I )

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 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

NOTATION SYSTEM
The notations to be followed are as given:
1. The TV of a point P shall be indicated by p
2. The FV of a point P shall be indicated by p’
3. The SV of a point P shall be indicated by p”

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 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

A Point in the First Quadrant

Example 1 Draw the projections of the point A, which is 50 mm above the HP
and 30 mm front of the VP.
Solution Given, ha = +50, da = +30

As ha and da both are (+), the point A is in the first quadrant. Therefore, FV of
the point will be seen above XY at a distance of 50 mm and TV will be seen
below XY at a distance of 30 mm.

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 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
A Point in the Second Quadrant
Example 2 Draw the projections of the point B, which is 50 mm above the HP
and 30 mm behind the VP.
Solution Given, hb = +50, db = –30

As hb is (+) and dp is (–), the point B lies in the second quadrant. Therefore, FV
and TV, both will be seen above XY at a distance of 50 mm and 30 mm
respectively. This is because when the HP is rotated in a clockwise direction
about XY, the TV on the HP will go up on the side of the FV.

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 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
A Point in the Third Quadrant
Example 3 Draw the projections of the point C, 50 mm below the HP and 30
mm behind the VP.
Solution Given, hc = –50, dc = –30

As hc and dc both are (–), the point C is in the third quadrant. Therefore, FV will
be seen 50 mm below XY and TV will be seen 30 mm above XY.

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 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
A Point in the Fourth Quadrant
Example 4 Draw the projections of the point D, which is 50 mm below the HP
and 30 mm in front of the VP.
Solution Given, hd = –50, dd = +30

As hd is (–) and dd is (+), the point D lies in the fourth quadrant. Therefore, FV
and TV both will be seen below XY at a distance of 50 mm and 30 mm
respectively. When the HP is rotated in a clockwise direction about XY, the TV
on the HP will go down on the side of the FV.

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 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
A Point in the HP and Behind the VP
Example 8 Draw the projections of the point H, which is in the HP and 30 mm
behind the VP.
Solution Given, hh = 0, dh = –30

As hh = 0, FV will be seen on XY. As dh = –30, TV will be seen 30 mm above

XY.

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 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

A Point in Both the RPs

Example 9 Draw the projections of the point I, which lies in both the RPs.
Solution Given, hi = 0, di = 0

If the point I lies in both the RPs then it lies at the intersection of the two RPs,
i.e., on XY. Hence, its FV and TV both will coincide on XY.

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 PROFILE PLANE
❖ Profile plane is perpendicular to both HP and VP
❖ Side views are drawn in the profile plane

Frontal Plane (Vertical Plane)

PP

Horizontal Plane (Top Plane)

HP

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 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
SV OF THE POINT
Example 10 Draw the LHSV of the point A, which is 50 mm above the HP and
30 mm front of the VP.
Solution
SV is always drawn to the side of FV. Here, the LHSV of the point is drawn to
the right side of FV, because the point is in first quadrant. X1 Y1 may be taken
arbitrarily at any suitable distance from FV and TV.

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