A GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA AND ALLIED INSECTS
by
ITO Gen and Homathevi Rahman
Introduction
The order Orthoptera contains grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, katydids, and so on. They usually
have hind legs with swollen femur specialized for jumping. In many groups, especially in the suborder
Ensifera, male tegmen specialized for making sound. Many of them are plant feeders, and some of the
plant feeders can be important pests in agriculture. Some common species live very close to us.
Orthopteran insects usually seen near our house
1. Nisitrus vittatus (Gryllidae)
This species can be seen on many kind of plants. Often they become pests of crops. In this
photo it is eating petal of lily flower.
2. Mecopoda elongata (Tettigoniidae)
We can hear their loud songs in any place (e.g. on bushes in KK town). Some individuals are
brown-coloured and others are green or pale green coloured.
3. Discotettix belzebth (Tetrigidae)
A forest species usually seen on mossy tree trunks. Almost whole body is covered with small
plants which may belong to Bryophyte or Algae.
4. Valanga nigricornis (Acrididae)
A large grasshopper species usually seen on roadside. Body yellow, with small black marking.
Seen eating flower of “Bunga Raya”.
Lifecycle
All Orthoptera insects are hemimetabolus, in another word, incomplete metamorphosis. After
copulation female lay eggs into the ground (e.g. many Acridids), into tree stem (e.g. phaneropterine
katydids), or into some materials. Hatched nymphs are small but similar to the adults except its wings
and genitalic organs are not developed. After several molting, they become adult.
Before copulation many males of Ensifera make calling sounds for attract female. Usually they make
sound by scraping their tegmen. Other means of sound producing are, tapping, drumming, vibrating,
and so on.
How to collect them
Habitats
Pygmy grasshoppers (Tetrigidae) habit various environments and feed on detritus of plants, plant
parts, mosses, and so on. Each species or group of tetrigids lives in a specific environment (e.g.
riverside, arid ground, wetland, forest floor, mossy tree trunk). Tetrigids often exhibit mimesis and
Introductory Course To Entomology
resemble many natural objects such as stones, lichens, leaves, twigs and spines. Many tetrigids are
camouflaged on the ground or tree trunks by means of their body colours and their shapes.
Acridid grasshoppers also habit various environments: riverside, grassland, forest ridge, canopy, and
so on. Many crickets are ground dweller. Some Orthoptera insects live through their life on trees
(Gryllacridids, some crickets and katydids). Most of Rhaphidophorids live in forest floor and few of
them live in caves. All Myrmecophilid crickets live with ants and feed on ants’ food.
Collecting methods
(1) Looking
Simple, and good method to observe their natural behavior.
(2) Sweeping
If you have a difficulty with finding Orthoptera insects by looking method, please try this method.
You may collect small katydids, crickets, grasshoppers, and so on.
(3) Light trap
This is a very useful technique to collect species hard to catch in daytime or species living on
canopy of high trees. For example, Pseudophyllinae katydids usually live on high trees, so
difficult to find them at daytime. But it is relatively easy to collect them by this method.
(4) Sound detect
Many species of Tettigoniidae and Gryllidae make sound for intraspecific communication,
especially for sexual communication. They
(5) Pitfall trap
Not so many Orthopterists use this method, because specimens caught are often not in good
condition. But it is worth to try, because there may be species not caught by other methods.
Ground walkers (some crickets) are difficult to catch, but they can caught by pitfall trap.
How to make and Preserve Specimens
We must dry insects quickly after killing them, because in the tropics dead insects, especially
Orthoptera easily putrefy and militarize. Usually drying oven is used for this purpose. But in fields
facilities are not usually available, so we enter them into a kind of paper envelope, and dry them
naturally or by using drier if electricity is available. After come back to the laboratory, they will be
softened and dried after pinning. The best kind of insect pin is stainless steel pin.
The position of specimen on the pin is important. If the length of pin above the specimen is not
enough to pick it up it is problematic, because the specimen will be broken when it is pinched. But if
the length of lower part is not sufficient for labeling and for pinning to basement, it is also problematic.
So, we must determine the best position when pinning insects.
Specimens without data label has no scientific value. We must put a data label in which locality,
date, collector’s name, etc. should be written. White hard paper is preferable for data
94
A Guide to Orthoptera and Allied Insects
label and identification label. Labels had better be printed by laser printer rather than be handwritten,
because handwritten labels are often difficult to read and time consuming to write.
Specimens must be kept in specimen boxes. The specimen boxes must be kept in a dark and dry
room. Naphtalene must be installed in specimen boxes to prevent invasion of some insects which eat
specimens such as ants, booklice (Psocoptera: Liposcelidae), and so on.
A specimen box
Correct pinning and labeling
95
Introductory Course To Entomology
Morphology
Orthoptera insects usually have a large pronotum and long hind femora used for jumping. In many
species the fore wings strengthened forming tegmina, and the hind wings are membraneous and folded
like a sector. They normally have well developed compound eyes and three ocelli. Antennae are long
and filiform in the suborder Ensifera consisting of more than 30 segments, but consisting of less than
30 segments in the suborder Caelifera. Mouthparts are chewing type. Cerci are normally short and
one segmented. Females usually have well developed ovipositor, especially in the suborder Ensifera.
It is the origin of the name, Ensifera, because many species of this suborder has ensiformed ovipositor.
Classification
Very few groups of insects have a stable classification (e.g. Butterflies, some large beetles). Until
recently this order have contained not only grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets, but also stickinsects
(now Pasmatodea), praying mantis (Mantodea), cockroaches (now Blattaria), and rock crawlers
(now Grylloblattodea). Classification in this order is also not very stable. The following classification
and key adopted here is most common one used by many authors: e.g. Ander (1939) and Rentz
(1996).
Key to the suborders of Orthoptera
Antennae with more than 30 segments. Auditory organs, when present, located on fore
tibiae. Stridulatory mechanisms, if present, located at base of the fore wings, usually in
male. Ovipositor usually visible and having the valves articulated to form an elongate,
sword-like, tubular or scythe-like extension of the abdomen..........................Suborder Ensifera
Antennae with less than 30 segments. Auditory organs, when present, located on first
abdominal tergite. Stridulatory specialisations of the fore wings, when present, located in
the lateral part of the wings in their folded position. Ovipositor, when present, consisting of
four separate hook-like valves. ...............................................................Suborder Caelifera
Antennae more than 30 segments Antennae more than 30 segments
Ovipositor
Tympanal Organ
Tympanal organ Ovipositor
Ensifera Caelifera
96
A Guide to Orthoptera and Allied Insects
Key to Bornean families of Ensifera
1. Tarsi3- segmented………………….........…....……………………....………………..….2
Tarsi 4-segmented………………………....................……………...………….......…….4
Tarsi 4-segmented
Tarsi3- segmented
2(1). Fore legs suited for digging, with broad, flat femur and tibia with strong
teeth………………………......................……….....................…………….Gryllotalpidae
Fore legs normal, not specially modified……………....……….......………………………..3
Gryllotalpidae Gryllidae, Myrmecophilidae
3(2). Minute, wingless; hind coxae almost touching ventrally; eyes reduced; ocelli
lacking….……………………..........................……………........….Myrmecophilidae
Without the above combination of characters……………….......………………Gryllidae
Myrmecophilidae Gryllidae
4(1). Tegmen, when present, usually tough, distinctly different from hind wings; male tegmen
with stridulatory file…………………………….....……….............……….Tettigoniidae
Tegmen, when present, soft and membranous, without stridulatory file………...........…5
Here is the stridulatory file Tettigoniidae
97
Introductory Course To Entomology
5(4). Tarsi depressed, flattened with pads…….........……………………………..Gryllacrididae
Tarsi laterally compressed, without distinct pads…………...…………..........………………6
Gryllacrididae Stenopelmatidae, Rhaphidophoridae
6(5). Base of hind femur incised or notched. Tibial auditory tympana present in most
species…….……………...…….............………….......................……Stenopelmatidae
Base of hind femur rounded. Tibial auditory tympana absent ..........................................
………………………………........................................….........……… Rhaphidophoridae
Key to Bornean families of Caelifera
1. Tarsi of all legs 3-segmented…………………………………………..…........…………….2
Tarsi of fore and middle legs at most 2-segmented………….…….…………..........……….5
2. Tympanal organ primarily absent………….……………......……………………………..3
Tympanal organ present, if absent, secondary……….………....…….…………………43.
Tympanal organ absent
Pseudopyrgus curtipennis
Trigonopterygidae
3. Antennae very short, filiform, thin. Face flattened………....…......……….Eumastacoidea
Antennae moderately long, thick. Head acutely conical……...........…..Trigonopterygidae
Eumastacidea Trigonopterygidae
98
A Guide to Orthoptera and Allied Insects
4. Fastigium of vertex with a median longitudinal sulcus…...........………Pyrgomorphidae
Fastigium of vertex without median longitudinal sulcus…..………..........….…Acrididae
Pyrgomorphidae Acrididae
5. Pronotum produced backward over abdomen. Tegmen vestigial. Fore and middle tarsi
2-segmented, hind tarsi 3-segmented……………..........................…………..Tetrigidae
Pronotum not covering abdomen. Hind tarsus 1-segmented……...........…...Tridactylidae
Tridactylidae Tetrigidae
A hind leg of Tridactylus sp.
99
Introductory Course To Entomology
References
Ander, K. 1939. Vergleichend - Anatomische und Phylogenetische Studien Uber die Ensifera
(Saltatoria). Opuscula Entomologica, 2: 1-306.
Hiura, I. et al. 1978. The legend of the 5 th occasional exhibition at Osaka Museum of
Natural History, “The singing insects”. Osaka Museum of Natural History.
Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper country. University of New South Wales Press. 284 pp.
100
