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Examples of Anatomical Variation

The document discusses anatomical variation in vertebrates, describing the general principles of zygomorphism, metamerism, tubulation and stratification that govern vertebrate body construction. It also differentiates between concepts like homology and analogy, and discusses general factors that can cause anatomical variation like age, race, gender, environment and evolution. Variation within species is considered a rule, with examples given of variations in relation of organs.

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Vet Irfan
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113 views12 pages

Examples of Anatomical Variation

The document discusses anatomical variation in vertebrates, describing the general principles of zygomorphism, metamerism, tubulation and stratification that govern vertebrate body construction. It also differentiates between concepts like homology and analogy, and discusses general factors that can cause anatomical variation like age, race, gender, environment and evolution. Variation within species is considered a rule, with examples given of variations in relation of organs.

Uploaded by

Vet Irfan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Anatomical Variation

Dr Hafsa Zaneb
LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Describe general plan of construction of vertebrates


2. Differentiate between Homology & Analogy; Variation & Anomoly
3. Describe general factors of variation in domestic animals with
examples
Variation is the most constant finding

General plan of construction is based on 4 morphological principles

ZYGOMORPHISM
– Each animal can be divided into right and left halves or antimeres
– Gross bilateral symmetry does not exist
– Paired/homotypical organs both superficial (?) and deep (?) show
slight differences
– Unpaired organs contribute to this asymmetry
– Functional asymmetry exists too

METAMERISM
– Organs or structures are arranged in segments in a linear
longitudinal series (Homodynamical structures)
– It creates a polarity
– Best seen in embryos (i.e. somites), less evident in adults
General plan of construction is based on 4 morphological principles

TUBULATION
Vertebrate bodies contain a dorsal and ventral tube
Contents???

STRATIFICATION
Governs arrangement of organs and their parts in layers
3 embryonic layers
Examples exist in adults also---???
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY – RELATED CONCEPTS

Homology – origin /structural similarity

Analogy – functional similarity

Normal - Form is the plastic image of function

Rudimentary organs
Variation – increase/decrease in no/modification vs alteration

Variability within limits of the species is a RULE

Variation can be found in deviations of

Holotopy: relation between organ and body


Syntopy: relation between immediately adjacent organs
Idiotopy: relation of parts of an organ with each other
Histotopy: relation between layers, coats or tissues of an organ

Rarity

Anomaly

Monstrosity
GENERAL FACTORS OF VARIATION

Age
GENERAL FACTORS OF VARIATION

Race / Strains

Bos indicus Bos taurus


GENERAL FACTORS OF VARIATION

Race / Strains
GENERAL FACTORS OF VARIATION

Race / Strains
GENERAL FACTORS OF VARIATION

Race / Strains
General factors of variation

Gender

Biotype

Environment

Evolution

Variability and selection

Specific variation

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