Quiz 03

HS-103 Pakistan Studies and Aligarh Movement

Name : Aleeza Fazal

Roll#: 2020-EE-056

Dep: Electronic Engineering

Teacher Name: Sohaila Khurram

Question:
Discuss the foreign Policy of Pakistan and Pakistan Relations with U.S.A and China.

Answer:
Foreign Policy of Pakistan:
Foreign Policy can be defined as

Relations between sovereign states. It is a reflection of domestic politics and an interaction among
sovereign states. It indicates the principles and preferences on which a country wants to establish
relations with another country Pakistan's Foreign Policy in Light of Quaid-e-Azam's Words

The father of the nation, Quaid-e-Azam defined Foreign Policy towards other countries of the world
in 1948, as follows

Our Foreign Policy is one of friendliness and good-will towards all the nations of the world. We do
not cherish aggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe in the policy of honesty and
fair play in national and international dealings and are prepared to make our utmost contribution to the
promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations of the world. Pakistan will never be found
lacking in extending its material and moral support to the oppressed and suppressed peoples of the
world and in upholding the principles of the United Nations Charter

Basic Goals of Pakistan's Foreign Policy

1. Maintenance of territorial integrity.

2. Maintenance of its political independence.

3. Acceleration of social and economic development.

4. Strengthening its place on the globe.

5. Keeping cordial and friendly relations with all countries.

Guiding Principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy:

Following are the basic principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy.
1. Protection of Freedom and Sovereignity:
Pakistan came into being after great sacrifices of million of Muslims. Like any other country,
she also considers with deep regard the need for preservation of its independence and does not
allow any country to harm its freedom. Therefore, the principle of protection of independence
and sovereignity is the corner stone of Pakistan's Foreign Policy.
2. Cordial Relations with Muslim Countries:
Pakistan always tries to establish cordial and friendly relations with Muslim countries. It has
always moved its concern against Israel, India and U.S.S.R capturing Palestine, Kashmir and
Afghanistan respectively. She has shouldered high responsibilities and used her influence for
safeguarding the rights of the Muslims. Pakistan is also an active member of the Islamic
Conference.
3. Non-Interference in Internal Affairs of Other Countries:
Pakistan has sought to establish normal and friendly relations with all countries especially in
neighbouring countries, on the basis of universally acknowledge the principle of national
sovereignity, non use of force, non-interference in the internal affairs of states.
4. Implementation of U.N Charter:
Pakistan's policy is to act upon UN charter and to support all moves by the UN to implement
it. Pakistan has been the member of UN since the year of its birth.
5. Promotion of World Peace:
Pakistan's policy is to promote peace among nations. It has no aggressive designs against any
country. Neither does it support any such action. Pakistan has always held that the
international disputes should be settled through negotiations rather than non-battlefield.
6. Non-Alignment:
Pakistan follows the policy of Non-Alignment i.e. to keep away from alignment with any big
power bloc, and avoids taking sides in the cold war. It has also given up its association with
SEATO and CENTO and was included in NAM in 1979.
7. Support for Self-Determination and Condemnation of Racial
Discrimination:
Pakistan is a stomach supporter of the right of self-determination and has been in the fore
front of efforts to eliminate colonialism and racism. It has advocated the right of self-
determination of Kashmir.
8. Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament
Pakistan is deeply conscious of the fact that international peace and security cannot be
achieved and sustained in the world with arms. Disarmament is the imperative condition for
truly durable peace in the world. Pakistan has a vital stake in promotion of disarmament both
in the nuclear and conventional fields. It is included in the principles of its foreign policy that
a collective endeavour by countries at the regional level to promote disarmament and enhance
security at the lowest possible level of armaments is an indispensable result to their advocacy
of global disarmament.
9. Member of International Organization
Pakistan had become the member of the British Commonwealth with the time of its
establishment. In addition it is the member of United Nations (U.N), Non-Aligned Movement
(NAM), Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), Economic Cooperation Organization
(ECO), South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC), Association of South
East Asian Nations (ASEAN), and D-Eight. Being a member of International Organizations
the objectives of Pakistan are to struggle for world peace, to unify the Muslim countries and
to promote regional co-operation.
Pakistan Relation with China:
Pakistan has a long and symbiotic relationship with China. The long-standing ties between the
two countries have been mutually supportive. A close identity of views and mutual interests
remain the hallmark of bilateral ties. Since the 1962 Sino-Indian War, Pakistan has supported
China on most issues of importance to the latter, especially those related to the question of
China's sovereignty like Taiwan, Xinjiang, andTibet and other sensitive issues such as human
rights.The Chinese leadership has acknowledged Pakistan's steadfast support on key issues.
Pakistan helped China in reestablishing formal ties with the West, where they helped make
possible the 1972 Nixon visit to China. Pakistan has collaborated with China in extensive
military and economic projects, seeing China as a counterweight to India and the United
States. Pakistan has also served as a conduit for China's influence in the Muslim world. China
also has a consistent record of supporting Pakistan in regional issues. During the Pakistan-
Indian tensions in 2008, it implied that it would support Pakistan in the event of a war.
Pakistan's military depends heavily on Chinese armaments, and joint projects of both
economic and militaristic importance are ongoing. China has supplied equipment to support
Pakistan's nuclear program, and has been accused of giving nuclear technology to Pakistan.
Diplomatic relations:
Diplomatic relations between Pakistan and China were established on 21 May 1951, shortly
after the defeat of the Republic Of China in 1949. While initially ambivalent towards the idea
of a Communist country on it's borders, Pakistan hoped that China would serve as a
counterweight to Indian influence. India had recognized China a year before, and Indian
Prime Minister Nehru also hoped for closer relations with the Chinese. However, with
escalating border tensions leading to the 1962 Sino-Indian war, China and Pakistan aligned
with each other in a joint effort to counter perceived Indian encroachment. One year after
China's border war with India, Pakistan ceded the Trans-Karakoram Tract to China to end
border disputes and improve diplomatic relations.Since then, an informal alliance that initially
consisted of joint Indian opposition has grown into a lasting relationship that has benefited
both nations on the diplomatic, economic and military frontiers. Along with diplomatic
support, Pakistan served as a conduit for China to open up to the West. China has in turn
provided extensive economic aid and political support towards Pakistan.Pakistan's military
initially depended almost entirely on American armaments and aid, which was increased
during the covert U.S. support of Islamic militants in theSoviet war in Afghanistan. America
under US President Richard Nixon supported Pakistan in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation
War.[13] However, the period following the Soviet withdrawal and the dissolution of the
Soviet Union led indirectly to the increasing realignment of America with the previously pro-
Soviet India. The Pressler Amendment in 1990 suspended all American military assistance
and any new economic aid amidst concerns that Pakistan was attempting to develop a nuclear
weapon.[ Given the support that Pakistan had given them during the War in Afghanistan,
many Pakistanis saw this as a betrayal that sold out Pakistani interests in favor of India. This
belief was further strengthened as India had developed a nuclear weapon without significant
American opposition, and Pakistan felt obligated to do the same. Consequently, the primarily
geopolitical alliance between Pakistan and China has since 1990 branched out into military
and economic cooperation, due to Pakistan's belief that America's influence and support in the
region should be counterbalanced by the Chinese.With the war in Afghanistan leading to
renewed relations with the U.S., there is a general sentiment in Pakistan to adopt a foreign
policy which favors China over the United States. Washington has been accused deserting
Pakistan in favor of a policy that favors stronger relations with India, while Pakistan sees
China as a more reliable ally over the long term.Since 9/11, Pakistan has increased the scope
of Chinese influence and support by agreeing to a number of military projects, combined with
extensive economic support and investment from the Chinese. This is partially due to
Pakistan's strategy of playing off the two powers against each other, but also a genuine effort
to prevent America's influence in the region from becoming too strong. In return, the Chinese
hope to strengthen Pakistan as a counterbalance to American and Indian influence.
Military relations:
The People's Republic of China enjoys strong defense ties with Pakistan. This relationship
between two adjoining Asian countries is important in the world's geo-strategic alliances. The
strong defense ties are primarily to counter regional Indian and American influence, and was
also to repel Soviet influence in the area. In recent years this relationship has strengthened
through ongoing defence projects and agreements between Pakistan and China.
Since 1962, China has been a steady source of military equipment to the Pakistani Army,
helping establish munition factories, providing technological assistance and modernizing
existing facilities. The countries are involved in the joint venture of several projects to
enhance military and weaponry systems, which include collaborating in the development of
JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft, K-8 Karakorum advance training aircraft, space technology,
AWACS systems, Al-Khalid tanks and the Babur cruise missile. The armies have a schedule
for organising joint military exercises.China is the largest investor in the Gwadar Deep Sea
Port, which is strategically located at the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz. It is viewed warily
by both America and India as a possible launchpad for Chinese naval operations in the Indian
Ocean. However the Gwadar Port is currently delayed due to a multilateral diplomatic
standoff between the project leaders and the Singapore government.China has offered
Pakistan military aid in order to fight against terrorism in Pakistan. Pakistan has purchased
military equipment from China in order to bolster their efforts against Islamic militants.In the
past, China has played a major role in the development of Pakistan's nuclear infrastructure,
especially when increasingly stringent export controls in Western countries made it difficult
for Pakistan to acquire materials and uranium enriching equipment from elsewhere. China has
supplied Pakistan with equipment to advance their nuclear weapons program, such as the
Chinese help in building the Khushab reactor, which plays a key role in Pakistan's production
of plutonium. A subsidiary of the China National Nuclear Corporation contributed in
Pakistan's efforts to expand its uranium enrichment capabilities by providing 5,000 custom
made ring magnets, which are a key component of the bearings that facilitate the high-speed
rotation of centrifuges. China has also provided technical and material support in the
completion of the Chashma Nuclear Power Complex and plutonium reprocessing facility,
which was built in the mid 1990s. China may also have supplied nuclear technology to the
Pakistanis, enabling Pakistan to become a nuclear state with an estimated 100 warheads as of
2011.
Economic relations:
Economic trade between Pakistan and China are increasing at a rapid pace and a free trade
agreement has recently been signed. Military and technological transactions continue to
dominate the economic relationship between the two nations, although in recent years China
has pledged to vastly increase their investment in Pakistan's economy and infrastructure.
Among other things, China has been helping to develop Pakistan's infrastructure through the
building of power plants, roads and communication nodes.Both countries are keen on
 strengthening the economic ties between the two, and have promised to 'propel' cross-border
trade. This has led to investment in Pakistan's nascent financial and energy sectors, amidst a
surge of Chinese investment designed to strengthen ties. Pakistan has in turn been granted
free trade zones in China. The economic relationship between Pakistan and China is
composed primarily of Chinese investment in Pakistani interests. China's increasing economic
clout has enabled a wide variety of projects to be sponsored in Pakistan through Chinese
credit. Pakistani investment in China is also encouraged, and cross-border trade remains fluid.
Pakistan Relation with U.S.A:
It is always a great opportunity and good fortune for a nation to be on the right side of the
Great powers. Great in terms of values, systems and people, USA commands huge political
and economic clout, that can help build weaker countries and serve the humanity at large. But
to be too close to such a power (as we have been) is also quite risky, as any misunderstanding
or crossing of interests can wreak havoc on the smaller and weaker erstwhile friends. Because
of the deep ingress in the polity and economy of allies, later can create tremendous leverage
for the greater power. This is exactly what is happening to Pakistan (and maybe Saudi
Arabia).It may be futile to remind the American people, Pakistan’s roles in SEATO, CENTO,
creating bridge to China, Russo Afghan War, etc. But the ongoing Afghan campaign and the
price that Pakistani people and armed forces are paying for siding with USA cannot be easily
dismissed. And what a great advantage US is contriving by lumping the reasons of their
failure in Afghanistan on hapless Pakistan. The Pakistani governments probably went wrong
in not establishing a transactional relationship, and in their misplaced sincerity went for
emotional links. Americans can possibly boast of huge tranches of aid and grants afforded to
Pakistan, during the history of wavering relations, but that did not bring an iota of change in
the social and economic woes of common man. And let us not discuss , here, for the time
being , who is to be blamed for that. Anyway this was a short perceptual background that may
not be aligned with the thinking of many.

American interests in our region range from stemming the political, military and economic expansion
of China and Russia, up to closely watching Iran, Pakistan and CARs for different reasons. Thus their
desire to stay in Afghanistan and/or have a strong partner/proxy (with some overlapping interests) in
the shape of India, can be easily understood. But in pursuit of these interests dumping longtime
partner Pakistan, needs to be reviewed by US Strategists.Even if America was earnestly planning to
leave Afghanistan in a certain timeframe, some new developments in the region (like CPEC etc ) and
elsewhere, (like a more assertive Russia) have definitely forced a change in their strategy. After
finding a willing partner in the shape of India, prospects look much better for United States , to further
her interests in the region. While forging this newly found alliance, American Government and
people, probably have not evaluated the genesis of the present Indian Government, that sprouted out
of an extremist and terrorist organisation. The ongoing atrocities in Indian occupied Kashmir, have
been conveniently overlooked by the champions of democracy and human rights. Moreover, in our
assessment, the large establishment and polity of India, may soon get disenchanted from their
American allies, as they are generally used to a non-aligned and independent approach, at least
diplomatically. This time, somewhere in future, Americans may face a reverse phenomenon, when
they get dumped by an ally at some critical juncture. But, looking at the very question of the
Congressional Panel, ‘Pakistan is a friend or a foe?’, it seems that the die has been cast. The ensuing
expected events would be tightening of conditions (under the American influence) by IMF and World
Bank etc, that may put already cash starved economy of our country under severe stress, bordering at
sanctions like situation. Most of the western countries are likely to follow suit, that may further
aggravate the situation. Such a scenario will further comprehensively push Pakistan in China’s lap and
Pak -US alienation will be complete. That would severely curtail our political and economic options,
which definitely is not a good omen.This all happened due to our own diplomatic apathy and
sluggishness. When these important developments were taking place, we were totally engrossed in
some serious internal turmoils related to high profile corruption and its relationship with terrorism and
bad governance. It seems our ambassador in the US and Advisor on Foreign Affairs had no initiative
or guts to make efforts, at their own, to foresee and stem such serious developments. It is suggested
that even now, before the train of follow up events, get unleashed against Pakistan, diplomacy should
be given a fillip. This would be a hard ball game for Pakistan, and definitely outside the ability and
limited dynamism of present Foreign Affairs team. A brand new dynamic and effective group with
foreign affairs professional background, well versed with American Systems and enough initiative
may retrieve the situation. The American side is also suggested, in our humble capacity, to review this
big shift in their policy before it crosses the rubicon. f America wants stable Afghanistan and aspire to
remain perched peacefully at this vantage position to supervise all military, economic and political
activities of half the world, they will need Pakistan. Only we, can help them restore peace in
Afghanistan (provided they listen to us), and evolve a balanced political dispensation. The American
desire that CPEC remains ONLY an economic corridor and American interests are not threatened can
only be ensured by the balancing act of Pakistan. Another important factor worth considering is that
there is no other country like Pakistan, with a stronger resolve to fight terrorism. Weakening Pakistan
to an extent of creating splinters (Allah Forbid) will greatly add to the difficulties for the world as that
ominous eventuality, would reinforce extremism and unleash stronger terrorist forces. The role that a
strong Pakistan can play in restoring Middle East order may also be considered. On the other hand the
role that US can play to help resolve our long standing issues with respect to India and Afghanistan
cannot be over emphasised. Let us leave the above paras loaded, as they are, without going into
further details.Suggestion for the great powers, if they like to listen to smaller entities, is to help
Pakistan and other turmoil ridden countries in maintaining solidarity and enabling the governments to
institute good governance and Human Resource Development. Listen to the proposals of smaller
countries like Pakistan, in tackling the political issues of the regions first, and then if appropriate also
of the Muslim world. The recently instituted concept of unilateralism, self assigned right of
preemptive intervention, concocted by one great power is being mimicked by some medium sized
powers also, with grave consequences for world peace.No doubt the US is a great country but
Pakistan in its own right is an important country that may not be taken lightly. Cooperative rather than
adversarial relationship is likely to produce win win situation for US, Pakistan, region and the world.
Let us rebuild the broken trust and not dump the responsibilities of the failures of the two sides on
each other.