Social and Cultural Development

Chapter 3

Words to know:

[Link] development
: Social development refers to the process by which a child learns to interact with others around them.
As they develop and perceive their own individuality within their community, they also gain skills to
communicate with other people and process their actions.

[Link] development
: Cultural Development refers to the strategic planning and implementing of strategies to leverage your
community's unique cultural assets for the economic and cultural benefit of the community as a whole.

[Link]
: Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As
a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim
of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.

[Link]
: A person who held a near-hereditary lease on agricultural land in the
Spanish Philippines Many inquilinos were Chinese mestizos who, by intermarriage with members of the
hereditary chiefly class, the principalia, had come to constitute a rural upper class, especially in Central
Luzon by the late nineteenth Century.

[Link]

: hacienda refers to a form of large landed property systems that originated in Spanish America during

the colonial period and functioned as a traditional institution of rural life. ... In later years, many ordinary
Spaniards of more modest means and stations also appealed to the crown for such land ownership
rights.
Brush Up

Critique:

A. Today’s Filipino elite is ‘made up mostly of the descendants of indios and mestizos who rose
prominence on the basis of commercial agriculture in the latter part of the Spanish Period.

: The estates of the religious orders were concentrated in this region,

and mestizos became inquilinos (lessees) of these lands, subletting them to cultivators; a portion of the
rent was given by the inquilino to the friary estate. Like the Chinese, the mestizos were moneylenders
and acquired land when debtors defaulted.

B. In the 19th century, there were areas in the Philippines where the only persons with money were the
provincial governors and mestizos.

: Sangley is an archaic term used in the Philippines to describe a person of mixed Chinese and in 16th
to 19th century Spanish Philippines, the term mestizo de sangley. When he found that there
were enough Chinese men to carry out the revolt, Hordes of Filipinos massacred hundreds of Chinese in
the Manila area.

C. The Catholic church during the Spanish time has great influence on Philippines society and politics.

: In 1500 the Roman Catholic Church was all powerful in western Europe. There was no legal alternative.
The Catholic Church jealously guarded its position and anybody who was deemed to have gone against
the Catholic Church was labelled a heretic and burnt at the stake.

D. The University of Santo Tomas is the oldest existing university in Asia.

: The University of Santo Tomas (UST) is the oldest existing university in Asia. In terms of student
population, it is the largest Catholic university in the world in a single campus. The institution was
established through the initiative of Bishop Miguel de Benavides, third Archbishop of Manila.

E. The Chinese mestizo was an active agent of hispanization and the leading force in creating a Filipino
culture characteristic now of Manila and the larger towns.

: the Chinese mestizo population in the Philippines exceeded 200,000 That the Chinese mestizo was

an active agent of hispanization and the leading force in creating a Filipino culture characteristic
now of Manila and the larger towns.
Reflection:

Things I have learned (knowledge)

: History as a discipline allows us to see beyond textbooks and see the past through new lenses. There
were times in the Spanish colonial period where the clergy and religious orders assigned to the country
were the ones causing misery to the Filipinos, while there are times when the Church truly cared for the
natives and the government was the one doing the people harm. This is an interesting part of our history
that sadly reaches the textbooks in a boring, oversimplified version that says all the Spanish were bad. If
we cling to what the textbooks tell us then we will already have a wrong understanding of Philippine
history. The study of history allows us to see beyond the standard textbook and to the primary source
itself, interpreted into new and alternative viewpoints.

Things I have realized and appreciated (Attitudes)

: No matter how much hardship you face in life where others always take your privileges, there will
always be a time to shine and rise up to gain the greatest treasure of all time - Freedom.

Things I have discovered (Skills)

: Probably the Spanish colonialism in general. Many think that the Spaniards were the ones who brought
knowledge to the Filipino tribes. But this isn’t the full truth. Many Filipinos have thought of the
Indigenous Filipinos as barbarians before Spaniards came to the Islands. But the truth is- Filipinos were
already very cultured and smart
Activity Class:

Form two groups with their respective leaders and recorders. Those who are not members of
the group have the following functions: (1) to prepare the projector and computer, to serve as
secretaries for documentation, to invite visitors to view the film, etc. The teachers serve as a
facilitator.
Task No.1: Map changes in the 19th century Philippines categorizing social, economic,
educational, and cultural. You may use a table format. Write your map on short bond paper, in
printed form.
Task No. 2: The same groups will submit their reflection paper based on the viewed fil “Ganito
Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon?” or any substitute film if that is not available. If possible, the
class must present a video/film inside the room or assembly whichever is more conducive and
convenient place.

The question for reflection paper are:

1. Describe the 19th century Philippines as viewed in the film.
2. Based om your reading of this book and class discussion, what can you say about film’s
representation of the 19th century?
3. What is the main question that the film seeks to answers?
4. What is your own reflection based on the film and your understanding? Film was directed by
Eddie Romero in 1976.