LD

Solid State Physics

Physics
Conduction phenomena Leaflets P7.2.1.2
Hall effect

Investigating the anomalous

Hall effect in tungsten

Objects of the experiment

 Validation of the proportionality of the Hall voltage and the magnetic flux density.
 Determining the polarity of the charge carriers.
 Calculating the Hall constant RH and the charge carrier concentration n.

Principles
If a current-carrying metallic conductor strip is located in a
magnetic field B perpendicular to the direction of the current
flow I, a transverse electrical field EH and a potential differ-
ence is produced (Hall effect).
The following equation holds for the Hall voltage UH (Fig. 1):
1 B I
UH  (I)
n e d
B: magnetic flux density
I: current through the metallic conductor
d: thickness of the band-shaped conductor
n: concentration of charge carriers
-19
e = 1.60210 C: elementary charge

The Hall voltage UH is caused by the deflection of the moving

charge carriers in the magnetic field due to the Lorentz force,
Fig. 1: Hall effect schematically: Inside a charge carrying metallic whose direction may predicted by the right hand rule. The
conductor which is located in the magnetic field B the Lorentz 1
factor is called Hall constant RH:
force FL is causing an electrical field EH resulting in a Hall ne
voltage UH. (I denotes the transverse current).
1
RH  (II)
ne

The sign of the Hall constant RH is determined by the polarity

d of the charge carriers, predominantly responsible for the
current. The occurrence of predominantly positive charge
carriers characterizes the so-called “anomalous” Hall effect.
The Hall constant depends on the material and the tempera-
ture. For metals RH is very small, however, for semiconduc-
tors RH becomes significantly large (compare experiments
P7.2.1.3 and P7.2.1.4).
Bi 1305

The polarity of the charge carriers can be determined from

the direction of the Hall voltage. The concentration of the
charge carriers n can be determined experimentally by
measuring the Hall voltage UH as function of the magnetic
field B for various currents I.

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P7.2.1.2 -2- LD Physics leaflets

Apparatus
1 Hall effect apparatus (tungsten) ......................... 586 84
1 Microvoltmeter ................................................... 532 13
1 U-core with yoke ................................................ 562 11
1 Pair of bored pole pieces ................................... 560 31
2 Coil with 250 turns ............................................. 562 13
1 High current power supply ................................. 521 55
1 Variable extra low-voltage transformer .............. 521 39
1 Multimeter LDanalog 30 ..................................... 531 130
4 Pair cables 100 cm, red/blue ............................. 501 46
2 Connecting lead 100 cm black ........................... 501 33
1 Leybold multiclamp ............................................ 301 01
1 Stand rod, 25 cm ............................................... 300 41
1 Stand base, V-shape, 20 cm.............................. 300 02

Option (a)
1 Universal Measuring Instrument Physics ........... 531 835
1 Combi B-Sensor S ............................................. 524 0381
1 Extension cable, 15-pole ................................... 501 11

Option (b)
1 Mobile-CASSY .................................................. 524 009 Fig. 2: Calibration of the magnetic field schematically..
1 Combi B-Sensor S ............................................. 524 0381
1 Extension cable, 15-pole ................................... 501 11
b) Measuring the Hall voltage as function of the magnet-
ic field
After recording the calibration curve mount the Hall effect
apparatus in the electromagnet. The pole pieces have to be
pushed as close as possible to the support plate (i.e. the air
gap between the pole pieces as narrow as possible and of
the same width as for recording the calibration curve).

Safety notes
 For transverse currents over 15 A or magnet currents
above 5 A, only switch on the device briefly (overheating
of leads or overloading of the coils, which are designed
for a maximum load of 5 A).
 In the transverse current circuit, use cables which are
rated for a maximum load of 20 A (e.g. connecting leads
501 20 ff or safety connecting leads 500 610).
 Protect the experiment setup from drafts while measur-
ing the Hall voltage.

Setup
The experiment is performed in two steps:
a) Calibration of the magnetic field
Set up the U-core with yoke, the pair of bored pole pieces
and the coil with 250 turns as shown in Fig 2. Set the pole
piece spacing of the electromagnet exactly to the thickness of
the support plate of the Hall effect apparatus. To do this
loosen the clamping devices and place one edge of the Hall
effect apparatus between the pole pieces. Then push the
latter as close as possible to the pole pieces.
Connect the coils with 250 turns in series to the extra low-
voltage transformer and locate the Combi B-Sensor S be-
tween the pole pieces. Fig. 3: Experimental setup (wiring diagram) for the Hall effect.

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LD Physics leaflets -3- P7.2.1.2

To measure the Hall voltage connect the Microvoltmeter to Measuring example

the support plate of the Hall effect apparatus.
Connect the Hall effect apparatus to the high current power
supply as shown in Fig. 3. The B-field direction should be as a) Calibration of the magnetic field
printed on the support plate. For measuring the current I
through the coils the Multimeter LD analog 30 is used. Table 1: Magnetic field B as function of the current I
through the coils.
I B
A T
0.0 0.000
Carrying out the experiment 0.5 0.118
1.0 0.200
Note: For further notes to the experiment see also instruction
sheet 586 81 /84. 1.5 0.295

a) Calibration of the magnetic field 2.0 0.374

- Demagnetize the iron of the electromagnets before re- 2.5 0.455

cording the magnetic field as function of the current I by 3.0 0.520
allowing to flow a I = 1 A AC current through the field coils
3.5 0.585
250 turns for a short time; then steadily reduce the current
to zero. 4.0 0.630
- To measure the current I trough the coils connect the 4.5 0.665
ammeter between the positive pole of the voltage trans-
5.0 0.695
former and the coil.
- Measure the magnetic flux density B as function of the 5.5 0.715
current I by increasing the current I in steps of 0.5 A DC. 6.0 0.735
6.5 0.748
7.0 0.760
b) Measuring the Hall voltage as function of the magnet- 7.5 0.780
ic field
8.0 0.790
- Mount the Hall effect apparatus between the pole pieces
(Fig. 3). 8.5 0.800
- Before exposing the Hall effect apparatus to the magnetic 9.0 0.810
field, adjust the zero point: Apply a transverse current I of
e.g. 10 A and set the indicator of the meter for measuring
the Hall voltage UH to zero using the adjusting knob 4 (see
instruction sheet 568 81/84). If the display changes after
switching off, switch the transverse current back on and The data of table 1 are plotted in Fig. 4.
repeat the zero-point adjustment.
- Apply a transverse current I = 15 A to the Hall effect appa-
ratus and measure the Hall voltage UH as function of mag-
netic field B (Read off the effective field value from the cal- 1,0
ibration curve of part a)).
Carry out several measurements to determine a mean val- 0,8
ue for the Hall voltage UH.
For further measurement hints see also the instruction
sheets 568 81/84 (Hall effect apparatus) and 532 13 0,6
(Microvoltmeter).
B/T

- Repeat the measurement for a transverse current I = 20 A. 0,4

0,2

0,0
Note: Quantitative experiments with the tungsten apparatus
require special care. With switched on transverse current air 0 2 4 6 8 10
circulations may cause considerable zero-point fluctuations I/A
(thermal e.m.f. on the measuring contacts for the Hall volt-
age.) Due to higher electric resistance of tungsten the thermal
effects are of significant importance. Fig. 4: Calibration curve magnetic field as function of current I.

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P7.2.1.2 -4- LD Physics leaflets

b) Measuring the Hall voltage as function of the magnet- Form Fig. 5 also follows that the Hall voltage U H increases
ic field with increasing transverse current I:
Table 2: Hall voltage UH (absolute value) as function of the UH ~ I (III)
magnetic field B for constant transverse currents I.
B UH UH Note: The proportionality between the Hall voltage UH and
( I = 15 A) ( I = 15 A)
T V V transverse current I can be determined experimentally by
measuring the Hall voltage UH as function of the transverse
0.20 6.5 7.5
current I for a constant magnetic field B.
0.38 11.6 15.0
0.52 17.4 20.2 From the fit of equation (I) to the experimental data gives the
0.64 20.9 24.9 slope
0.70 23.1 28.0 1 I
AH 
ne d
0.73 24.2 30.0
μV
0.76 25.2  AH (I = 15 A) = 33.4
T
0.79 26.0 
μV
0.81 27.0 34.0 AH (I = 20 A) = 42.0
T

The polarity of the Hall voltage UH was determined to be -5

positive. With the thickness d = 510 m the Hall constant can be de-
termined (absolute value):
-10 m3
RH (I = 15 A) = 1.1110
C
Results m3
-10
RH (I = 20 A) = 1.0510
C
b) Measuring the Hall voltage as function of the magnet-
ic field
-10 m3
The recorded data of Table 2 for the transverse currents Literature value: RH = 1.1810
C
I = 15 A and I = 20 A are plotted in Fig. 5.

The Hall voltage is determined to be positive. This shows that

in tungsten the conduction mechanism is predominantly ef-
40 fected by positive charge carriers (anomalous Hall effect).

I = 20 A
-19
30
With elementary charge e = 1.60210 C follows the concen-
tration of charge carriers:
U H / V

20 I = 15 A 28 1
n (I = 15 A) = 5.610
m3
28 1
n (I = 20 A) = 5.910
10 m3

28 1
0 Literature value: n = 5.2910
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 m3
B/T

Fig. 5: Hall voltage UH as function of the magnetic field B for cur-

rents I = 15 A (circles) and I = 20 A (squares). The solid lines
correspond to a fit of equation (I). Supplementary information
In 1916, Tolman obtained certain proof that electrons are the
charge carriers in metals. Positive Hall voltage can occur only
if electron vacancies (i.e. “holes”) are causing the charge
Evaluation transport.
Form Fig. 5 follows that the Hall voltage UH is proportional to
the magnetic field B:
UH ~ B (III)

LD Didactic GmbH  Leyboldstrasse 1  D-50354 Huerth / Germany  Phone: (02233) 604-0  Fax: (02233) 604-222  e-mail: [email protected]

 by LD Didactic GmbH Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany

Technical alterations reserved