CO.

ORDINATE GEOMETRY

14.1 INTRODUCTION
In class IX, we have seen that to Locate the position of a pointon a plane, we require a pair of
mutually perpendicular lines which are known as theioordinati axes. The h6rizonial line
is known as the r-axis and the vertical line is known as the y-axis. The intersection point of
thecoordinate axes is knownas the origin. The distance of a pointfrom they-axis is called its
r-coordinate, or abscissa and the distance from the r-axii is called its y-coordinate, or
ordinate. We have seen that the coordinates of a point on the r-axis are of thL form (r, 0), and
that of a point on y-axis are of the form (0, y). We have also learnt about plotting of poinis in a
plane when their coordinates are given. Also, we have seen that a liiear eq-uation in two
variables, when represented graphically, gives a straight line.
In this chapter, we will see how we can find the distance between two points whose
coordinat'es are given. We will also find the coordinates of the point which divides the line
ygmentjoining two givenpoints ina givenratio. Finally, ivewill learnabout the method of
finding the area of a triangle in terms of the coordinates of its vertices.

14.2 RECAPITULATION
RECTANGULAR COORDTNATE AXES Let X'OX and
Y'OY be two mutually perpendicular lines through
anypoint O intheplane of thepaper. Wecall the point
O, the origin. Now, choose a convenient unit of length
and starting from the originas zero, mark-off anum6er
scale on the horizontal line X'OX, positive to the right
of the origin Oand negative to the leftof origin O. Also,
mark-off the same scale on the vertical line y'Oy, posi-
tive upwards and negative downwards of the origin O.
The line X'OXis called the r-axis or axis of r, the line
Y'OY is known as the y-axis or axis of y, andthe two
lines taken together are called the coordinate axes or
Fig.14.1
the axes of coordinates.
CARTESIAN COORDTNATES OF A POINT LetXOX andY'OYbethe coordinate axes, and let P
be any.poinli" th" gla1e, Draw perpendiculars pM and pN from p on r and y-axis
respectively. The length of the directed line segment OUin the units of scale chosenis laled
the x-coordinate or abscissa of point P. Similarly, the length of the directed line segment ON on
the same scale is called the y<oordinate or ordinate of.poir,t p. I*t OM x and efr/"= y. Then the
=

14.1
1,4.2 MATHEMATICS-X

position of the point P in the plane with respect to the

coordinate axes is representedby the ordered (r, y)' The
orderedpair (x, y) is called the coordinates of pointP.
Thus, for a gioen point, the abscissa and ordinate are the
distances of the giaen point from y-axis and x-axis
respectiaely.
The above system of coordinating an ordered pair (r,y)
with every point in a plane is called the Rectangular
Car t esian c oor dinat e sy stem

It. follows from the above discussion that co-

rresponding to every point P in the Euclidean plane
there is a unique ordered pair (r, y) of real numbers
called its cartesian coordinates. Conversely, when we Fi1.14.2
are given anordered pait (x,y) andaCartesianco-ordi-
,,ut!syrte-, we can ietermine a point in the Euclidean plane having its coordinates (x, y)'
For this we mark-off a directed line segment OM = r on the r-axis and another directed line
segment ON = A ony-axis.Now, draw perpendiculars at M and N to X and Y axes resPec-
Uv?y. The poini of iritersection of these iwo perpendiculars determines point P in the Euclid-
ean space having coordinates (r, y).
Thus, there is one-to-one correspondence between the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) of-real
numbers and the points in the bucldean plane. The set of all ordered pairs (x, y) of rcal
numbers is called the Cartesianplane and isdenotedby R2.
OUADRANTS Let'XOX and YOY be the coordinate
axes. We observe that the two axes divide the Euclid- , "
ean plane into four regions,called the quadrants. The
regions XOY, X'OY , X'OY' and YOX are known as the
firit, the second, the third and the fourth quadrantsre- ou"l,"nt
spectively. The ray OX is taken as positive x-axis, OX' (-, +)
ai negative r-axis, OY as positive y-axis and OY' as I'
negative y-axis. In view of the above sign convention
the four quadrants are characterised by the following ,l
signs of abscissa andotdinate. euadrant
Iquadrant:x>O,Y>0 F-)
Ilquadrant x<0,Y>0 y,
Illquadrant:x <0,y <0
IVquadrant:x > O,Y <0
Fig' 14'3
The coordinatis of the arigin are taken as (0, 0). The
ioordinates of any point on i-axis are of-the form. (x, 0) nnd the coordinate2 of any p,oint on .y-axis.are
illiiyiritti,gt.lit ut,if the abscissai/ap"ointiszero,itwouldliesomewhde ontlrcy-axis andif its
6rilinate is zero it wouldlie on x-axis.
It follows from the above discussion thatby simply looking at the coordinates of a point we
can tell in which quadrant it would lie as discussed in the following illustration.
REMARKl lfthecoordinatesofapointPare(x,y),weshnllfrequentlyrefutoitasP(x,y).
REMARK 2 lt is atidmt from the aboae disctrssion that:
(i) The abscissa of a point is its perpendicular distance from y-axis.
(n) The oilinate of apoint is its perpendicular distance from x-axis.
CO-ORDINATEGEOMETRY 143

(nt) The absciSsl of evgry point situated on the right side of

!-axis is positioe anilthe abscissa of
eaery point situateil on the left side ofy-axis is negaiiie.
(rr) fP olainate.of axry point situateil abooe x-axis is positfue and tkat of anerya pointbelow x-
axis is negatioe.
(v'1 The abscissa of arcry point on y-axis is zero.
(vr\ The ordinate of a:ery point on x-axis is zer6.
(vi) Coordinates of the origin are O (0, 0).

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE t The base AB of two equilateral triangles ABC and ABC. with side 2a lies along the X-
axis.such that
,t\1ryi1-p9i1tt of-AB is at the origin is shown in Eig. L4.4 . Find the coordintat"es of the
aertices C and C'of the triangles.
SOLUTION Since themid-pointof AB is atthe origrn Oand
AB=?a.
:'. OA=OB=a.
Thus, the coordinates of A and B are ( a,0) and(- a ,0)
respectively x,
Since triangles ABC and ABC are equilateral. Therefore,
their third vertices C and C' lie on the perpmdicular
bisector of base AB. Cleafly, Y'OY is the perpendicular
bisectorof AB. Thus, Cand C'lieon Y-axis. eonsequently,
their r-coordinates are equal to zero.
InAAOC,wehave Fig.14.4

OA2 +OC2 = AC2 . lUsingPythagorastheorem]

+ a2 +OC2 = 12a12 l': AB = AC = BC and AB = 2a:. AC = 2al
+ @2=4a2-a2
=+ OCz = 3a2
+ @. =.13a
Similarly, by applying Pythagoras theorem ih A AOC,, we have
OC'=Jda
Thus, the coordinates of C and C' are @, Jd
il and (0, -J5 alrespectively.
EXAMPLE2 Find the coordinates of the aertices of an equilatual triangle of side 2a as shoum in
Fig.1.4.5.
SOLUTION Since OAB is an equilateral triangle of side
2a. Therefore,

OA= AB =OB =2a

Let BL perpendicular from B on OA. Thery
OL=LA=a
lnLOLB, wehave
OB2 = OI] +LB2
:+ (2a)2 = a2 + LBz
:+ L8 = 3a2
:+ LB=Jia
L4.4 MATFIEMATICS-X

Clearly, coordinates of O are (0, 0) and that of A are (24, 0). Since OL = a artd LB = J6 a. So,the
coordinatesof B are 1a, Jl d.
EXERC(SE 14.'
1. On which axis do the following points lie?
(i) P(5,0) (ii)
Q (0 (iii) R (- 4,
-2) 0)
(iv) s (0, s)
L,et ABCDbea square of side 2a. Find the coordinates of the vertices of this square when
(i) A coincides with the origin an d AB and AD are along OX and OY re_sp-ectively. .
liii fne centre of the squareis at the origin and coordinale axes are parallel to the sides
AB andADrespectively.
3. The base PQ of two equilateral triang)es PQR and PQR' with side 2a lies along
y-axis such that the mid-point of PQ is at the origin. Find the coordinates of the vertices
R and R'of the triangles.

ANSWENS
L. P on r-axis, Q on y-axis, R on r-axis, S on y-axis
2. (i) A(0,0), B (21,0), C(2a,2a\, D (0,2a)
(n) A(a, a), B(- a, a), C(-a, -a), D(a, *a)
3. R (J1a,o), R'(-€ a,o)
14.3 DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
The distance between any two points in the plane is the length of the line segment
joining
them. I

THEO1EM The distance betwern tuo points P (x1, y1) anil Q @2, y 2) is girtut by

i.e, PQ = of abscissae)2 + (Difference of ordina

PRooF LetXOXandYOYbethecoordinateaxes.Let y
P(r1, y1 ) and Q @2, y r)be two given points in the plane'
Draw PL and QM perpendicular from P and Q on
r-axis. FromP draw PNperpendicular to QM. Then,
OL = xr, OM = x2, PL = y, andQM = !2
PN=L&[ =OM-OL=xz-xt
and, QN = QM-NM =QM-PL=Az-Ur
Clearly, A PNQ is a right triangle right angled at N.
Therefore,by Pythagoras theorem, we have
Pd=PN2+QN2
+ Pd = (*, - *r)' + (yz - yr)2

PQ=w givenby
Fig. 14.6

Hence, distance btweenany two points is

Diff . of abscissae)2 + (Diff . of ordinates)2

Q.E.D
CO.ORDINATEGEOMETRY 14.5

NorE lf O is the origin and P (x, y) is any poiytt, thm from the abp:ae formulq, we haae

oP = \E-:.oF +(y-oF =,[W

SOME USEFUL POINTS
S In order to proae that a giaenfigure is a
(i) square, prooe that the four sides are equal and the diagonals arc also equal.
(i) rhombus,proae that thefour sides are equal
' (ii) rectangle, proae that opposite sides are bqual hnit tlie diagtinals are also equal.
(iv) parallelogram, proae that the opposite sides are equal. ,

, (v) parallelogram but not a reCtangle, proae that its opposite sides are equal but the diagonals
are not equal.
(i) rhombus but not a square, proT)e that its all sides are equal but the diagonals are not equal.
(II) F or three points to be collinear , prooe that the sum of the distances between two pairs of points is
equal to the thirdpair of points.

ILLUSTRATTVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE1 Findthedistancebetweenthepoints,,:.r
(r) P (-5,7) andQ(1,-5) (ii) R(a +b,a-b\andS(a-b,- a-b)
(iii) A(at12, Zatr) and B (atr2, 2atr)
SOLUTION' (i) Here,
Xr = -6, h -- 7 and 12 = -1,A2 = ;5
PQ=ffi
+ + (-S - 7)2

:9 eg=]ETu = J1,69 = 13
(ii) Wehave,'
RS=
RS = J4b2 + 4cF = 2rff 'r
6z
(iii) Wehave,

=) AB=
+ AB=a(tz-tl)Jffi
EXAMPLE z lf thepoint (x,y) is equidistantfromthepoints(a +b,b-a) and(a-b,a +b),prooethat
bx=w. .
SOLUTION Let P(x,y), Q/.a+b,b - a) and R(a-b, a+ D)bethegivenpoints.TherU
tcivenl
'3=* ^ .
+ Jtr-1o*u7f*1y 1u o =W
=+ {* -(o+b)}2 +{V -tU-r)}' ={*-(o-b)}' + {y -(a+b)}2
 MATHEMATICS-X

=r x2 -2x(a+b\+(a+b)2 +y2 -2y(b-a)+(b-a)2

= x2 +(a*b)2 -2x(a-b)+y2 -2y'(a+b)+(a+b)2
+ -2x(a+b)-2y(b-a)=-2x(a-b)-2y(a+b) : '

+ ax+bx+bY-W = ax-bx+aY+bY
I : :1
lr'
:+ 2bx =2ay+bx = aU

REMARK We knqt that a point which is equidistant from points P and Q lies on the petpendicular
bisector of PQ.Th*efore,fu= ay istheequat.ionof theperpadiailarbisector of PQ.
EXAMrLE 3 Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB, where A and B are the points
(3,5)and(1,4)respectibely.Alio,finditspointofintersecctionwith(i)x-axt1 (ii)y-axis.
SOLUTION I.et P (x, y),beanSr point on the perpendicular bisector of AB. Then,

:+
(x-3)2 +(y-6f =.@+3)2 + tg-'4f ,

:+ x2 -6r+9+y2 -12y+36= x2 +.6x+9*y'-8y+15

72x+4y-20=0
3x+y-5=0 .. .(r)

A(3,6)

F19.14.7

Hence, the equation of the perpendicularbisector of AB is 3x + y - 5 = 0.

(, We know that the coordinates of any point oru-axis are of the form.(r, 0). In other words,
y-coordinate of every point on r-axis is zero. So, putting y = 0 in (i), we get
3r-5=o- r=d5
Thus, the perpendicular bisecto r of ABcuts r-axi1 a, ( O)
3,
(ii) The coordinates of any point on y-axis are of the form (0, y).Putting r =0
in(i),weget
Y-5=0 + Y=5
Thus, the perpendicular bisector of AB intersects y-axis at (O 5).
EXAMPLE 4 Find the oalue of x, if the distancebetween tlupoints (x, -1) and (3,2) is 5.
SOLUTION Let P (r, -1) and Q (3, 2) be the given points. Then,
PQ =.5 [Given]
 EANMEIffiSEOMETRY ls
, ;:-:r,l:;. ffiE$i*'lst *r! r ...-*,:t.:,,, ...,1i.t.i,,,... ,..1
-
::i.,J j.{
;i{:1..::i:ii',:'r.;..i,.::.:::ii i.r:i!!.!:tli: i1 .1,-.l }l'.i.:tii:; ir,, ... ,."
:+ (x - 3)2 + 9'+,,5:,. -,,, ,i' .
. l;;il'l :1"...; -::p ,;3l .l,,;,r i.,,t*"1 ii., rr:,':t*.rgi 1.. t..' I, l :i. j{-,..'
+ x2-6x+18=25 .,-,"qio

=+ x2-6x-7=0 l-11 "' {'-1r'"

(x -7'1@ + 1) =0
+ x=7 or, r=-1 :il.lj-";.]-,"-rirl"-._ii,"
EXAMPLE s If tlu points A (4, 3) rnd B (x, Sj are on thc
thc*erolry'tth"'ii.:;'
*;
of x. i...;r -f.
SOLUTION SlnceA and B lieonthecirclehavinge.ntrse.,
OA=OB
:+ {;:;f;E:;f = +(5-3)2 {:':
;r{;' .',. r1;;:f'j
li.!-!r-J f,:;i:t
' '. *i:r, -

:..i-i:1.: :'la
(x - 2)2 = 0 =+ X - 2 =O;+ r = 2.-

r- 2Jt;tE sF = \F;Fm:ry "" e, * .,:

=+ (x - 2f + 25 = (x + 2)2 * 81 ::. jr: !:.,_,r*r,g:. rlf.:,;i,:. . . .-.;,..i..-:,

i1;;: 1tr.
.i , .'

n*' ;{1,. * -4jE+.,"*,+25=x?.+t[hq+56l-6g--1,1r:.:,i : .l;;1 .::rii ;;',ii: ::. .r..,i

Hence,therequiredpointis(-f,f.€)." ., {,.1. t, ';;,,, ;.;_-- _ , .- ,r. _

, . ltu. , ..1,
EHMPTE t Finilapointontheyaxisnthiehiseq$l.ist*[email protected];A6l sl
cAA B(*4,3).
INCENTI
soLUrIoN We know that a point on y-axis is of tt& @ p, yl:Sr btrlurequtu*ip"Iir ot
P (0,y).Then,
"l' i ' '+ 'r l :r -' l r"rl' -" ii": :rr'
PA = PB ":'
? +U:gf;ffi
:+ %+(y -5)2 = 16+g-srz
+ %+y' -10y+ ZS=16+yz -6y'+9
4y=36
:=) u=9 .

So, the required point is (0, 9).

148 '- MATHEMAIffi'-X

a The x-coordinate of a point P is twice its y.coordinate. If P is equidistant

EXAMPLE
'tCnSHOiOi-from
QZ,-5)anilR(-3,6),thenfindiheioorilinatesofP.
SOLUTION Let the coordinates of P be (A y). It is 6ven that x = 2y
Also,

+ +(y+5)2 = x+3)2 +(y-6f

= +3)2+(y-6)2
+ Jffirv.n =Jm
+ 5y2 +2y +29 = 5y2 + 45'
+ 2A =16
= !=0
Hence, the coordinates of P are (15,8).
EXAMPLEs Do the points A (3,2), B (-2, -3) and C (2,3) form a triangle? lf so, name thcWe of
triangleformed. tNCERfl
SOLUTION Wehavg,
-t
AB =
.l
\l(e- 3)2 + (i -2)2 =Jzs+25=JSo
ri

nc = JQ+2)2 +(3 +3)2 =,lR = ^152

imd, eC =,t12 - 3)2 + (3 - 2)2 = .vGT = €
Clearly, AB+BC> AC, AC+BC > AB and AB+ AC > BC. lflrerefore,pointsA,BandC
form a triangle.
Also, iC' = AB2 + AC2
Thereforg AABC isarighttrianglqrightangledatA. .

ExAMpLElo Show that the points (a,a),(-a,-a)and,F.l-fu, .,f-ga)are the tnrtices of an

equilateral triangle. Also,ftnd its area. .

SoLUTIoN fet a (a, ai, B (*a, - a) and CFJda, J5 a) be the given points. Then, we have

ag = r[1 a =.tffi} =2,12a

ss=w
:+ ss=W
+ ac = aJ$- J3F + (t + J5)2
:+ gC = all +3 - 2J3 + r + 3 + ZJi = anl6 = z,lTa
and, AC=@
:t ag=W
-
ec=aJ(J3 +1)2 +(..6-ry'z

=+ ec=rW=aJE=z^lla
COORDINATEGEOMETRY I4.9

Clearly,wehave
AB=BC=AC
Hence, the triangle ABC formed by the given points is an equilateral triangle.
Now
Area of L ABc=
f trro"F

= Areaof LABC=fiYagz
4

? Areaof L ABC= , {Z,|ZQ2 sq.units = Z.Ba2 sq.qnits

f
EXAMPLE 11 Show tlut the points (7 , - 7) , (5, 2) and (9, 5) are collinear. tcBsE2006cI
SOLUTION let A (1, - 7), B (5, 2) and (9, 5) be the given points. l[hen, we have
AB = J(5 - 1)' + (2 +t)2 - nG;D = s
BC=il5-9)2+(2-1342=1ffi=5
and, AC = J(l -912 + (-1- 5)2 =..,ft-4-l$ = 10
Clearly," AC = AB + BC
Herrce, A, B, C are collinear points.
EXAMPLE 12 Show that four poinls (0,-7), (6,7), (-2,3) and (8,3) arc the oertices of arectangle.
Also,findits area.
SOLUTION L€t A (0 - t\, B (6,71, C (-2,3)andD(8, 3) be.the givenpoints.Then,

AD = J(8 - 0)' + (3 + 1)2 =,J64i6 = 4JB c(-2,3) 8(6,7)

Bc = J(6 + zl2 + (7 - q2 = J6[i6

*Ji =
Ac = JF2- o)2 + (3 + 1)2 = JTTTA = 2$
and,

ro = J(8 - 6)2 + (s -7)2 = \lGI6 = z,l-S A(o: -1) D(8,3)

Fig.14.8
AD=BCandAC=BD
So, ADBC is a parallelogram.
Now AB = J$- 0)' + (7 + 7)2 = ..ffi 1-g = 19
and, CD=J(8+2)2+(3-3;2 =19
Clearly, AB2 = AD2 + DB2 and CD2 = CBt + BD2
Hence, ADBC is a rectangle.
Now
Areaof rectangle ADBC = ADxQg = @J5 x ZG) sq.unib"= 40,sq. units

EXAMPLE 13 If P anit Qare two points whose coordinates are (at2,2at) and(; ,?1 respectioely

anil S is the point (a, 0). Show that * indepmdent of t.

*. fi
 "n' :'.ti t jji MtltrTMiltrffiS*X

SOLUTION Wehave,
sP= = aTz +ll

rnd, sQ= (i-,1.[

a

:+ SQ= W
---F-- - , i,.ri

.
SP SQ a(tz +l) a(tz +l)
1 + 1 1+t2 1
*SP *SQ= -+: ^ = 1,
a(tz +L) a'
whidr is indfpen&nt.of
.. rr -, ::::.1 "' 'ir.:: ,
t.
.-, -"i i

EXAMPLE 14 lf twooertices of an equibter&tiiap$tgwwtil,,.(s, &l,fw4.thethirdaertex.l..u,,

sor.urroN O (0, 0) and A(3, J3) be the given points and let B (x, y)rb.dire third vertex of
equilateral A OAB. Then,

+ OA2;t;Q!P2 and OBz ='AB2

+ x2 +y2 =12

and, *'+y'=x2 +y2 -6x-2^f.r1y+-12,,, -,

=+ *' + y' = 12 and 6x + 2.!5y = 12 j j:

:+ x2+y2=12and 3x+rliy=6 : i

=i ,, *(6-2'Y = r,
[J3]
3*."+ (9- 3x)2 = 35
:.,::,t :,i:.rirti 1.,. _.."i -:tr
:+ 12x'- 35r = 0
+ x -- 0i3
 CGORDINATEGEOMETRY
14.1I

r=0=+ #y=6+y=*=rJi [*io"g r = 0ih 3x +.15y = tl

and, r = 3 =+ g +,liy= 5+, =G= -J5 [***r=3in3,x+Jiy=6f
Hence, the coordinates of the third vertex B are (0, 2,151 or, (3, _ JB).
EXAMPLE 15 Find thg ggordjya!9s of the circumcmtre of -"- triangle
(8,6),(8,-2)and(2,-2).Also,finditscircum-radius. - -t the " "whose .uertices are
SoLUTION Recall that the circumcentre of a triangle is equi:distant from the vertices
of a
triangle. LetA (8, 6),8.(8,-2) andC(2,-2)be the veitices of ihe giventriangle and letp (x,y)
be'thecircumcentreof this triangle. Thery e ,

PA= PB= PC
+ 4(8,6)'

Now, PA2 = PB2

:+ (r-8)2 +(y-6)2 =(x-8)2 + (y+Z),
=+ *' + y' - l6x -l2y +100 = x2 + y2 -76x + 4y + Gg
l5y = 32
:+ A=2
and, PB2 = PCz

+ (r-8)2 +(!t+2)2 =(x-2)2 +(y+2)2 Fig. 14.10

:+ *' + y' - L6x + 4y + 6g - *? + y, - 4x + 4y + g I

+ l?t=ffi
= t=5
So, the coordinates of the circumcentre pare (5,2).
Also, Circum-radius = p4 = pB = p6 =
r@$@@ =5
EXAMPLE 16 Let the opposite angular points of a square be (3, 4) and (L,
of theremaining angular'points. "
-l). Eind the coordinates

SoLUTION LetABCDbe a square and letA (3,4) and c (1, -1) be the given angularpoints.
l-etB(x,y)be the unknown vertex.
Theru AB = BC
c(1,-1)
=9 AB2 = BC2

+ (x-3)'+(y-4)2 = (r - 1)2 +(y +1)2

=+ 4x +10y -23 = 0

=) * =B-loY
4
...(,
A(3,4) B(x,yl
In right-angled triangle ABC, we have
Fig.14.11
A* +BCz = AC2
7472 MATHEMANCS.X

:+ ...(ii)

+
( 23-toy\2 +Y2'1zl'toY)-3Y-1=o
t 4 I l

+ +y2. tZy+5=0
+ (2Y -1)(2Y - 5) = !
.15
+ A =;ot,
Zt
ls- "
Putting y = | and / =
irespectivelyin(i),weget
g-1
x = and * =
i ;respectively.

Hence, the required vertices of the squar" ur* *. ( - i, Z)

;, i
[ )
EXAMpLE 1z Prooe that thc points (-3,0),0, -3) and (4,7) are the oertices of an isosceles right-
angleil triangle. Find the aren of this triangle.
soLUTroN l.rJt A(-3, 0), B (1, -3) and c (4,1) be the given points. Then,
ar=@=14p=JGT1=St,rirs
rc=.ffi)4@ =6fr=5urdts i
and, 6a = .ft-$ffi =,[6111= S.Eunie.

Fig.'14.12
Cleurly, AB = BC. Thereforc, LABCis isosceles.
Also, AB2 + BCz = 25 + 25 = (5..[)2 = CA2
+ L ABC is right-angled at B.
CO.ORDINATEGEOMETRY 14.13

Thus, A ABC is a right-angled isosceles hiangte.

Now Areaof LABC= 16ur"*H"lght) =!6ArACy

=) Area ot L,ABC=
(1rs.s)ru.units = f;sq.units
EXAMPLEIs Showthat 4(6,4),8(5,-2)andC(7,1) aretheaerticesofanisoscelestiangte.
Also, find
!!1o fna
the length A.
leng-th of the meilian through A.
A G; 4) TCBSE 20101
SOLUTION Wehave

AB = ,,1$ - 5)2 + (4+2)2 =.hT

AC = J6 -Z)2 + (4 + 2)2 = ^lg7
AC
AB = B(5,_2) D(6,_2) c(7,_21
So, AABC is isosceles. Fig.14.13

Let D be the mid-point of BC. Then, coordinates of D are (Y, #) i.e. (6, -2).

AD = * 6)' + (4 + 2)2 = J& = 6

^l$
EXAMPLETe If P(2,-1),Q(g,4l,R(-2,3) ands(-1,-2)be four points in a plane, show that
PQRS is a rhombus but not a square. Find the area of the rhombus.
SOLUTION The givenpoints are P (2,-1), Q(9,4),R(-2,3) and S (-3,-2) .

Wehave,

PQ = J@)2 + e + t)2 = 1p * * = ^lfunirs'

',,,,r. "
QR =

RS =

5P =
J(-2 -

J(-3
@2[1
3)2 + (g

+ 2)2 +
- q2 = .rEEI = .,86 units

(-z - q2 = .7q-jI$ = rE units

1-2 a 1y = .,,E6 unie

/
PR = J(-2 - 2)2 + (3 + 1)2 = Jffi = 4..8 units
and, QS = il-3 - 3)2 + (*2- 4)2 = J36;36- =,6"[ units
PQ=QR=RS=SP=.,6units
and, PR* QS
This means that PQRS is a quadrilateral whose sides are equal but diagonals are not eqrml.
Thus, PQRS is a rhombus but not a square;

Now, Areaofrhombus PQRS = lengthsof diagonals)

]x{rroductof
= 1x (PR x QS)
'
=e Area of rhombus PQRS

=+ Area of rhombus PQRS =

( +JZ s,fz)sq. units = 24 sq. units
;. "
I4.I4 MATHEMATICS-X

EXANiPLE 20 Find the coordinates of the eentre qf the circle passing through the points
(0,0), (-2,1) and (-i,2). Also,ftnd its radius.
SOLUTION LetP (x,y)be thecentre of thecirclepassing through thepoints O (O,O),A (-2,1)
and B (-3,2). Then,
OP=AP=BP
Now, OP=AP
OP2 =AF
=+ x'+y'=(x*2)2 +(y-1)2
+ *'*y'=x2+y2+4x-2y+5 '1,! kr)

=) 4x-2y+5=0 ...(r)
: '..
(-2,1)
and, OP=BP
:+ OPz = BP2
:+ r' + y'= (r + 3)2 + (y -2)2 Fig. 14.15

+ *'+y'=x2 +y2 +6x-4y+13

6x-4y+13=0 ...(i0

On soiving equations (i) and (ii), we get , = 1 u^d V = 1;

of the centre ar" f 9,4 )
Thus,thecoordinates
\, ; )
lffi i-
No,iM, Radius = OP = =
li* f =;.ttto q,it'.

EXERCISE 14.2
1. Find the distance between the following pair of points :

(i) (-6,7) and (-1,-5)

'(ii) (a + b,b + c) and (n - b, c - b)
(iii) (a sino, - b cos o) and (-a cos cr, & sin c)
(iv) (a,0) and (0, D)

2. Find the value of a when the distance between the points (3,4) and(4,1)is {0'.
3. If thepoints(2,1)and(1,-2)areequidistant fromthepoint(x,y), showthat x+gy=0.
4. Find thevaluesof x,yifthe distances of thepoint(x,y) from (-3,0) as well as from (3,0)
are 4.
5. The length of a line segment is of 10 units and the coordinates of one end-point are
(2-3).If
the abscissa of the other end is 10, find the ordinate of the other end.
6. Show that the points (- 4,-l), (-2, - 4), (4, 0) and (2, 3) are the vertices points of a
rectangle. ICBSE 2006 CI
7. Show that the points A (1,- 2), B (3, 6), C (5,10) and D (3,2) are the vertices of a
parallelogram.
8. Prove that the points A (1,,7),8 (4,2), C (-1, -1) and D (4,4) are the vertices of a square.
INCERT]
9. Prove that the points (3,0), (6,4) and (* 1,3) are vertices of a right-angled isosceles
triangle. ICBSE 2006 Cl
 CO.ORDINAIEGEOMETRY
14.15

10' Prove that(2,-z),(-2,1) and (5,2) are thevertices of a right angled kiangle. Ftud ttieatca
of the triangle and the length of the hypotenuse.
11. Provethatthepoints (2a,4a),(2a,6a)and (?a +
Jia,Sa) aretheverticesof anequilateral
hiangle.
12. Prove that thepoints (Z,Z), (4, 4)and (1, 3/2) do not form a triangle.
13. An equilateral tri1ngle has two vertices at the points (3, 4) an-cl
coordinates of the third vertex.
e2, g), find the
14. s.hq that the quadrilateral whose vertices are (2,
-1), (3, 4), (-2,3) and (-3, -2) is a
rhombus.
15. Twoverticesofanisoscelestriangleare(2,0)and(2,5).Findthethirdvertexifthelength
. of the equal sides is 3.
L5. Which point on r-axis is equidistant from (5,9) and (- 4, G)?
17. Prove that the points (- 2,5), (0, 1) and (2, - 3) are collinear.
18. Thecoordinatesof thepointPare (4,z).Findthecoordinatesof thepointewhichlies
on the line joining P and origin such that Op = Oe.
19. Which point on y-axis is equidistant from (2, 3) and (4,1,)?
20. The three vertices of a parallelogram are (3,4), (3,8) and (9,8). Find the fourth vertex.
21. Findthecircumcentreof thetrianglewhoseverticesare(-2,i),(-1,0), (7,-6).
22. Find the angle subtended at the origrnby the line segment whose end points are (0, 100)
and (10,0).
23. Find the centre of the circle passing through (5, - g), (2,_g)and (2, 1).
24. Find the value of k, if the point p (0, 2) is equidistant from (3, k) and (k, 5).
25. If two opposite vertices of a square are (5, 4) and (1, 4), find the coordinates of its
remaining two vertices.
26. show thai the points (-3, 2), (-5, -5), (2, -3) and (4, 4) ale the vertices of a rhombus. Find
the area of this rhombusl
27. Find the coordinates of the circumcentre of the hiangle whose vertices are (3, 0), (-1,
-6)
and (4,-1). Also, find its circumradius.
28. Find a point on the r-axis which is equidistant from the points (7, 6) and (i, 4).
lcBsE 200s1
29. show that the pointsA(S, 6),8 (l,s),c(2,1) and D(6,2)are the vertices of a square.
lcBsE 2oo4]
30. Find the point on.r-axis which is equidistant from the points (-2,s)and (2,-3).
lcBsE 2oo4]
31. Find the value of r such that pQ = eRwhere the coordinates of.p, and R are (6,-1),
e
(1,3) and (x,8) respectively.
ICBSE 2b051
32. Prove that the points (0, 0), (5, 5) and (-5,5) are the vertices of a right isosceles triangle.

33. If the point P(r, y ) is equidistant from the points A(5, 1) and B ( r,5)lrcJ;:"'?fl:l
x =y. [cBsE 2005]
34. If.Q (0, 1) is equaidistant from p (5, -3) and R (x,6), findthe values of x. Also, find the
distances QR andPR. TNCERTI
35. Find the values of y for which the distance between the points p (2,
-3) and
Q 00,y) is 10 units. INCERII
36. Find the centre of the circle passing through (6,4), (g, _T)and (3, 3).
37. Tt/tro opposite vertices of a square are (-1,2) and (3,2). Find the coordinates of other
two
vertices.
14.15 MATHEMATICS-X

38. , Name the quadrilateral formed, if any, by the following points, and give reasons for your
answers:
(i) A(-1, - 2), B(1, 0), C (-1,2\,D (-3, 0)
(ii) A(1,5),8(3,1), C (0, g),D (-1,- 4)
(iiO A (4,5), B (7 ,6), c (4,3), D (7,2) INCERTI
39. Find the equatior of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment ioining points (7, 1)

40. Provethatthepoints(3,0),(4,5),(-L,4)and.(-2,-1),takeninorder,formarhombus.Also,
find its area. INCERII
' 41. In the seating arrangement of desks in a classroom three students Rohini, Sandhya and
Bina are seated at i11,1), B (5,4) and C (8,6), Do you think they are seated in a line?
42. Find a point on y-axis which is equidistant from the points (5, - 2) ""U (- rl,arhE
2009I

43. Find a relation between r and y such that the poin t (x, y)is equidistant from f:.ry[E
(3,6) and (-3,4). INCERTI

ArvsrflEFs

1. 13 (ii) z.{-tt (ii0 G'-F (sincr + coscr)' (ifl ,{iff

(i)

2. 4,-2 4. x = 0,A = t'17 5'3,4

ro.fsq.units,sJ2 13.
1 2, z l\ z, 2 )

rs'
[z
-+',J'['. +'1)
(0,-1)
15'(3'0)

18. (3,-2) 19. 20.(9,4)

21. (3,-3) 2s.(2,4)

". ;
24. 1 25. (8,-3),and (-2,1) 26'45sq'units

27. (L,-g),16units 28. (3,0) 0'(-20)

94. x = -4,4; QR = Gl units; pp =.,6f,gJrunits 35' y =t,;9

g5. (3,-2) 97. ('t ,0) and (1,4)
3S. (i) Square. (ii) Notaquadrilateral (iii) parallelogram
39. x - A = 2 40. 24sq. units 41' Yes' 42' (0'-2)
43.3x+y=5
14.4 SECTION FORMULAE
LetA and B be two points in the plane of the paper as shown in Fig. 14.16 and P be a point on
the segmentjoining A and B such that AP : Ep -- m: n. Then, we say that the point P divides
segment AB intemallyintheratio m: n.
 @ORDINATEGEOME'fRY

l4t7

I'[ffi,tilt,f,.1f,%**of* that ep
':;-:':
,n, then point p is said to
divide.r{B

$tHTffi *#l*l*;:h*rr::x#*uHffi *r,ffi kfl frHg

,rEoREn prooe,ut the coo-ruriru1es of the
point which dfuides the
' vr) md (x2, vr\ internaty i; i;ri; #"
(xr tin y
giom fij
are . ,! .smnt Fning potnts the

,-=*ff=r,y=mtz+wr)

*w
PN-;N = iN -
pK
= NM = H,,:b|=j ;,r::' 1 !,= v.- ur,
.,n
.

:11,, if; !{,;i!:.*!:, -'

"jfi
Bp pr -Er
=e fr=*-x,
n x2_x--u-at
yrU
Now, fr=*-x, .

. n Xz-X
=l mt2_tw = W_fl\
=+ mr+ryX=fi112*Wt.
'
=+ x=ttll2*fiXt
tn+n
and, m
n =t-Y,
lz-U
=9 mUz-try=ny-flyt
14.18 MATHEMATICS:.X.

:+ ttry + ny = fity2 + ttyr

.._my2+nyl
u
a --
m+n
Thus, the coordinates of P are
nx, +
'[ ,r+, ' Wz**" Wt\
( mx2 +
)
NorE I If i, it the mid-point of AB, thm it diaides AB in the ratio 7 : 7, so its coordinates are

( l- x, +1. x, l'y, +l'Yz) rr * r, . /r +/z)

[ 1{^1 ' l+t .i
-[
=1,
2 ' 2 )
NOTE 2 Fig.74.78 willhelp to rememfur the sectionformula.

A(ryyr) B(xoy2l
F1g.14.19
,,mtn. ! : 1, or L z l, wlureL =
NorE3 Tleratiam :ncaiialsobewrittmhs i'
So, the coordinates of point P ilittiding the line segmcnt ioining the points A(q,y) and
B (x2,y2'1are

ILLUSTRATTVE EXAMPLES
Typel ON F|NDII{GTHE SECTION PO|iITWHENTIIE SECTION RAnO iS GIVEN .

EXAMpLE t
Find the coordinates of tlrc point which divides the line segment ioining tlu points
j
(5,3) and (4,5) in the ratio : 2 internally.
SOLUTION LetP (x,flbe the required point. Then
3x-4 +2x6 3x5+2x3
x=# '3+2
andy=
3+2
x=0andu=4
3
#
A(6,3) P(x,Yl B(-4's)

' Fig .'14.20

So, thd coordinates of P are (0, 27 / 5).
E1AMrLE z joi,irtg(1,-2)and(-3,4).
Findthecoordinatesofpointswhichtrisecttlulinesegment
SOLUTTON tot A(1,4and B(-3,4)bethegivenpoints.Letthepointsof trisectionbePand
Q. Then, AP - PQ =QB = l, (say).
I

A(1,-2) P , B(-3,4)
' Fig. 14.2'.1
 CO.OREINATEGEOMETRY
14.19

PB = PQ+ QB=?),,andAQ = Ap+ pe=?), .

:+ AP :PB=)r:?J,.=1:2and Ae:eB=2),,:?r,=2;L
So, P divides AB intemally in the ratio 1 : 2 while Q divides internally in the ratio 2 : L. Thus,
the coordinates of P and Q are

-t
t t+2 '.tx4+2x-2)
"r(lx-3+Zxt 't+z = o(
./-'|.T'")
n)

o( 3u#ur,y\. = o( r) respectivery
ryg) t',
Hence, the two points of trisection are (-'!. /2,0) and (-S/g,2).
REMARK : As Q is the mid-point of BP So, the coordinates of can also be obtained by using mid-
Q
pointformula.
Type II oN FINDING THE SECTTON RAT|O OR AItt Et{D FONT OF T}tE SEGIIEI{T WHEN THE
SECTIONF()INTISGIVEN
EXAMPLE s
ln what ratio does tlu x-axis diaiile the line segment
" joining the points (2, -3) and
( 5, 5) ? Also,
find the coordinates of the point of intersection.
SOLUTION kt the required ratio be l. : 1. Then, the coordinates of the point of division are,

o(5t'+2.5I-3)
"l r*1' l,+1 )

,-3)

Fig.14.22
But, it is a point on x-axis on which y-coordinates of every point is zero.

6I-3
l.+1 =0+1,=12

l , or,r,r.
Thus, the required ratio is
Putting )," = U2 in the coordinates of R, we find that its coordinates are (3,0).
EXAMPLE 4 ln what ratio does the y-axis diztide the line segmant joining the poirtt p (- 4, S) and
QG,-7)? Also,find the coordinates of the poittt ofintersection.',..
Y
,l .l

-
I4!0 'r111''i!t:'!fd!fEtffi-S$;X

SOLUTION Supposex-axisdivides.ffirqttrcf{S6If;1'. rgr,,:thecoordsletesof thepointof

divisio'nare .:,
-(g?t"-4 -71.+5\
l(l l,*r'TiTJ

:
I
f*
a)llL
:{. 3l'-4=0 + 3)u-4=0 =t l=*
l,+1 i'3
Hence, the required ratio is :1 i.e-, a : 3
f,
!:.
putt'rng ?,, = 4l3in the coordinatesd R, we find that its coordinates are [ 0, #)
[;
P
EXAMpLE s In wlut ratio does thc Wittt C G/5; 11/$ diui& theline *gment ioining tlu paints A
F (3,5) anilB (-3,-2)? -tiiiii,
rt solrmoN kt the poiiitt divide x8 fi did'frho [ : l. the ddordinates of c arB
(l- -3L+3 -21,+5\
I r+t '
!1
],+1 ) } i

-l
t ;'''l''i'':
'
' A(3,s) ci B({,-2}
1..
, ta3+
? ''F1o''
*
Buti the coordinates of C are given as (315,h/5)'
e
r--
g
'';' i'"" 'r j.i '';
!
-5ii3--_ _g^-r-21+5--
ano --:___ =
1-1 _-_
l,+1 5 l,+1 5 :

r:"
'iq
+ -151, + 15 = 31, + 3and - 101, + 25 = 11)" + 11

+ 181, = 12and 21)t = L4

'a

=+ -2 -
l,=
' . ,'- , . i:;3,1, :i', '::'i,lr'.' ,':::',1''' ":'.:"':':: : - i
Hence, the point C aivides AB inthe,gatio.?'.3'
 CO-ORDINATEGEOMETRY 14;27

(-1,2) dioides internally the'line

lxtYfL.E f If the.point C segment joining A(2,5) andB inratil
3:4,find the coordinatm of B.
srurtort Let the cooidinates of B be (a, 9). Ii is given that Ac : BC = 3 : 4. so, the co-
ordinates of C are

A(2,5) c(-1,2) B(or F)

Fig.'14.25

( tu.+4x2 3p+4x5) ( 3a+8 30+20\

t 3+4 ' s+4 J=[ , ' r )
But, the coordinates of C are (-1, 2).

fu,,I8 fi+20 =,
77 = -1and
=+ 6;=-5andp=-2
Thus, the coordinates of B are (-5, -2).
EXAMP.LEz Determinetheratioinwhichtheline3x+y-9=0itioidesthesegmmtjoiningthe
points(7,3) and(2,7). tc'rsu iooal
-
Suppose the line 3x + y - 9 = 0 divides the line segment joining A (1, 3) aird B
PL_u[o-N
,+,
(2,n tn the ratio k: I at point C. Therv the coordinates of C are
,ji,\

(Z*+1 7k+3\
I _ _l

I t+t' k+t ) I :
But, C lies on 3x + y -9= 0. Therefore,

s(++) *ry*:-e=0
\k+1 )k+1, + 6k+3+7k+s-sk-e=0*
- --'' k=9 4
So, the required ratio is 3 :4 internally. :

EXAMPLE aFind the ratio

-in
which the po-int (-3, p) ilioides the line sbgmmt joining the points
(-5,4)and (-2, 3). Hence,find the aalue of y'.
sglu]IoN suppose the point .P (1, p) divides tfe line segment joining points
A(-5,4) and B (-2,3\ in the ratio k: 1'.

( 3k-4\
ofPare[-2k-5
Then,thecoordinates
1.1 'p.1 ,J
But, the coordinates of P are given as (-3,p).
-2k-5 ^ ,3k-4
---=-Janq--=0
k+1. k+1 r

-2k -s= -gf, - s*a ffi = r

k = 2and p=3k-4
' k+l
k=2andp--A3
Hence, the ratiois 2 : 1 and P = W.
 MATHEMATICS-X

EXAMrLE e Paint P diaides the line segment jointng the points A (-t,3t1 and B (9,81such that
APK
# = +. g P tia on the line x - y + 2 = 0, frnil the oalue of k. lcBsE2010l
SOLUTION It is given that P divicies the line segment joining A (-1 , 3) and B (9, 8) in the ratio

. k : 1. So, coordinates of P are (Ti ,T#)

o(?#, +#) rnes on the rine x - y + 2 = o

'9k-1 8k1!+Z=0 kt
k+1 --k+l A(-1,3) P B (e,8)

=+ gk-l-Bk-3 +?*+2=0 Fig.14.26

+ 3k-2= 0
+ k=U3
EXAMrLE 10 Point P diaides the line segment joining the points A (2,1) and B (5,4) such that
API +k=0,ftndtheoaltbof k. :
fi= i.lf Pliesontheline2x-! ICBSE2010]
SOLUTION Wehave,
AP1
AB3
-=-
AP1
+ AP+w=i
+ 3AP=AP+BP
A(2,1)
+ LAP;BP
P B(5, -8)
F19.14.27
APl
<BPz
So, P divides AB in the ratio 1: 2. '!

( txS + 2x2,1 x -g + 2 x.1)

CoordinatesofPareI f.Z , l+Z ) = (e, Z)

2x3-2+k=0 + k=-4
Type III ON DETERMTNATION OFTHEWPE OF A GIVEN OUADRII-ATERAL
EXAMrLE 11 Prooe that the points (-2, -7), (7,0), (4, 3) and (1,2) aie the oertices of a parallelo-
, gram.ls it a rectangle?
SOLUTION Let the given point be A, B, C and D respectively. Then, .

Coordinatesof themid-pointof ACa ru(!#,=1#I=

2) (1, 1)
\2,
Coordinatesof themid-pointof BDa*(ry,ry) = (1, 1)
[2 2)"
COORDINATEGEOMETRY 14,23

Thus, AC and BD have the same mid-point. Hence, ABCD is aparaflelogram.

Now, we shallsee whether ABCD is a rectangle or not.
Wehave,

Ac=@=2JB
and, BD= it-r)'+(0-2)2 =2
Clearly, AC * BD. So, ABCD is not a rectangle.
EXAMPLE 12 Proae that (4,-1), (6,0), (7,2) anil (S, L) are tkeoertices of a rhombus.Is it a square?
SOLI-rIION Let the given points be A, B, C and D respectively. Then,

1\
coordinates of the mid-point of AC are
(ry , +) = ( +, ,)

,
.oor.inates of the mid-point of BD are
(ry , T )
= ( *, l)
Thus, AC and BD have the same mid-point.
Hence, ABCD is a parallelogram.
Now
as= f[$Ir1s+1f - ^8, sc=,t17$@ =5
AB=BC
So,ABCD is a parallelogram whose adiacentsides are equal.
Hence, ABCD is a rhombus.
Wehave, I

ng =,[V -af liltF

+ =3&, and, sp = @-.1p = "[
Clearly, AC * BD.
So, ABCD is nota square.
TypelV ON FINDINGTHE UNKNOTi NvERTExFROitctVEN pOtNTS
EXAMPLEI3 The three oertices of a parattelogram taken in order are (-7,0), (3, 1) and
(2,2) respectioely. Find the coordinales of thefour{haertgx.
SOLUTION LetA(-1,0),8(3,1),c(2,'2)a;dD (*,y)betheverticesof aparallelogram AB)D
takeninorder.Since,thediagonalsofaparallelogrambisecteachother.
coordinates of the mid-point of AC = coordinates of the mid-point of BD

+ [f,;)=[?,;)
(-t+2 o+2\ (g+x 1+u)

(i,,)=(?,+)
3,+x I -u+L
ts=-and, =1
222
:+ X=-2andy=1
Hence, the foulrth vertex of the parallelogram is (-2, 1).
T424 MATHEMATICS-X

EXAMrLE 14 lf tlupoints A\6il),8 (8,2),C (9i4) andD Qt,3) are theverticesof aparallelogram,
taken in order,find the aalue ofp
SOLUTION We know that the diagonals of a pafallelogram bisect each other. So,
coordinates of the mid-point of diagonal AC are saine as the coordinates of the mid-point of
diagonal BD.
(6+9 1+4\ (S+p 2+3)
t" [. 2 ' 2 )=l.-i' 2)
:+ f 1s s) _(s*r 9)
\T' z)=\ z 'r)
'15 8+P
22
EXAMPLEIs If A(-2,-1),8(a,O\,C(4,blanilD(1,2) arctluaerticesof aparullelogram,find
theztalues of a andb. ICBSE 2006 Cl
SOLUTION We know that the dia$onals of a parallelogram bisect each other. Therefore, the
coordinatesof themid-pointof AC aresameas thecootdinatesof themid-pointof BDi.e.,
(-2+4 -1+b\ (a+7 0+2\
[. , ', )=l. .' , )
(,b-1)-f a+1,)
- l." , J-[. , "J
a+L
'22
=e -1andb-l=1
t
s a+1=2aridb-1=2 '

a=l and b=3

Hencg a=1and b=3
EXAMrLE t6 lf the cooriliaates of the mid-points of;the sides of a triangleare,(1,2) (0, -1) and
(2, -7). Find the coardinates of its oertices.
SOLUTION Let A(xl, y)", B(xz, yz)and C (r3, U:)be the vertices of A ABC.Le|D ("1.,2),
E (0, -1 ), and F (2, -1) be the mid-points of sides BC, CA and AB respectively.
Since D is the mid-point of BC.

x2+x3
and Yz+Vs -'z
22 =L
+, X2*13=2andAz+Ut=4 ...(i)
Similarly, E and F are the mid-points o f CA and AB respectively.
, .ft *.t3 Ar+ As
= o and = -1
2 2
+ X1*t3=0 and lt+Us=-2 ...(ii)
Ar+Az
ond, and =-1
"*=2 2
:* 11 *x2 =4 and At+Az=-2 ... (iii)
 CO.ORDINAf,EGEOMETRY 14.25

From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

(x, + xs\ + (x, + x, )+ (r, t x2) = la, g a 4 and., (yz + y
) + (yr + A ) + (y r + A) =4 -2 - 2
+ 2(xr+x2+xs')=5 and 2(h+lz+A)=0 ...(iv)
+ \+x2*.r3 =3 and At+Az*Ag=0
, From (i) and (iv),we get
xr+2=3andy1+4=0
=t Xt = "Land y, = -4
So, thecoordinatesof Aare (1,-4)
From (ii) and (iv), we get
xz+0 =3 and yr-2=0
=) IZ = 3and Az =2
So, coordinates of B are (3,2)
From (iii) and (iv), we get
\+4=3 and yr-2=A B(x2,v2l D(i,2) c(\,hl
=+ re=-1 andyr--2 F1s.14.28
So, coordinates of C are (-1, 2)
Hence, the vertices of the triangl e ABC arc A (1, 4), B (9, Z) and C (-1, 2).
EXAMPLE 17 The coordinates of one end point of a diameter of a circle are (4,
-1) and the
clyaly1les of ce.rylr-e of tle circle are (.L,-3:). Findihecoordinateiof the other endof the diameter.
lne -such
SOLUTION Let AB be a diameter of the circle having its centre at C (1, -3) that the
coordinates of one end A are (4, -1).
Let thecoordinates of Bbe(x,y).

Fig.14.29
But, the coordiantes of C are given to be (1, -3).

L"t=landa17=-g
22
=e x*4=2andy-1=-6
+ x=-ZandA=-S
Hence, the coordinates of B are (-2, -5).
EXAMPLE 18 Finit the lengths of the medians of a L, ABC whose ae'rtices are A (7 , -i), B (5, 3) and
cG,-L).
SOLUTION Let D E, F be the mid-points of the sid es BC, CA and AB respectively. Then, the
coordinates of D ; Eand F are
r
t4.xi ,:". tr*AflIElVlAfl€S; X

,[ry,?) = r,n r, *(ff,,ff) : r(s,-2)

=r1o'o)
'(ry'ar!)
A(7,-3)

B(5.3) D(4,r) C(3,-1)

., Fig. 14.30
i:
lO = rl(? - 4)2 + (-3 - 1)2 -- Jffi = 5units

BE = *5'- 5)2 +'1'2 - 3)2 = rJ6;E: = Srmits

CF= - 3)2 + (0 + 1;2 = rmT'= .ffi units.

EXAMpLEle lf A(5,-l),B(-g,-2) and C(-7,8) aretheaqticaStriangleABC,findthebtgth

centroiil.
of median through A and the coodinates of the ICBSE 2006 CI
dortmox , Gt AD be the median ttrroirgh the vertex A of A ABC, Then, D i3 the mid-point of
: (-3-1 -iI8\ ' ::: ;

I BC. So, the coordinates of D are ., t*'f,-

|\zz) | i.e., (-2,3).

ap = ils +2\2 + (-1- 3)2 = JTiTli = rB units

Let G be the centroid ofA ABC. Ihen, G lies on median AD and divides it in the ratio
2:1. So,coordinates of G are
i
i. ( 2x-2+1x5 2x3+ Lx-l\ ( -++ 5 6-1\ / t 5\
[ *" ' 2+t J=[ ,'s )=[5'5J
A (5, -1)

B (-3, -2) D (-2, 3) c (-.1, s)'

Fro.14.31
 CG,ORDINATEGEOMETRY
14.27

EXERC/,SE 14.3
1. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining (-
1, 3) and
(4,-7) internally in the ratio 3 : 4.
2. Find the points of trisection of the line segment joining the points:
(i) (5, -6) and (-7, S), (i0 (3, -2) and (-3,
-4), (iii) (2, _2) and (_7, 4). INCERfl
, 3' Ii$ the-coordinates of the point where d]agonals of the parallelogram formed by
joining the points (-2,-1), (1,0), (4,3) and$9 (1,2) ireer.
4. Prove that the poin ts (3, -2), (4, o), (6, -g) and (5, are the vertices of a parallelogram.
-5)
5. Threeconsecutiveverticesofaparallelogramare (e,-1),(1,0)and(4,3).Findthefourth
vertex.
6' The points (3, -4) and ({, 2) are the extremities of a diagonal of a parallelogram. If the
third vertex is (-1, -3). Find the coordinates of the fourth"vertex.
7. Find the ratio in-ry.hich the point (2, y) divides the line segment joining the points
A (-2,2) and B (g,Z). Also, find the value of y.
[CBSE 2009]
8' IfA(-1,3),8('l',-1)andC(5,1)aretheverticesofatriangleABC,findthelengthofthe
medianthroughA.
9. If the coordinates or the mid-points of the sides of a triangle are (1, l), (2,
find the vertices of the triangle. -g)and (3, 4),
10' If a vertex of a triangle be (1, 1) and the middle points of the sides through
it be (-2, 3) and
(5,2), find the other vertices.
11. (i) In what ratiois,the linesegment joining the points (1,1)and (3, 7)
divided by the
y-axis? Also, find the coordinates of the polnt oi division.
ICBSE 200OCI
(ii) In what ratio is the line segment joining (-3, _1) and (_Al _q) divided at
the point
(-5, -21/5)?
12. If them]d-pointof thelinejoining(3,4)and (k,7)is(x,y)and2x+2y+1=0findthe
value ofk.
13. Determinethe ratio inwhich the straightline r-
joining (3, -1) and (8, 9). A -2= 0 divides the line segment
1.4. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining (-2,
-3) and (5,6) is divided by (i) r_axis
(ii) y-axis. Also, find the coordinates of the poini of divisionin
each case.
15. Prove that the points (4, s) , (7 , 6), (6, g), (3, 2) are the vertices of
a parallelogram. Is it a
rectangle.
15. Prove that (4, 3), (6,4), (5, 6) and (3, 5) are the angular points of a
square.
1'7. Prove that the points (-4, -1), (+, 4), (4, 0) and (2, 3) are the
vertices of a rectangle.
18. Findthe lengths of the rnedians of a triangle whose vertices are A (-1.,2), (1,-1)
B and
c(5,1).
19. Threeverticesof aparallelogram are (a+b,a-b), (2a+b,2a-b), (a-b,a+b).
Find
the fourth vertex.
20. Iftwoverticesofaparallelogramare(3,2),(-L,0)andthediagonalscutat(2,-5),findthe
other vertices of the parallelbgram.
21. Ifthecoordinatesofthemid-pointsofthesidesofatriangleare(3,4), (4,6)and(s,7),find
its vertices. tcBsE 2oo8l
 T4.28 MATHEMATICS-X

22. The line segment joining the points P (3, 3) and Q G, - 6) is trisected at the points A and
B such thatA is nearer to P. If A also lies on the line givenby 2x + ! + k = 0, find the
value ofk. lcBsE 200eI
23. If the points (-2 ,-1), (L,0), (x,3) and (1, y) form a parallelogram, find the values of x
andy.
, 24. The points A (2, A), B (9 ,1), C (11 , 6) and D (4,4) are the vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD .
Determine whether ABCD is a rhombus or not.
25. If threeconsecutiveverticesofaparallelogramare(L,-21, (3,5)and (5,L0),finditsfourth
vertex.
I(thepoints A(a,-11\,8(5,b), C(2,15)andD(1,1) aretheverticesof aparallelogram
ABCD,find the values of a and b.
27. If thecoordinatesof themid-pointsof thesidesof atrianglebe (3,-2), (-3,1)and(4,-3),
then find the coordinates of its vertices.
28. Findthelengthsof themediansof aAABChavingverticesatA (0,-L),8(2,1)andC(0,3).
29. Find the lengths of the medians of a A ABC having vertices at A (5, 1), B (1',5), and
c(*3,-1).
30. Find the coordinates of the points which divide the line segment joining the points
(-4, 0) and (0,6) in four equal parts.
31. Show that the mid-point of the line segment joining the points (5, 7) and (3, 9) is also the
mid-point of the line segment joining the points (8, 6) and (0, 10).
32. Find the distance of the point (1, 2) from the mid-point of the line segment joining the
points (6,8) and(2,4).
33. Ife andBare(1,4)and(5,2)respectively,findthecoordinatesof Pwhen APEP= 3/4.
34. Show that the points A (7, 0), B ( 5, 3), C ( 2, 7) and D (1, 4) are the vertices of a
parallelogram.
35. Determine the ratio in which the point P (m,6) divides the join of. A(4,3) and B(2,8).
Also find thevalueof m. ICBSE 2004]
36. Determine the ratio in which the point (4, a) divides the join of A(-3, 1) and
B(-8,9). Also find the value of a. [CBSE 20041
37. The line segment joining the points (3,4) and (1,2) is trisected at the points P and Q . If
the coordinates of P and Q are (p, -2) and (5 /3, q) respectively. Find the values of p
and 4. [CBSE 200s]
38. The line joining the points (2, 1) and (5,-8) is trisected at the points P and Q. If point P lies
on the line 2x I y + k = 0. Find the value of k. [CBSE 20051
39. If Aand B are two points having coordinates (-2,1) and (2, -4) respectively, find the
coordinates of P such that AP =1 Or. tNcERI, CBSE 2008, 2oo9]

40. FindthecoordinatesofthepointswhichdividethelinesegmentjoiningA(-2,2)andB
(2,8) into four equal parts. TNCERTI

41. A (4, 2), B (6, 5) and C (1, 4) are the vertices of A ABC.
(i) The median from A meets BC in D. Find the'coordinates of the point D.
(ii) Find the coordinates of point P on AD such,that AP : PD = 2 :'1..
(iii) Find the coordinates of the points Q and R on medians BE and CF respectively such
that BQ : QE =2 : 1 and CR : RF = 2 :\.
(iv) Whatdoyouobserve? INCERI, CBSE,2oo9,1ol
 CO.ORDINATEGEOMETRY
I4.2g

42. ABCD is a rectangle..formed by joining thepoints

A (_1, _1), B (_1,4),C.(5, 4) and
D (S,-L)'P,Q,R ands arethemidjpointJof
sid]esAB,Bic,cbana DA respectively.Isthe
quadrilaterar peRs a square? a rectangle? or a
,h.;;;i J*tiry you, ar,swer. INCERTJ
43. Shoirythat z{(-3,2),8(-5,-S),C(Z-3)andD(4,4)arethevertic"rof
urhom-bus.
44. Find the ratio in which the y-axis divides the rine
segment joining the points (5, _6) and
(-1,_4)'Also,findthecooriinatesofthepointofdiiision.,
45. If thepointsA(6,1), B(9,2),C(g,4)and,D(k,p)aretheverticesofaparallelogramtaken
in ordex, then find the values of k and,p.
46. In vhat ratio does the point (4, 6) divide the line

._::o:lr,*)t ' v
segment joining the points (4, r.0).
r-:----iirl,rfrnn
4
47' Findthecoordinatgsof a pointA,whereABisadiameterof
(2,-g) and B is (1,4). thecircle*r,or""*i"
"""."tliiffi
ANSWERS
1. (8 n and (-15, 33) respectively
/ 7, -9 /
2. (i) (1, 17 / 3), (1, 4 / 3) (ii) (1,
-8l3), (_1., _10 / 3)(iii).(_1, O), (4, 2\
J. (1,1) s. (1.,2) 6. (+,1')
7. 4:l,y - 6 8.5
10. (-5,5), (9,3) 11.' (i) 2 : 3 intemally; (0, r,:t
[i'f]l?3;l?Ji
12. k=-15 " 13. 2:3 internally
14. (i) r z;(],0) (ii) 2: s;(o,f) 15. No
'

18. AD = 5,BE =
^|fr, CF = 5 19. (-b,b)
20. ('1, -12), (5, _10) 21. (6, g),(4,5),(2,3) 22. _g
23. x=4,A =2 24. 25. (3,2)
26. a=4,b=3 27. A (-2,0), B (10, -5) , C (_ 4,2)
28. AD = Jfr units, BE = 2 units, Cf = rF-units
29. AP = Jg7 *rib, BE = 5 units, CF = 2Jl3unire
( 19 22\
30. (-3,1.5), (-2,9),(-1,4.5) 32.5 units 33.
_n
lv,v )
35. 3:2,m p=!,0=o
=
i 36. 3:2,a=g s7.

38. k= -8 *.(;,+) eo. (-r, 'r),ro,st,(r,

f;)
/ 11 11\
4,.. ,r(i,i) (n)
[r,r./ (iii) r
11 11)
(rv) P, Q and R coincide
\g'9./
with centroid o t LABC. 42. Rhombus
44. 5:1 45. k=7,p =3 46. 2:7 47. (9, -j,O)
14.4)
: ' MATHEMAIICS-X

HINTS IO THE SELECTED PNOBLEET

?
39. Wehave, aP =lAB
'/

Also, AP +BP -- AB '|

lzrg*Bp AB gp =!aa
77 = =
AP:BP=3:4

14.5 SOME APPLICATIONS OF SECTION FORMULA

tle,qrevlous
In this section, we shall discussan.ap.plicationoj the s9c$o1foryula]e3mlrn itl'
secdon to n ,a tt ir.JlJitr"i i or atui"niietr, t"ritn of thecoordlnhiesrof
vertices. " "ooliites-or
are (x1,!1),
THEOilffl,L prooe tlut the coordinates of the cmtroid of the triangle whose oertica
(x2,y2)and(xs,Y3) are
( xr+xz+x, $+lz+At\
[3's) INCERT,CBSE2o04I
d a ttiangle are concurrmt'
Also, ileduce that tlu medians
pRoQF T,et A(x1,yr\,8(xz,-llTdgqrlye)be the vrel{ces of-AABC whose medians are
ao, rr and cr respectiveiy.'6l'D; *d r
gl"'iii+p"i* orcC, ca ana lis'
ilHili""lr
(xz+x Yz+/g)l !
CoordinatesofDarel #,
12'2)
Coordinates of a point dividing AD in the ratio 2 : t are

l: ".r("+)'.r,.r(ry)] * *= *,u,t, +az+ v,\

[--r.z '- 1+i-)-\ =r 3 ' 3 )

A(xyyl\

B(x2,t2l ,(ry'ry) C(:3,r3)

Fig.14.32
 CO-ORDINATEGEOMETRY
14.31

Thecoordinatesof Eare ( \ + xs
. At
+ Ag)

The coordinates of a
,.,"\ ,,rio, ..gainl *n" 2 : r are
(''*'.**-.!'r,.Ni@] *,, * *, ur +uz + at\
*,
i----i+z . 1+2
similarly the coordinates ora poini aividing cF in the ratio 2 : L are
-1
/ \ 3- , g )
( xr+xr+x, h+yzfys\
, ( 3 '-:-).
Thus, thepointhaving coordinates ( *H*, yt:{Jt)
r" nto AD,BE and
CFand divides themintheratio 1 :2. ' "o-*o
Hence, medians of a triangle are concurrent and the coordinates
of the centroid are
(xr+xr+x, At+Az+!e\
\g'g)
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAM*LE t Find the coordinates of the centroid of a triangle whose oertices are (0, 6), (g, L2) and
$,0.
SoLUTIoN We know that the coordinates of the centroid of a triangle
whose angular points
are (r1, At),(xz, Az),(xs, yr) are
(xr+xr+x, h+Az+Ut) .
\ a '--3' )
so, the coordinates of the centroid of a hiangle whose vertices
are (0, 6), (g,12) and
(8,0) are

(.?'-T-.,| *'It'')
(0+8+8 6+12+0\ (t6 \

-,V..*!:0 isam.edianof thetrianglewhoseaerticesareatpoints

:'.lYltt 1 -Il *5,2) A(-7,3),
B (0,4) and C (
- find the oalue of k.
SOLUTION Thecoordinatesof thecentroidG of AABC are

t"*.,L#-),ur_,,,r
sinceGliesonthemedian r - 2y + k =o. so,coordinatesof Gsatisfyitsequation.
-2-6+k=0=k=g.
EXAMPLE s If the coordinates of the mid-points of the sides of a triangle
are (L, L), (2, -3) and
(3,4). Find
ientroiit.
its
SOLUTION Let P (r., r), e (2, -3), R (3, 4) be the mid-points of sides AB, BC and cA
:".tptti"gy^of triangle ABC. I,et A(xr,yt),B(xz,yz) ui.a C1rr,
triangle.ABC. Then, A) be the vertices of
Pisthemid-pointof BC
+ *r!r, _1,Ut+lz
22' =1
=+ \+{z =2 and Ut+Az=2 ...(i)
Qisthemid-pointof BC
 :l,ri..l{;l;. 1: : 1.i'!i i-;1,.',.r':_}

Y J{T:}J II*{ffiIIHESGJ$IE$€SG

:+

*'lE",,lE "*_*j
The coordinates of the centroid of A ABC are
^'* +. t .'':r i:. :':.' I "
l(:, i i ( ;X} :

fi,sing (iv)I
)
SGIr{prE4 Ttoooutice ofafrffiffi-5nffif@f#i$"*scmtroidis(2,-7),fittitthethird
ffii ,A] .li: *'r.& rl:i3.tt: .'e+ririj ,ii$$.*rii ni{1 h;*.:}ttv,i }rll 1ul
-..str,r;-:,1cr{r:'r
".*\r :;sr, i ,{ 3.1"1hi&WS
soLt TEN I*t
"r"il
the coordinrites of flie trird vertex be (*, y). Ttren, "ttl .t:
.ri i

.:.!$111ii}} aj;} 1rl:i d .{.'P .ll I

i* ,al :i .l,l i;; {tr **,.1

i/'l{,i;l'ir :i',::
Ii ".",.,'.. .:-..lEt-'''.,;.l"riij;- .!'r'r

r''.1ri1] '::1i l "'irl;t';i'3

J* i.. t,'.. " : h''n'rrii ar '
 CO-ORD. TN.{TE GEOMETRY
14.33

Now, DO= !
2
o)' b
-2
r2

)
:1Jo ,

I
a b
DA=
i ry ,
' and,

Hence, DA = DB = pe i.e.,Disequidistantfromtheverticesof triangleABC.

EXAM.PLE 6 Using analytical geometry, ptoae that tlte dkgonats of a rhombas.are perpendicular to
each other.
SOLUTION Let OABC be a rhombus such *rat OA is along x-axis. Let BL and CM be
a
perpendiculars from B and C respectivelyonr-axis.
Clearly, triangles ABL and OCMire congruent.
OM=AlandCM=BL
I.etthecoordinatesof.4andcbe(*r,0) and(x2,y2)tespectively.Then,oM=x2and.oA=xr.
aL= OA+ AL= OA+OM = x1 * r2and BL=CM= Az
So,thecoordinatesof Bare (x, + xz,Az).
Now, OA = OC + OA2 = OC2 1 xt2 = xz2 + yz2 ...(i)
Inorder toprove that the diagonals OB andACaremutuallyperpendicular, itis sufficient to
showthat ZODA=n/2.
Since the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each,other. Therefore, coordinates of D are
(xr+x, /z)
\Nowz 'T)
=("?-ol' .(+_o)1:(,r i*")' r(+\'
oD,

ADz =("*-,,)' .(+-o)'= Aff =(-+l .(+i

and, OA2 = (rr - O)2 + (0 - 0)2 = rr2

Fig. 14.34
 .x.l,i,.
t4.3at ; .1, :' iltATT+EtiiE[lrres:-x

oDz + ADz =[ frr*{ w)' *[ r, - r, f .[y.')'

+ xz
\ 2 ) \2) l. 2 )\v)
+ oDz + eo, =L{zxrz +2xr4 1iyr2l1 ,
,

:+ oD2 + AD2 =
f,@r,
* xrz + = f,O: . trz).
yr21, [Using(i)]

rx.lurrnT PrutethattheiliagonalsofarElgltgla$Etegchoihawderl,e.que| ,, : .

soLUTIoN I,et OACB be a rectangle such that,Od io a alo4g r-axis.androBis alongy-axis.

Fig.14.35
then, the coordinates of A and B are (a,0) and (O b) espectively.
Sfurc€, OACB is a rectangle. Therefore,
AC=Ob+AC=b
Thus,wehave
OA = aandAC =b
So, the coordinates of C are(a,b).

rhe coordinates of the mid-point or ff *" ( T,'# )

= (;,i)
Also, the coordinates of the mic-points or AB are
[ # , ry '') = G,i)
Clearly, coordinates of the mid-point of OC and A) **".
Hence, OC and AB bisect each other.
"*
Also, rc, = Jo\f andAa =.fiq]ft = JW
OC=AB
COORDINATEGEOMETRY 14.35

EXERCIISE 14.4
1. Find the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are:
(, (1, 4), (-L, -1), (3, 1) (ii) (- 2, 3), (2, -7), (4, 0)
Two vertices of a triangle are (1, 2), (3,5) and its centroid is at the origin. Find the
coordinates of the third vertex.
Prove analytically that the line segment ioining the middle points of two sides of a
triangle is equal to half of the third side.
n-royg tha!lhe line joiningthe middlepoinb of theoppositesides of a quadrilateral and
the join of the middle points of itsdiagonals meet in i point and bisecione another.
If G.be the centroid of a kiangle ABC and P be dny other point in the plane, prove that
PAz +PB2 +PC2 =GA2 +Giz +GCz +gcp..
If Gbethecentroid of a hiangleABC,provethafi
AB2 + BC2 +CA2= g(GA2 + GBz + Ge)
Il(-2,9),(4,1) and (4 5) are themid-pointsof thesidesof a triangle, find thecoordinates
of its centroid.

f1fig..t+.S6,a-righttriangleBOAisgiven Cisthe mid-pointof thehypotenuseAB. Show

that it is equidistant from the vertices O, A and B.

Fig. 14.36
Find the third vertex of a triangle, if two of its vertices are at (-3, 1) and (0,
-2) and the
centroid is atthe origin.
A (3, 2) and B (-2, l) are two vertices of a triangle ABC whose centroid G has the

coordinates (
:, - * ) Find the coordinates of the third vertex c of the triangle.

lcBsE2fi)41

ArvsrryEBs
(42\
(ii) 2- (- 4,77)
' [''i) l,r,5.J

(,;) 9. (3, t) 10. (4, -4)

14.% MATHEMATICS-X

14.6 AREA OF A TRIANGLE

Inearlierclasses, wehave computed the area of a triangleby using the forrmrla
1
Area of a triangle = x Base x Altitude
i
Inclass IX, wehave used Heron's formula tofind the area of a hiangle whenthe lengths of its
sides are given.Inthis section, wewill find thearea of a Eiangle in termsof the coordinates of
its vertices. We can find the lengths of three sides of triangle by using distance formula and
then, we can use the Heron's formula. But, this becomes tedious, particularly when the
lengths of the sides are irrational numbers. That is why, weprefer to compute the area in
terms of the coordinates of thevertices of the triangle.In the following theorem, we state and
provethesarne
7aEOaEM The area of a triangle, the coordinates of whose aertices are (x1,A), (xz,yr) and
(xs,y) is
1,
*l*, U, - A) + xz (As - y) + xz Ur - V)l
2',
pRooF LetABCbea trianglewhose vertices are A(x1, A), B (xz, y) and C (xs, y3) , Draw
AL,BM andCN perpendiculars from A, B, C on the x-axis.
Clearly, ABML,,4LNC and BMNC are all trapeziums.
Weknowthat
t"
Area of trapezium =
i (Sum of parallel sides) (Distance between them)

Fig, 14.37
Wehave,
Area of L ABC = Area of trapezium ABML + Area of trapezium ALNC

l,et Adenote the area of AABC. Then,

=;(BM + AL)(ML) +f,u+r+ cN) (tN) -

)o*+ cN) (MN)
^
o= Uz - y)(xt - x) *f,u, + a)@s- rr) - f;rr, *yr)(r, - r,)l
l;
a=
| | t r, (yz + yr - a r - a) + xz Fy z -yt + y, + g) + xs (h + ys - r, - r rll
 COORDINATEGEOMETRY
14.37

= L =;l*, U, - a) + xz(as - y) + xs Ur - y)l

REMAIIK
1- lo.find th1y1a of a polygon
area of each of the triangles.
we diaide it in triangles and take numerical aalue of the

REMARK 2 The area of a ABC can also be computedby using thefollowing steps:
srEPI writethecoordinatesoftheaertices A(xr,yr),B(xz,a)andc(xs,ys) inthreecolumns
as shoutnbelow and augment the coordinates of A (\,a) asfourth cilumn.
srEP II Draw broken parallel lines pointing down wards
from left to right and right to left .

.,',>;ii>,il;,,.;',
STEP III sum of the.products of numbers at the ends of thelines pointing downwards
lomqu!1the
frgntll[t toright anilsubtractftomthissumthesum of the"products if numblers at the ends
of the lines pointing downwardfrom right to left i.e., compirte
(\yt + xzUs + xs1) - (xzh + 4y2 + xryr)
srEP Iv Find the absolute of the number obtaineil in step III and talce its half to obtain
the area.
REMARK3 Threepoints A(\,
A), B (xz, Az) and C (xz, V) arecollineariff
Areaof LABC = 0 i.e., xt(Az - y)+ xz(yz -
A)+ xs(Ar _ V) = 0
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
TYPCI ON FINDING T}IE AREA OF A TRIANGLE WHEN cooRDINATEs oF tTs vERTIcEs ABE
GIVEN
EXAMPLE t Find the area of a triangle whose aertices are A(3, 2), B (7L, g) and C (g, 12).
SOLUTION LetA = (\,y) = (A,2),8 = (x2,A) = (L7,g)andC = (xz,As) = (g,72) be the
givenpoints: Thu.,,

Area of L ABc = gz _ y) + xz (as _ a) + xs ot _ y)}l

!l:{r,
=) Areaof LABc=
iltr(8-12) +r102-2)+8(2-8)]l
:+ Area of A,4BC = ,lt-tZ+ 110 - S)l = 2S sq.units
1

ALITER Wehave,

3....-....1 I ........ 8 ........3

2r''. g ,"'\12r.'.\2

... Areaof LABc=]ltu*8+11x12+8x 2)-(ttx2+8x8+3x1a)l

+ Areaof L ABc =f,Krn+ 132+ 16)_ (22+ il+ 361

1
=+ Area of A,IBC = 25sq.units
,ltZZ-1221=
EXAMpLE z Find the area of the triangleformedby the points A (5,2), B (4,7) anit C (7,4).
SOLUTION Here,q =S,At=2,x2=4rlz=7,xg =7 and lz=4
14.38 MAfHEtvIAtrIC:S-X

Area of L ABc =
f,l*r'lal
- ytr) + xz(!s.- fr) + xs Ut - yz\l
,1
=:) Areaof L ABc=
ilu
(7 + 4)+ 4(-4'- 2\ +7 Q-z)l
:
=+ Areaof LABC=f11Sx11+4x-5+7x-5)l
2"
11
+ Areaof LABC =
iltss -24- 35) l=;l-n l=2sq.units
ALITER Wehave,
' 5'... ...'4'......'7'...-..,5
Zr''.7 ,:1.4r:t.2
Area of L ABc= l,u x7 + 4x4 +7 x 2) - (a x2+7 x7 + 5x -4)l
l
=+ Areaof LABC=1I(rU-16+14)-(8+a9-20)l
:,,
+ Areaof LABc=
llrr-(37)l =f,t41=zsq.units
ExAMpLEg Prooe that the arca of triangle whose oertices are (t, t - 2), (t + 2, t + 2) anil
(t + 3, t) is inilqmdent of t.
SOLUTION LetA = (xr,A) = (t,t -2)tB = (xz,Az) ='(t + 2, f + 2) and
g = (fj, lsJ = $ + 3, fibetlidverficesof thegiventriangle.Thefi,
Areaof LABI=]lr, (yz-ys)+xz(!s-!l)+4$rta)l : . ,i:

+ Areaof AABc=
llt, f, iz-r)+(t'+ 2)lt -t+ 2)+(t+'3)(r -2-t,-2)ll
+ Areaor L ABc =ll{*r, +2t + 4- 4t'12)}l=l -4 l=4sq.units

Clearly, area of L ABC is independentof f.

ALIIEB Wehave,
t ....::,... t+2.... ....t+3... ....t
- t4""t;..2'""'' t '' '1t-2 :

$ + 2\ + (t + 2l' t + (f + 3) (t - 2)) - {(t + z) !1 -')l

Anea of ---
ABc=- 1l2lt' +(t+3)('+2)+fxf)
^ |

+ Area of A A nc=f,1it.'+2t+t2 +2t+t2 +t-6)-(t2 -4+t2+5t+6+1211

+ ArcaofA ABC =llrrr'+ s - 6) -(3t2 + 5r + zll

:+ Area of A ABC =lt*
2',
- rt
+ ArcaofA rLBC=4sq.rnrits
Her\ce, Area of A ABCisindependentof f.
 CO.ORDINATEGEOMETRY U.9
EXAMPLE 4 Find the arm of the triangle
formed by joining the miil_wints of the siiles of the
trianglewhosezserticaare(0,-1),(2,7) ind(0,3).Fiidiherafuiyriii
y11_oltnegaytuiangte. ' INcEffil
"ilii-i*"{iiyffiiaio*,
SOLUTION L€tA(0,-1),8(z,t)andc(0,3)bethevertices of L,ABC.L.etD,E,Fbethemid-
points of sides BC, CA and AB respectively. Thm, the cqordinates of
(0, 1.) and (1,0) respectively.
D E and F are (7,2),
Now
Area of LAB1 =
f,l
*, (yz - y) + xz (as - a) + xs Ur - a) I

=+ Areaof LAB}=
il o0- 3) + z(3 -(-t)+ 0(0 - 1) I

+ Area of L,ABC=
ilo+8+01=4.q.,rr,is
A(0,-1)

B(2,1) D(1,2) , C(0,3)

Ftg.14.38 i
Area of LDEF - yl) + xs Ur - y)l
f,l*r'{v, - a)
= + xz(Us

=+ Areaof LDEF =
]lrO-0)+0
(o-z)+1(2-t)l
1
+ Areaof LDEF =
)lL+
ll=lsq.units
Area of ADEF: Area of LABC = !: 4
IfD,EandF arethe.mid-poitrts of siilesBC,CAand ABrcspectioetyof a LABC, then
Ily*_E I.
usrng coordinate geometry prooe that
1

SOLUTION I,et A 1xr, y r), B (x2, y r), C (xs,yr) be the vertices of A ABC. Thsn,
the coordirutes- of D, E and F are (??, -Y)(rfr, ry) and
( xr+x, :;
Ar+!z)
[ -r.' ) resPectivelY'

Wehave,
1
Ar = Area of t ABC =
il *, (y, - ) + xz (ys - y) + xe @r _ )l
V V
 ,Iv{ATFE}*f#IICS.X

I : r :iriJ: j

C(*f r/f.)
D(x2.r2\
,(ry,t+)
Fig.14.39

Az =Area or a,oEF =ll(5")( ry-ry)..("r)

: ey ry)
*(*':*'\(Yz+vg
-\ 2 i\ 2 --*)l 2
1
+ a, = +rs) Us,:az\+(r1+1s]tur -/rlt(xr +x)(vz-v)l
il(rz
1

i+ a,=i l*r(yr-!s+ai:uil+xz\g:"
.yz+yr-gr)'+xr(ys-yz+h-t)l
+ o, = l*, (yr- yd) + xz (Jt - yrl + xs Ur - y)l
*
11
+ L, =
i(Areaof
AABC) =
iO,
Hence,Areaof ADEF =
| tnt". of AABC;'"j' '
ExAMrLE o Theoefiiceso! LABC areA(4,0,gL,'iiinrdC'(7,2)
.,AD.AE 1 Alineibitiawntointtxct
sides AB and AC at D anil E tespectioely such tlut';; = '^1'*
ara of L ABC.
fr A7'= 7i;caleubtetlrc'meaof LaDE
and compare it with the
SOLUTION Wehave,
ADAEl
ABAC4
-=-=-
AB AC
AD AE
-=-=4
AD+DB AE+EC
+ =-=4 l

+ _ADAE
t*DB =\+EC =4 Fig.14.40
 ,,
-^--r
GOffibEOMETRY
&*lr

+' $U*=g ,] .4.-:.,1 .. 1.,'r..,{, '"''(' ,,.-i,l;-,J..ir,;.i,F

AD AE ^r;i.l
.

,i

f,le"s * r1jffi'\ 6)- (1 x 6 + 7x 5 + 4 x 2)l

Area of l,r^rc, =

=) Areaof A
'r
*Cgt@i z+ tz,t- a* ih*rt
-tt ".

:mY, {l"S;t'In'}l:;2 !H9^!*? lr Y,yW.q a Arc, th*,dw rhii;ifi#t

of Dare(l,O).
t4A2 '' i' t.]rlv_fr4GfrlEtr*f(:ffe$ix!

Area of L ABC = |2"1a * -2 + 3 x 2 + 5 x *5) - (3 x -6 + 5 x -21 4 xz)l

1

=, Areaof LABC =
ilt-a+6-30)-(-18-10+8)l
:+ Areaof LABC =ll-U+ 201=5sq.trnits
2'.
Also,wehave
4 '........' 3 '........'4 i..-..i 4
!: eg;;qi
\ .. -6e*'r-2r"'\ o '"\-6
Area ot L, ABD=
il y#A;.;ilj; I lT,&l

:+ Ar€a of a,ABD=|tt-t+0-24)-(-18'-s+0)l

; Area of a
= Lt*-o +
ABD 261= 3 sq. units

, Areaof :LABC' 6 2 P(4, o) c(5,2)

Areaot AABD 3 1 Fig.14.41

TypeII ON FII{Dlilc THE AREA OF A OUADHILATERAL WHEN COORDTNATES OF ITS VERTICES

AREGIVEN ,.i , I :*., , i.
EXAMpLE g Find the aren of the quadrilatqal ABCD whose oertices are respectioely A (1., 7),
B (7, -3) C(72, 2) and D (7, 27).
SOLUTION Wehave,
Area of quadrilateral ABCD =lAreaof AABC l+l Areaof AACD I

cl'tz',2t

. A(1,1) B(7, -3)

FU.14.42
Wehave,
1'... ...7;... ..,1!t.. ..,1
, ,'t':'.-r r':o:'. ', r':':'t 1

Area of L ABc= x -3 + 7 x 2 +12 x 1) - (7 x 1 + 12 x (-3) + 1 x 2)l

1 1,,
 CIOORDINATEGEOMETRY t4.4t

:+ Areaof AABc=.211(-3+14,+,e)-,(z-36+2)l .r,, , :

:+ Areaof AABC= 1lr,

2'
+2zl=25sq.unib
| -- -r- -_-*
Alsorwehave ': : , '.,,r'., ':r:
1 r: ' I ....-..r.1 2.=.j,.,., ? ..........1
I ,r..-...
2 r....,.21r.-..1
1
,: Area of LACD =
; lC + L2x 2! t 7 xtl; (12 x,1+ Z x2+ 1x 2t)l ',
x2 ,.
.

+ Areaof LACD= }lt, +Z5z+7r-(12+ta+21)l '': l

2t\
+ Area of AACD = lpOt
2' - 4Zl = 107 sq. units
Areaof qua&ilateral ABCD = 25 + 107 = l32sq. units

FORMULA Three points (x1, yr),: (x2,y2 ) and (r3, y,r) are coltircar tff . ..

\ - ys) + xz gs - yt) + xs (h - !z) =0

(Az

or, (xflz+xzlstxs!)-(xfls+xslz+xz1)=0 r
EXAMPLE s Prooe trut the points (2, -z), (-s, B) and (-1, 4) arc collinear.
soLUTIoN Let Abe the areaof the triangleformedbythe givenpoints.

i r{z x a +(-3) x
= -.i:;j,;; :;-l(-2) +(-1) x 8+2x a}l
^
:+ A=+l(15-12+2)-(6-8+8)l 'j:;'l,'i,
z.
+ a=1lo-61=o
z',1
' rxluPLE 10 Prwe that ttu points (a, b + c), (b, c + a) and (c, a + b) are collinmr; TCBSE 20101
- SOIUTION Let A be the area of the triangle formed by the points (a,b + cl,(b,c + a) and
(c, a + b).

' a b 'r.,r' o
"':"."'
r"ac+n l"\o*b ' 'r^,'
ro.h+c
D+c

L= (c + a) + b (a + b) + c(b + c) - {b (b +c) + c (c + a) + a (a + b)}l

rl {a }
14,.44 MATHEMATICS-X

+ a= I2t'llac+a2 +ab+b2 +bb+cz) (i2 +bc+'cl +,ca+a2 +ab1l

'l :

=+ A=0 i . '. l' '

Hence, the given points are collinear.

Try e IV ON FINDNG mE DESIRED RESULT OR UNKNOWN WHEN THREE POINTS ARE
COLLINEAR
EXAMPLE Il For what oalue of k are the points (k, 2 - 2k) (-k + 7, 2k) and (4 'k, 6 - 2k) are
collinear?
SOLUTION . Given points will be collinear, if area of the triangle formed by them is zero.
Wehave,

ft .,r..;k+1.,.,.,.-4 -t.._7 t,,

Z-2kr"\zk
r""^ 6-Zk\ -Zft
i.e.

| {
zr'z + t-r + 1x6 - 2k) + (-a - kx2 - 2k)
} - {t-r+ rya- 2k)+ (-4.' k)(2k)+*(5 -- 2,t) } | = 0

=+|pr2+o.ak+2k2+2k2+6k_8)-(2-4ft12ft2.-g15.2k2+6kL2k2.\|.:o
+ Gk2 -2--2)-(+k2 -6k+2)=o

:=) 2k2 +k-1=0,=+ (2k-r1){k+1;=0 = k =\12 or; &=-1 ':

Hence, the given points are collinear for k = 7/2or, k = -1.. t

EXAMPLE 12
For what aalue of x will tile points (x, -1), (2,7) and G, 5) lie on a line?
SOLUTIoN Given points will be collinear if the area of the triangle formed by them is zero.
Wehave,
.r..... .....2..... .....4..... ..... r
'' -1
1r" ". 1," "\5 ''
Area of the triangle = 0
:+ l{rx1+ 2x5+4x(-1)}-{(2"-1+4x1+ri<S1l =g
+ (r+10-4)-(-2+4+5r)=0 .

+ -4r+4=0 j, r -- .I . .

+ x=L
" Hence, the given points lie on a line, if r = 1.
ExAMPLE13Finiltheconditionthatthepoint(x,y)mayliebnthelinejoining(3,4)and('5,-6).
SOLUTION Since the point P (a y) lies on the line joining A
(3, 4) and B C5,-6). Therefore, P , :

A and B are collinear points.

.t .. r -5;r.t*
;;r...;3
lt 4-6v
{4x + 3x -6 + (-5) x y} - {sy *(-5) x a + r x (-6)} = I
 CO-ORDINATEGEOMETRY
14.45

=+' (4r- 18- 5y) -(3y - 5x -?f) = e

:+ lOx-By +2=0 + 5r-4y+l=0
Hence, the point (a y) lies on the line joining (3, 4) and (-5, if Sx _ 4y +1 0. {),
EXAMPLE 14 If P y) is any point o the tine joining the points A (a;0) and B (0,= b), then shou: that
(x,
x. u
-*1=1
a Lb [cBsE2oGr]
SoLUTIoN It is given that the point P (x, y) Iies on the line segment joining pornts (a,
A 0) and
B(Qb).Therefore,PointsP(x,y),A(a,o)andB(0,D)arecoIlinearpoints.

"::t:-'a
,..^
"''t" 0 """' '
y r_.\
or..\ b a
(rx 0+ axb +0*y)- (axy +0x0+ xxb) = g
+ ab -(W +bx) = g

=+ ab = ay +bx
ab_ry,bx
A-A- ob [Dividing throughout by abl

=) t={+I or{ +!=1.

b a--a'b
EXAMPLE 15 If the points (p, q), (m, n) and (p
- m, q - n) are collinear, show that pn qm.
=
[cBsE 20101
soLUTIoN Givenpoints are collinear. Therefore
p .... ...fi ....I"_rr...-
....p
, ''i':''
, -dt:tq ,r'{
lp x n + rn (q - n) + (p -
- lm x q + (p - m) n + p (q,_ n)l = 0
m) ql
:+ (W+qm-flil+pq-mq)-(mq+W-nn*W-pn)=0
:+ (pn+pq-tm)-(mq-mn+p1l =0
:+ flt-mq=O
:

=) w=qm
EXAMpLE 16 Find k so llat the.y2t( y. (:!, o tia on the line --d' joining A (k,.t}) and
--'-- sesmmt
! !3, -8): Also,fyd the ratio in whlich dioides eg
p
TCBSE 20101
soLuIoN lf P (4, 6) lies on the line segment joinin g A (k,10) and B (3, *,*.. p, a a -g),
are collinear. ""a
,1.. ..k. .3.
=4
6 ," "r10r' 'a3 r"""'16
(-4 x 10 + k x -8 + 3 x 6) - (6k + 30 + -4 x
-8) = g
(-40
-8k + 18) - (6k + 30 + 32) = 0
+ Fn-8k)-(6k +62)=0
-1,4k-84=0
k=4
 t4.6
MAT}IEMATICS-X

Suppose P divides AB in the ratio ), ; !. Then, the coordinates of p are (

But,thecoordinatesofPare (4,6). \ *#
:v I '
,
+#)
. 3x-6
l,+1 =-4
and
ffi=a
.-2 A({, 10) P(_4,6) B(3, -S)
=i /"=-
7 Fis.14.43

Hence, P divides AB in the ratio ? , 1 or Z :2.

,/
TypeV MIXED PROBLEMS BASED UPONTHE coNcEPT oF AREA oF ATBIANGLE
EXAMPLE 17 lf e
the aertices of a triangle haae integral coordinates, prooe thnt the triangle cannot
equilateral. - 'r be

SOLUTION l*t A(xr,yr),8(x2,yr) and c(xs,y) betheverticesofatriangreABC,where

x ;, ! i, i = 1, 2, 3 are integers. Then, the area of L, ABC is given by
1
o =, l*, (y, - !) + xz (as - y) + xs Ur - y)l
:+ A=A rational number I'.' xi,y; are integers]
If possible,let the hiangleABCbe an equilateral triangle, thenits area is givenby

^=f
(side)2 =*rn r, I'.' AB = BC = CAI
'.' veitices are integers l
:+ A= (Apositiveinteger), f
f l:. AB2 is a positive integer-l
:+ A = An irrational number
This is
a contradiction to the fact that the area is a rationalnumber.
Hence, the triangle cannot be equilateral.
EXAMPLE te If the coordinates of two points A and B are (3, 4) and (5,
coordinates of^any point P, if
- 2) respectiaely. Find the

PA = PB and Area of L,pAB = 10.

SOLUTION Let the coordinates of p be (A y). Then,
PA=PB
=) lA2 = pB2
=) (x-Z)2 +(y-4)2 =(x-5)2 +(y+2)2
.=r x-3y-1=0 ...(i) ts
Now, Area of L,PAB = 10
.r ............3 .....,.... -5
r""t'a4 r'""^
.u _rr"t""'.y

+ ll*n-+
3x -2 + 5y) - (3y + 20- 2x)l = 1s
 : COORpnIafiiCEON,IETRy
u.4z

=+ l1+x + SV - 6) - (-Zx + ty +20)l = 29

. :+ 6x +2y -26 =t2fi ; i.

' :+ 6x+2y-g=0or,6x+2y_6=Q,, ''

' =+ 3x+y-23=0or,3r+y-3=O
"'(ii)
Solving x-3y-1=0 and Ox+y-zg-0weget
x=7,a=2.
Solving x - gy -1 = 0 and 3x + y- 3 = 0.weget' x, 1.,y"= _Ot.
=
Jhus,' the coordinates of p are (7, 2) or (1, 0).
gxalrrlp rs The coordinates of A, B, C are (6, j), (_3, S) and (4, _2) respectioely and p
is any point

k, fl. show that the ratio of the areas of triangres pBC ana eac isl*+Al
SOLUTION Wehave,
..... _3....._.....4 ..... x
.....
y ,.'
'..
S
r. .....
-._zr..'...y

Area of APBC = j
1
l(5x + 6 + 4y) _ (_gy + 20 _ 2x)l
2t\

= Areaof LpBc =f,lu* +6 + 4y +3y _zo+2xl

1
+ Area of ApBC *lZ*
= 2',
+ 7y
r _7al
--l
I

+ Area of L1BC =rrl, + y _ zl

'+ Areaof LABc='=lu+3-21

2' [Replacingl[f andy = 3l
lin Area of L,pBC l
, :+ Areaof AABC=9
2

##*#=T
7,
. Area of a PBC ;lx + v -'l
=I*FI
2

' 1. Findtheareaofatrianglewhoseverticesare
EXERCTSE 14.5
' (, (G,g),(-9,5) and (4,-2)
(n) @fi , 2at), @tl, ?at2) md 1at!, zatr)
(iii) (a, c + a), (a,c) and (_a, c _ a)
2. Find the area of the quadrilaterals, the coordinates of whose
vertices are
(i) (-3, 2), (5, 4), (7 , - 6) and (-5, _ 4) (ii) (1, 2), (6,2),(5, 3) and (3, 4)
(ii, (-4, -2),(1,-5),(3,*2'),(2,3) TNCERTI rirjgzoogl
14.,t8 MATFIEMATIC]S:X

3. The fourverticesof a quadrilateral are (1,2)1(-5;6),(7.-4) and (k,*2) takeninorder.If the

area of the quadrilateral is zero, find the value of k.
4, The vertices of A,ABC are (-2,1), {5, 4) and (2, -3) respectively. Find the area of the
triangle and the length of the altitude through A
5. Show that the following sets of points are collinear.
(a) (2,5), (4, 6)and (8, 8) (b) (1, -7),(2, 1) and (4, 5).
11 ,.
6. Prove that the points (4, 0), (0, b) and (1, 1) are collinear if, =
;* i
7. The point A divides the join of P (-5, 1) a1d Q (3, 5) in the ratio k : 1. Find the two values
of k ior which the area ort L ABC where B is (1, 5) and C (7, -2)is equal to 2 units.
8. The area of a triangle is 5. Two of its vertices are (2, 1) and (3, -2). The tfurd vertex lies on
! third vertex.
= x + 3. Find the
9. It a * *
c, provethatthepoints (a,a2),(b,b2),(c,c2; canneverbecollinear.
b
10. Four points A(6,3),8(1,5'),C(4,- 2) and D(x,3x) are given in sucha way that

ADBC 1, tlldX.
-.
AABC= --2,
11. For what value of a the point (a, 1),(1,, -1) and(1 1, 4) are collinear?
12. Provethatthepoints(a,b), (ar,b) and (a - a1,b - Dr) arecollinearif ab1= a1b.

13. If three points (r1, ! ), (xz, U z), (\, y3 ) lie on the same line, prove that
Az-Ae , lr-Az -n
, As-At T--v.
XZXI XgXt X1XZ

14.lf (x,y)beonthelinejoiningthetwopoints(1,-3)and (4,2\,provethat r *y +'2=0.

1.5. Findthevalueof kif points (k,3)',(6,-2)and(-3,4)arecollinear. ICBSE2008l
16. Findthevalueofk,if thepoints A(7,-2),8(11)andC (3,2k) aiecollinear.tcBSE20l0l

17. If the point P (nr, 3) lies on the line segment joining:the points O(-Z,e) *a B(2,8),
find thevalueof m. lcBsE 20101

18. If R(x,y)isapointonthelinesegmentjoiningthepointsP(a,b)and Q(b,a),thenprove

thatr+ !=a+b. ICBSE 20101

19. Findthevalueof k,if thepoints A(8,1), B(3,- 4)and C(2tk) arecollinear.[CBSE2010l

20. Find the value of a lor which the area of the triangle formed by the points
A (!,2a1), B (-2,6) and C (3, 1) is 10 square units.

ANSWENS
49
t. (t\ i sq. units (ii) a2 (\ - tz)(rz - re) (re - h) (iii) ,z
2. (i) 80 sq. units (ti)
+ sq. units (iii) 28 sq. units 3: & = 3
40
4. 20 sq. units.
,56 7. k =7 or-3t9 ,.(r,T) " ?i,i)
 CO€RDINJATE GEOI\,IETRY
1{J9

11 -3
s 'T- 11. a=5 15. t=-5
-1
2
16. k=2 m=4
17. 19. t=-5 ZO. a=O,I
l::. :.:,": :
i i ::,,':r-'
i6fr5!', 6.stdb.rE#,pr{6Br\E#s
htoz.ht.)- Then-
(atsz,?rrts). Then,
;:;;,;:*;,ffi':;
Wehave,

+ A=
i lea2tz 4 +2az t22 tr,,;a2 trz ti-en? trb? +2a2 trtr2 +za2 tr2 trll
:+ A = a2lttrr, * tr2t,
+ tr, t ) -lrrrr; *,rrr;-i,rlf i
:+ A = a2l$r' t,,
- trztr1 + Ur't, - tztsz)+ (tr2h - nr;rl
::) A = A2ltr, {tr-fs) + tzts (t2- ,3) tr(tri
- - trr)l . r

't ,:. 1

=t A = a2 tr,
f
-rr{rr, + t2ts - trt, - trb\
=) A=o'frrr-rrl{frr,-trrr)-(ri,fs.OOril'
",i,
.,. .:1 r_.:. ,

=+ L = a2l1t, -tr'1{tr(h - tz)- re (h - rz)}l ,, ,i .

=t
L = 02l$, -tr)(tz - t)(r3 - r1)l

(iii) I,"t a be the area of the hiangle formedly

the poihts (a, c + a), (a, c) and(-a, c - a).
Wehave
 I-
t'sTrxffi:mffit
:i -- - rr
tr*
--
;(
iir
=lilt* - zd)* t*$r '-r!:,1! ,$ f,

^
* ;,, - o$1-rrl =qrro*.1grit
^
i. ". i5; \: i- ri :a.

gqta&&4*.ffi _W.&@dla$d-Qb.5,:fl .he$e-ffi s$.s.f-Sr-qsedsle*H!,

i"'"'tlhn,r&i*] i 1rr '' ''' "-r._:, "]'ii?:l;' ':,,; 1,,,,
.;: ; ;I
2 i'.41"\-6t''t ^I:'rrlj"'"
2 "':3vi'ti:rt'r,

. 1 lrr .,. .. ,1:i ,. _.. :t.; .., .,.' j\i. . ,

Area of A ABC =
i t t**,a. m,#$ (tS*.8 "t lpll
"
r;.M4,4 ary &: 4,="1*S:qrEF .i,,r x
=*-l-,
Wehave,

i{5
:+
. {' :::

(ii) If,t A (1,21, B (6,21, C (5, 3) and D (3, 4)tb{f,s.Uerdct*bf *.*}pen qirdahErd.
tthhave,

3. wt A (1, 21, B (-1$; 61, C {7,- 4) aqd D (trn 2) F.&cvrrtiseg q*S,e quedfrhQral.
1{/elrave,

;'
tetmn$ffit@tvfE'IRy fjsrsl

":i i /'1jir '-l[";,i;,

c =f,l{10 + zo * rni:i-i6iffij1'-,.,;:r:-;]I,:,i':; .i

| tno - 28) = 5r*:do

Area of A ABC
: =
Also,wehave 919i ;.i.::j

A{e" ot
^
AcD =
f,{e- 14 + x,) - (t4- 4k - ili t
It''l: "'i: - .']ti':'
+ Area df.A = 18)-.(12 - **)}. i
r r ^cD
: .
= |{rx .:- .l . , i.-. -!..

=t Arrea of A r 1

Areaof quadritateral 'ABCD = 6 + 3k - 15 =:91 L 9

ItisgiventhatttrearedofquadrilatUifufiszec. ,' ,, : - ''

it|-{i:1

Area of MBC = I lt-t- - 15

-- {'-,2) - (5 + 8 + 6)l = 20 rq. unih i'
2t'
wehave, rc =,,ffi+1a jJfl = GE' ::.,
Now, :

/
;1;

1
Area of &{BC =;BCx(Iangrhof theattitu{"tnlorrfi,l1' '
,,"
-t
,o =
lx J56'x l-ength of the alritude tfuo.Bh .{ . l

I.etq5thof thealtitudethrough = 40
'i'1 :'iE-: (i

+
:+ ab=a+b
:+ -ab
l=-+- 11
ab ab
=:a -*-:-=l
ab
 l-.T
i:l
t

,' :i'l.:tt,' r':ilifiAffffi*#M9tX

?. It is given ttrat tlxe point.A {ivides thejgin of P (- 5, 1) and Q (g $ in the ratio

k:l.So,thecoordinatesofdani :: i:. ;1ri& -
1;1.

f+g 5k+r)
tffi'H ) '
: :tr: *1il-i:

wehave, .t i. .:i r.t'l:,{u':,-'',

n
, 3t-5
'r.. i ..r+
. r"- \r-.A _.:',:]
J'a t + 1

5t+1

!:';;11 ':" ' r' .-r:'

+ i ;;::j.,:r".
:+
t,.
:+ 5k = 3"5,;9k ='31 :t:ii:..'rii-:i
",.
k '9 =L
=7.k
I,gt the third vertex fu A k, u). Ottrer two vertices
:: ._: triangle rye B (2,1)
of the anC
c(3,-2).

r.'*,.j'..7.
t t
"..*:"
.3..'...,
\.i.
y ,'t. I lt''\-z y
'"\
Areaof MBC=5 sq. units

!+ ilO- 4+3y\-(2y+3-2r)l=$ ,
.;
 M 1*.S

=+ |tr-4+3y-2y-3+ir)l=5
+ * { *71=5 "
'l ' r'i: ' li+r "r*"i
|lr,
+ 3x+y-7=t10

i . i ..: i ,..... .1..

I i ' u-' i. '*1:r/\ " ir.':r';1'l:' *:l

Solving 3x+y+3=0 and y =t*3,weget r=* and u u= ]

' 2 2 ,,, ,.

;,''" =
Hence,thecoordinareeortherhirdvertex"*
(1, f ) *(T,f,f! '.
9. IetAbethe,ateaof thetriangleformedbyttcpoints (a,azl,1D}a2) and.tc,c2), wehave,
o b 1..-.r' c a..-J' a
"ru."
a2t"'r. 6? r'''t, rz l'-'t o2 |.

':.
A = r|G*
+ bc2 + ca2'y - 1a2b + fc + fla'sl t:
.j'
': { -1i:.

d :* a= - a2bl + (8 - rcz\ + gcz - u2c,1l

ti
f,l{a2c
l
:+ A = rl*'Q - c) + a (b2 - c2)- bc (b - cll

:+ o=
ll(b -q{-n' +a(&+r)*&,}f.,,,,,, rr:;i 1:

(-o'*ab+rc-b.)[ . i
^=;lta-rl
{*'(o- - b)}l
*lta -
=+ = cl D) + c(a
^
=+ A=llta-cl @-b)(c-a)l
,l Itisgiventhat a*b*c.
A*0
I{erte, giv*r points are r,rever mllinear.
10. l4hhave, tiri.:
 I-i"f
I

Yf:rilFExElEElilnlffi4x 1

,t '
Areaof ADBC =:l(5,+6+12x)-ft&:+rlo-t2ry1., -'{s .. r xil. L '

.t

+ Areaof ADBC = |11znr-r4)l=114r-7|.=712x-,1L,,.. - \s + s[,.i

;''
*l
Also,wehane i-Ii:t*t*q.+:$
-

6:l
6 '.. ..-3 r..,,.' 4 rr....' 6
3 ,''i. , ,"'ttt-ZA\t+
'! 'tr:i) *' i'i -- r: + t[ *=
: 1 ,{ i \ -- { au c,=i! it -l i
q *.#15tr l"{t tmrli ne i.** *'i t{

. Area of aA{,= ltso * 6r+ 12) 4-e *

i ? - lDl * E ;' :rfl uuln**
'" $: *'{"q'* *
.
$*F] 3w
'$'
+ r t3 "iE
!+ U
^^;:I ii-[t;=
Area or
No$r, r, i.'+n 1- -= t- '!*'*'..Fw
"S'i,
;: "" t .lus'- it "- fl' ' H r'.st t rivirrt

terhrir{i grr}:} i* sst{}xth+tid}} grll ,*ltst{

+ 7l2x -tl
.-
'2 ; i'tfi{|
ut,.tr,,,ir*'s"d .i!t,u"$,:* ,1.{*.p} Srxl E*#f "+dMermrTei5qti*rt3.**$&s*r.v?}r-**ter.{*i?I .E

i!, ;::. .f ..i:

::t lzx-t1=Lu ',. I .- F e leti: * t

<. !'r * - {1r,- . '*.{ '.i.rl - r f,

a -a
tr- . *sr..)
-l = ,4
,

2s ',4
=* .t

:!,

:+
u tt, ,tri * a
11. PoiRts{*.I), (1,- 1} ard (q, *}'nill b€ 'o,i
ir.
l, ;
r+.]i.'
l;,,1j, ;# )di",,' + \,,
:; ' a
 CO-ORDINATEGEOMETRY
14.55

{ab, + a1(b - b) + (a - a) bl - {orU + (a - ar) b1 + a (b_ br )} = O

(ab, + arb - arb, + ab - qb) - (arb + ab, - arb, + ab _ abr) =g
:+ (ab, - a1b1 + ab) - (arb - ap, + ab) = g
+ ab1-arb=0
=) ab1 = a1b

13. ur*: (\, yr), @2, y) and (xs, ys)are collinear

rt'..-.-....r2....,, 13 ....., rl
) r"'\ yz r.ta. )r r.'i yr
(xflz + xfl) - (xzh + xsAz + xtVs) = 0
xzAs +

(xflz - xflg) + (xzys - xzA) + @sh - xz1z) = 0

\ (Az - A)- yr) + xs (Ar - A) = 0

+ xz 0s
\(Yz-Ys) +xr(yr-yr) *xs(h-y) _,
\xzIs xrx2xs xrx2xs
Az-lg *As-Ur *At-Az
X2XS XtXg XtX2 =g

Very Short AnswerType euestions (VSAOs)

Multiple Choice euesilons (MCAel
Summary
VSAQs
Ansuer each of the following questions either in one word or one sentence or as per requirement of thc
questians:

1. write the distance between the points A (10 cos 0, 0) and B (0, 10 sin 0).
2. writetheperimeterof thetriangleformedbythepoints o(o,o),A(a,0)and B(o,b).
3. Write the ratio in which the line segment joining points (2, 3) and (3, is divided by X -2)
axis.
4. what is the distance between the points (5 sin 50o, 0) and (0, s sin 30.)?
5' IfACL,S),8(1,-L)andC(5,1)aretheverticesofatriangleABC,whatisthelengthofthe
medianthroughvertexA? -
6. If the distance between points (r, 0) and (e 3) is 5, what are the values of x?
7. what is the area of the triangle formed by the points o (0, o), A(5, 0) and B (0, 4\?
8. write the coordinates of the point dividing line segment joining points (2, 3) and (3,4)
internally in the ratio 1 : 5.
9. If the centroid of the triangle-formed by points p (a ,b), (b, c)and R (c, a) is at
e the origin,
what is the value of a + b + c?
14J$ MATHEMATICS_X

10. InQ.No.g,whatisthevalue of t *t *t,ab

bc ca
11. Write the coordinates of a point on X-axis which is equidistant from the points (- 3, 4)
and (2,5).

12. If the mid-point of the segment ioining A (x, y +1) and B (r +,t, y + z) is r(i,i),
ana*, v.
13. Two vertices of a triangle have coordinates (- 8, 7) and (9, 4). If the centroid of the triangle
is at the origiry what are the coordinates of the third vertex?
14. Write the coordinates the reflections of point (3,5) in X.and y-axes..
15. If points Q and R reflections of point P (- 3, 4) in X and y axes respectively, what is
eR?

15. write the formula for the area of the triangle having its vertices at (x1, y)
!1), @2, and,
(xs,y).
17. Write the condition of collinearity of points (xr, y r\, (xz, y
) and {4, 6).
18. Find the values of x for which the distance between the point p (2,-g) and
e (r, 5) is 10.
19. write the ratio in which the line segment doining the points A (3,-6) and B (5, 3) is
dividedbyX-axis.

20. Findthedistancebetweenthepoints(-i,r;""0(?,r) tcBSE200el

21. Find the value of a so that the point (3, a) lies on the line represented by
zx _ 3y + 5 = 0

?2. WhatisthedistancebetweepthepointsA(c,0)andB(0,].lz [:331;ffii

23. It P (2, 6) is the mid-point of the line segment joining A (6, 5) and.B (4, y), find y.
lcBsE 20101
24. If the distance between the points (3, 0) and (0, y ) is 5 units and y is positive, then what
is the value of y?
ICBSE 20101
25. If P (x,6) is the mid-point of the line segment joiningA (6,5) and B (4,y),hnd,y.
lcBsE 2010I
26. r:.P is_the mid-pointof the line segment joining the pointsA (6, -s) andB (1,11),
-(2-,p)
find the value of p. TCBSE 2010I
27. rf A (1,,2), B (4,3) and c (6,6) are the three vertices of a parallelogram ABCD,
find the
coordinates of fourthvertex D. TCBSE 20101

ANSWENS

1. 10 1
z. iab 3. 3:2 4. 5 5.5 6, t4
7. 12 sq. units ,. ('%,'%) r. , 10. 3
11. (%,0) 12. (1,t, 13. (-1,-11) :,4. (s,-s),(-3,s) 15. 10

+
- y) + xt(yr - y)l
f,l*, ru, - a)
16. xz(ae

77, \(az-y)+xz{ys* a)+ xs(ar-a) =0 18. 8 -4 19. 2:7

CO.ORDINATEGEOMETRY

20.2 1 -
2'.
l. 22. Jzc 23.7 24. 4 2s.7
;
26. 3 27. (3,6'
MCQg
Markthe correct alternatiae in eaeh of thifollowing:
1. The distancebetween thepoints (cos0, sin0) and (sinO - cosO) is
(a) .6 (b) .tr (c) (d) 1 2
. 2. The distance between the points (a cos 2So, 0) and (0, a cos 65o) is
(a) a @) 2a (c) 3a ,
(d) Noneof these i
3. tf r is a positive integer such that the distance between points p (x, z) and
QQ,-6) is 10 units, thenr =
(a) 3 (b) -3 (c) e (O -e
4. The distance between the points (a cosO + D sinO, 0) and (0, a sin0 - b cos0) is
(a) az +b2 (b) a+r (c) a2 -b2 (d) JT;F
5. If the distance between the points (4,p) and (1, 0) is 5, then p =
(a)t4 (b)4 (c)-4 (d)0
6. Alinesegementisoflengthl0units.Ifthecoordinatesofitsoneend are(2,-3)andthe
abscissa of the other end is 1O then its ordinate is
(a) 9,6 (b) 3, - 9 (c) - 3,9 * (d) 9, - 6
7. The perimeter of the triangle formed by the points (0, 0), (1, 0) and (0, 1) is

(a) 1r
"E (b) .tr + r (c) 3 (d) z+ ^11
8. ltA (2,2), B (-4, - 4) and c (5, -8) are the vertices of a triangre, then the length of the
median through vertex C is
(a) .65 (b) ./iu (c) .E (d) ",ffi
9. If three points (0, 0), (3, J5) and (3, l,) form an equilateral triangle, then l, =
(a) 2 (b) -3 (c) -4 (d) Noneof these
10. If the points (k, 2k), (gk,3k) and (3, 1) are collinmr, then k

h); 1
o-+ k)i (d) i
11. The coordinates of the point on X-axis which are equidistant from the points
(-3, 4) and (2,5) are

(a) (20,0) (b) (-23,0) el (i,o) (d) Noneof these

12. lf (-1,2), (2, -L)and (3, 1) are any three verlices of a parallelogram, then
(a) a=2,b=0 (b) a=-2,b=0
(c) a=-2,b=6 (d) a=6,b=2
14.58 MATHEMATICS-X
MATHEMATIC!

13. lf A(5,3), B(11,-5)ar:rdP(12,y)aretheverticesofarighttrianglerightangledatP,then

v-
(a) -2,4 b) -2, 4 2,-4
(c\ (d) 2,4
14. Theareaof thetriangleformedby (a,b+c),(b,c+a)and(c,a+b)is f

(a)a+b+c b)abc (c)(a+b+c)z (d)0

15. If (r, 2), (-9, - 4)and (7, - 5) are collinear, then l =
(a) 60 (b) 63 (c) - 63 (O - 50
16. If points (t, 2t),(-2,6)and (3, 1) are collinear, then f =
'(a)Z
.3453 (b)A (c)I (d)s
17. Iftheareaofthetriangleformedbythepoints(x,2x),(-2,6)and(3,1)is5squareunits,
then r=
23
(a)T (b)B (c)3 (Os

18. If points (a,0),(0,b)and(1,1)arecollinear,,t"r, 1* =

i
(a)1 (b)2 (c)0 (d)-1
19. If the centroid of a triangle is (1,4) and two of its vertices are (4, - 3) and (-9, 7), then the
area of the triangle is

(a) lS3sq.units (b) $sq.units (c) 366sq.units

L (d)
\', rysq.units
2 ', 4 r
20. The line segment joining points (- 3, - 4), and (1, - 2) is divided by y-axisin the ratio
(a) 1 :3 (b) 2:3 (c) 3:1 (d) 2:3
21. The ratio in which (4, 5) divides the ioin of (2, 3) and (7, 8) is
(a) -2:3 (b) -3:2 (c) 3:2 (d) 2:3
22. The ratio in which the r-axis divides the segment joining (3, 5) and (12, - 3) is
(a) 2:1 (b) 7:2 (c) -2: 1 (d) 1 : -2.
23. Ifthecentroidofthehiangleformedbythepoints(a,b),(hc)and(c,a)isattheorigin,then
a3 +b3 +c3 =
(a)abc (b)0 (c)a+b+c (d'ySabc
24. If points (1, 2) , (- 5,6) and (a, - 2) are collinear, then a =
(a) -3 (b) 7 (c) 2 (d) -2
25. If thecentroidof thetriangleformedby (7,x),(y,-6)and(9,10) isat(6,3),then (r,y) = i

(a) (4,5) (b) (5, 4) (c) (- 5, - 2) (d) (5, 2)

26. The distance of the point (4,7) fuomthe r-axis is
(a) a @ 7 (c) 11 (d) .J6s
27. Tllre distance of the point (4, 7) from the y-axis is
@) a @7 (c) 11 (d) ..165

28. lf P is a point on r-axis such that its distance from the origin is 3 units, then the
coordinates of a point Q on OY such that OP = OQ,, are
(a) (0,3) (b) (3,0) (c) (0,0) (d) (0,-3)
 CGORDINATEGEOMETRY .14.9

29' If the point (a 4) lies on a circle whose centre is at the origin and radius
is 5, then x =
(a) ts (b) ts (c)o (d) t+
30. If the point P (r, y) is equidistant frorn A (5, 1) and B (_1, 5), then
(a)Sx=y (b)r=5y (c)3x=2y (d)2x=3y
31. If points A(5,p), B(1,5), C(2,7)and D(6,2) formasquareABCD,thenp=
(a) 7 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 8
32' Thecoordinatesofthecircumcentreofthetriangleformedbythepoints
O(0,0),A(a,0)
and B (0, b) are

(a) (a,b) ,,
e,i) n,
'33' The coordinates oJ a point on r-axis
(XA (d) (b,a)
which lies on the perpendicular bisector of the line
segment joining the points (7,6) and (_3, 4) are
(a) (0,2) (b) (3,0) (c) (O3) (d) (2,0)
34. If the centroid of the triangle formed by the points (3,
(k,-1), then k = -5), (-7,4),(10, +) is at the point
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
35. rf (-2,1) is the centroid of the triangle having its vertices
at (x, o), (s, - 2),(-g, y) , then
x,y satisfy the relation
(a) 3r *8y = 0 O) 3x_By =g
(c) gr +3y = 0 (d) Br =3y
35' The coordinates of the fourth vertex of the rectangle formed
by tfie points (O,O), (Z,o),
(0,3) are
(a) (3,0) (b) (0,2) (c) (2,3) (d) (3,2)
37' The length of a line segment joining A (2,1)and B is 10 units.
If the abscissa
- - -' of - is
-- B - 10
units, then its ordinates can be
(a) 3or-9 (b) -3or9 (c) 6or2V (d) _6 or _27
38. The ratio in which the line segment joining F (xr,
ar) and e ez, y) is divided by
r-axis is
(a) h , yz (b) -h : yz (c) x, : x, (d) _x., : x,
39. The ratio in which the line segment joining poi nts A(a1,4
) and B (ar, br)is divided by
y-axis is
(a) -o1 : a2 @) a, : a, (c) bt : bz (d) _bt : bz
40. If the line segment joining the points (3, *4), and (1, 2) is
trisected at points p (a, _2) and
o(3,r) rhen,
- g,
2
(il a=i,b=a (b)
7
a=i,b=o
(c) a=i,o=l
1

1d) a=1,0=l
 14.fi
MAIHEMATICS-X

A'VSWEFS
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) (a)
5. 6. (b)
7. (d) 8. (c) e. (d) 10. (b) 11. (d) u. (c)
13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a)
le. (b) 20. (c) 21. (d) xz. (a) 23. (O 24. (b)
2s. (d) 26. (b) 2r. (a) 28. (a) 2e. (b) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (b) 3a. (c) 3s. (a) 30. (c)
37. (a) 3e. (a)
9s. Ol 40. (b)

1. ordinate of a given point are the dir,ur,.", of ,hffi

3""*::r:::and
r-axis respectively.
, The coordinates of any point on x-axis are of the
form (r, 0).
3. The coordinates of any point on y-axis are of
the form (0, y).
4. The distancebetweenpoints p (\, yi and e @2, yz) is givenby
rQ=tt@z-\)2+(yr-yr),
Distance of a point P (x,y) from the origin O (0,
0) is given by
J op =,t7+ nz
Thecoordinatesof thepointwhichdividesthejoinofpoints p(xt,y)*and
internallyintheratio mtnare ' -- e @z,yz)

(mxz + nx, ,maz + nat)

\ ,??+n m+n )'
7. The coordinates of the mid-point of the line
segment joining the points p (xr, yr) and
(xz,yz) ur"[ *, + x, h + az\
8' The coordinates of the centroid of triangle formed
by thepoin ts A (xr, yr), B (xz, yz)
and C (4,ys) are
(\+xz+x,j h+az+as\
\ 3 '--i* )'
9, Thearea of the hiangle formed by thepoints A (xt, yr), B (xz,yz) and C(r3,y3) is
1,
,W W2 - a) + xz (As - y) + xs (v, - y)l
1,.
or,
,l$t Uz t xz Ut xs A) - (\ ys + xzAt + xtAz)l

10. Ifpoints A(\,y), B(xr,yr) and C(xs,y) arecollinear,then

xt (Az - y) * xz Uz - yt) + xt (h -
!) = 0