Abstract

The demand for power has increased exponentially over the last century. One
avenue through which today‘s energy problems can be addressed is through the reduction
of energy usage in households. This has increased the emphasis on the need for accurate
and economic methods of power measurement.
The main object of the project is to develop smart energy meter where it is not only
used to measure the consumer‘s power consumption in KWH but also enable and support
real consumption in rupees according to consumer tariff, so meter reader don‘t need to visit
each customer for the consumed data collection and to distributed the bill slip. In our
developed prototype of Smart Energy meter do not have any rotating parts. The energy
consumption is calculated using measurement voltage and current with help of potential
divider and ACS712, measure voltage and current respectively. Power product of voltage
and current, its unit watt or KW and energy is product of power (watt) and time (Hour). We
have used above mentioned formulas for calculating Total Energy Consumption of
consumer with Arduino Programming.
Microcontroller has an interface and we are using 16 X 2 LCD, it is used to show important
unit measurements such as voltage, current, frequently, active and reactive power and
power factors.

1
 INDEX
Title Page
No.
Title page I
Certificate II
Acknowledgement III
Abstract IV
1. Introduction and project overview 7
1.1 Introduction 7
1.2 Overview 7
1.2.1 Basic types of energy meter 7
2. Literature Survey 10
2.1 Paper study- 1 10
2.2 Paper study- 2 10
3. Power and Power Measurement 11
3.1 Power 11
3.2 Power Measurement 13
3.3 Power factor 18
4. Arduino Microcontroller 19
5. AC Power Measurement 21
5.1 Current Measurement using Arduino 21
5.2 Voltage Measurement using Arduino 24
5.3 Equipments 26
5.4 Power Measurement using Arduino 29
GSM Module Shield 33
Result of Measurement 35
6. Conclusion 37
Conclusion
Scope for work
7. Reference 38
8. Appendix – (A) Source Code 39
9. Appendix – (B) ACS712 Current Sensor Datasheet 49
 TABLE OF FIGURES
Sr. Figure No. & Title Page
No. No.
1. Figure-(a) Analog Electronic Energy Meter 8
2. Figure-(b) Digital Electronic Energy Meter 9
3. Figure-(c) Power Measurement-1 13
4. Figure-(d) Power Measurement-2 15
5. Figure-(e) Electrodynamometer Wattmeter 15

6. Figure-(f) Power Triangle 16

7. Figure-(g) Power Measure using Multisim 17
8. Figure-(h) Arduino uno board 20
9. Figure-(i) Block Diagram of DC Power measurement 21
10. Figure-(j) ACS 712 Sensors 22
11. Figure-(k) DC regulated Power Supply 22
12. Figure-(l) Output Result of DC Power measurement 23
13. Figure-(m) Voltage measurement circuit 24
14. Figure-(n) Voltage circuit output waveform 25
15. Figure-(o) Step-down transformer 26
16. Figure-(p) Bridge rectifier 27
17. Figure-(q) Rheostat 27
18. Figure-(r) IC7805 28
19. Figure-(s) 16×2 Display 28
20. Figure-(t) Load circuit 29
21. Figure-(u) Flow chart of power measurement 24
22. Figure-(v) High level Architecture Diagram 31
23. Figure-(w) smart energy meter hardware 31
24. Figure-(x) smart energy meter 32
25. Figure-(y) Result of first load 36
26. Figure-(z) Result of second load 36
Chapter 1 Introduction and Project Overview

Introduction

It is an advanced metering technology involving placing intelligent meters to read,

process and feedback the data to customers. It measures energy consumption, remotely
switches the supply to customers and remotely controls the maximum electricity
consumption. Smart metering system uses the advanced metering infrastructure system
technology for better performance.
These are capable of communicating in both directions. They can transmit the data
to the utilities like energy consumption, parameter values, alarms, etc and also can receive
information from utilities such as automatic meter reading system, reconnect/disconnect
instructions, upgrading of meter software‘s and other important messages. These meters
reduce the need to visit while taking or reading monthly bill. Modems are used in these
smart meters to facilitate communication systems such as telephone, wireless, fiber cable,
power line communications. Another advantage of smart metering is complete avoidance of
tampering of energy meter where there is scope of using power in an illegal way.
Overview-
In this project designing and building smart energy meter, the aim is to provide
awareness to consumer that power consumption and load circuit is measured using
Arduino Programming sketch. The load circuit is consist of resistive, inductive and
capacitive or combination of above. The current flowing circuit is used to measure the
suitable technique and its signal given to Arduino board. Power is being measured using
Arduino programming sketch and it is also used to measure other quantities such as
power factor, active and reactive power etc. and everything is displayed to LCD.
Power of DC circuit and purely resistive AC circuit power is product of voltage and
current and reactive AC current is called as apparent power(VA).
Arduino is an open source single board microcontroller and it provided as open
source, writing platform design to make the process of using electronics in
multidisciplinary project. Arduino is flexible and easy understanding hardware cum
software in our project we have used Arduino Uno microcontroller based on the
Atmega 328.
Basic types of Energy meters
Electromechanical induction type Energy meter
It is the popularly known and most common type of age old watt hour meter. It
consists of rotating aluminum disc mounted on a spindle between two electro magnets.
Speed of rotation of disc is proportional to the power and this power is integrated by the use
of counter mechanism and gear trains. It comprises of two silicon steel laminated
electromagnets i.e., series and shunt magnets.
Electronic Energy meters
These are of accurate, high procession and reliable types of measuring instruments
as compared to conventional mechanical meters. It consumes less power and starts
measuring instantaneously when connected to load. These meters might be analog or
digital. In analog meters, power is converted to proportional frequency or pulse rate and it
is integrated by counters placed inside it. In digital electric meter power is directly
measured by high end processor. The power is integrated by logic circuits to get the energy
and also for testing and calibration purpose. It is then converted to frequency or pulse rate.
- Analog Electronic Energy Meters

In analog type meters, voltage and current values of each phase are obtained by
voltage divider and current transformers respectively which are directly connected to the
load as shown in figure.

Figure-(a) Analog Electronic Energy Meter

Analog to digital converter converts these analog values to digitized samples and it is then
converted to corresponding frequency signals by frequency converter. These frequency
pulses then drive a counter mechanism where these samples are integrated over a time to
produce the electricity consumption.

- Digital Electronic Energy Meters

 Digital signal processor or high performance microprocessors are used in digital
electric meters. Similar to the analog meters, voltage and current transducers are connected
to a high resolution ADC. Once it converts analog signals to digital samples, voltage and
current samples are multiplied and integrated by digital circuits to measure the energy
consumed.

Figure-(b) Digital Electronic Energy Meter

Microprocessor also calculates phase angle between voltage and current, so that it also
measures and indicates reactive power. It is programmed in such a way that it calculates
energy according to the tariff and other parameters like power factor, maximum demand,
etc and stores all these values in a non volatile memory EEPROM.
It contains real time clock (RTC) for calculating time for power integration, maximum
demand calculations and also date and time stamps for particular parameters. Furthermore
it interacts with liquid crystal display (LCD), communication devices and other meter
outputs. Battery is provided for RTC and other significant peripherals for backup power.
Chapter 2 Literature Survey

Paper study- 1
 Measurement of power and energy using Arduino.
 Research journal of engineering sciences ISSN 2278-9472 srvidyadevi P.
pushalathe D. V. and Sharma P. M.
 This paper demonstrates the measurement of power and energy using Arduino
microcontroller. Now a day, the usage of energy is increased as compare to past and
accurate energy measurement techniques is enquired. The goal of providing such a
data is to optimize and reduce thousands of power consumption.
 In this paper demonstrates the power measure with the help of Arduino Uno
microcontroller, offset voltage transformer and load, the function of offset data
conditioning and it is used to clamp the given AC signal with respect to a reference
DC voltage and current transformer and voltage transformer used for step down
voltage and current to single phase AC supply to apply signal DC offset.
 Over here, Arduino Uno is a brain of the project and it is open source
microcontroller by sensor current and voltage with the help of offset current and
voltage conditioning cord, and with help of Arduino programmed used to measure
the power in circuit with different load (single load, two loads, three loads) used to
display at serial monitor and plot the graph.

Paper study- 2
 An automated energy metering system Home based approach.
 Aswatht D. R. ,C. shabthi
 International journal of advance research in electrical, electronics and instruments
engineering.
 Smart meter are the key component of the smart grid which helps both the user and
supplier to control resource.
 In this paper energy is consist of voltage and current controlling platform unit, level
shifter and Arduino in single phase AC line voltage and current sensor with help of
step down transformer and level shifter , output is DC is proportional to AC system
it is applied on Arduino for measuring the power.
 In this paper Communication is being done using Arduino Ethernet board that used
to store transmitted data in the web page with the lowest cost and it sends
consumption data to their remote server and it is also achieved the controlling and
managing energy consumption of electricity usage of the consumer.
 Chapter 3 Power and Power Measurement

Power-
Power means rate of expanding energy. The unit of power is watt (joule per second
j/s ). In DC circuit and purely resistive AC circuit power is product of voltage and current.
For reactive AC circuit the product of r.m.s values voltage and r.m.s value of current is
called apparent power (VA).
The potential difference in volts between two points is equal to the energy per unit
charge (in joules/coulomb) which is required to move electric charge between the points
since the electric current measure the charge per unit time (in coulomb/second). The
electric power P is given by the product of the current I and the voltage V (in joule/sec =
watts).

Where,

Q=electric charge in coulombs

t=time in sec.
I=electrical current in ampere
V=electrical potential or voltage in volts
DC Circuit Power-

In a dc circuit if VL is the voltage supped to load and IL is the load current ten the dc
load power is given by the product of the load supply voltage VL and the load current IL
thus,
Pdc = VL IL watt
If RL is the resistance of the load than,
AC Circuit Power-

In alternating current circuit due to energy storage element such as inductance and
capacitance may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow.
Thus,

Than the average power given by,

This gives the average power consumption in a.c. circuit as,

Where,

V = r.m.s. value of the voltage=Vm/√2

I = r.m.s. value of the current=Im/√2
Cosφ = power factor of circuit
Φ = power factor angle=V^I

Active Power–

The production of power flow that avarage over a complate cycle of the ac waveform
result is net transfor of energy is one cycle is known as real power (active power ) it is
power consumed by the resistive element in the circuit active power is the power that is
actualy being consume by the load.
Reactive Power–

The portion of the power flow due to storage element that return to the source in each
cycle is known as reactive power When the voltage and current are perodic with same
functional frequency. the instantaneous power is also perodic with twice the functional
frequency.
 Avarage Power-
Average power is defined as energy transfer rate average over many peroid of the
lowest frequncy in signal. It is also defined as average amount of workdone or energy
converted per unit of time, if ∆𝜔 is the amount of work performed during a period of time
∆𝑡.
The average power Pavg over the period is given by the formula
Pavg=∆𝜔/∆𝑡
Instantaneous Power-

The instantaneous power is than the limiting value of average power as the time
interval ∆𝑡 approaches zero.
P=Limit→ avg
Electric power is generally developed by electric generator but can also be supplied
by chemical source such as electric battery. Electric power generally supplied to businesses
and home by the electric power energy.

Power Measurement-
We measure power is both type of circuit AC as well as DC.
Power is measured by following techniques.
1. Using measuring device and
2. Using software by interfacing the circuits

Power measurement using various measuring equipment-

Power is product of voltage and current so we measure voltage and current for
measurement of power.
Using voltmeter and ammeter-

Figure-(c) Power Measurement-1

Consider the circuit using voltage and ammeter for the measurement of power, as
shown in fig.(c).
 The ammeter measures the load current Il and there is voltage drop Va=IlRa across
the ammeter where Ra is the ammeter resistance.

 VL = V - Va
 PDC = VLIL = (V – VA)IL
 Pdc = VIL – VAIL

Where,

VIL = Power measured by the meters

Pdc = Power consumed by load.

VA IL = Power consumed by ammeter.

Hence the product of ammeter and voltmeter does not give correct power
consumed by the load.

If the voltmeter is shifted across the load to measure the load voltage, the
circuit becomes as shown in the Fig.

Now as voltmeter is across the load, it measure VL correctly but ammeter

measures current I which is sum of IL and IV.

I = I L + IV
 Pdc = VL IL = VL (I – IV ) = IVL - VLIV

Where,

IVL = Power measured by meters

Pdc = Power consumed by load
VLIV = Power consumed by voltmeter
 Figure-(d) Power Measurement-2

This by any method, the power measured is higher than the power actually
consumed by the load. The power loss in the instrument near the load causes the error.
Using wattmeter
Dynamometer –
A dynamometer can measure power in both DC and AC systems. A dynamometer
has two coils: static coil and movable coil. It uses the interaction between the
magnetic fields produced by the currents in two coils or sets of coils to measure
power. Torque is proportional product of current in current coil and current in
voltage coil. The Accuracy of dynamometer is nearly 0.25 %.

Figure-(e) Electrodynamometer Wattmeter

 Digital wattmeter (up to 100 kHz)–
A modern digital electronic wattmeter/energy meter samples the voltage and
current thousands of times a second. For each sample, the voltage is multiplied by
the current at the same instant; the average over at least one cycle is the real power.
A computer circuit uses the sampled values to calculate RMS voltage, RMS current,
VA, power (watts), power factor, and kilowatt-hours. The readings may be
displayed on the device, retained to provide a log and calculate averages, or
transmitted to other equipment for further use.

Advantages of digital wattmeter-

 High Resolution
 High Accuracy

Power Triangle Method –

Real and reactive powers can also be calculated directly from the apparent power,
when the current and voltage are both sinusoids with a known phase angle θ between them:

Figure-(f) Power Triangle

(Apparent power)2 = (real power)2+ (Reactive power)2

Real power = (apparent power)*(cosØ)
Reactive power = (apparent power)*(sinØ)

2. Power measurement using software-

A. Power measurement using Multisim:
 In Multisim power can be measured using various methods like 1-wattmeter
method, 2-wattmeter method, 3-wattmeter method. One such method is discussed in
detail here.

Two wattmeter method: In this method power is measured for three phase balanced
loads using two wattmeter. The total power consumed is calculated using the below
formula.

Total Power Consumed, Wtotal= √3*(W1+ W2)

Where,

W1 – first wattmeter reading

W2 – second wattmeter reading
Let us consider a three phase circuit having resistive balanced loads. Connect the circuit
in multisim and the total power calculated is 900watts using the above formula.
Simulation circuit of 2-wattmeter method power measurement in multisim.

Figure-(g) Power Measure using Multisim

B. Power measurement using Labview:

Power measurement can also be done using Labview software. Labview is
a system design platform and development environment for a visual programming
language. Labview ties the creation of user interfaces (called front panels) into the
development cycle. Labview programs/subroutines are called virtual instruments (VIs).
The graphical approach also allows non-programmers to build programs by dragging and
dropping virtual representations of lab equipment with which they are already familiar.

For a three-phase system, a single-phase wattmeter can be connected in each phase.

Using this three-wattmeter configuration, the total real power can be obtained by adding
the three wattmeter readings.
Total power consumed, P = P1 + P2+ P3
Where,
P1- wattmeter reading first phase
P2- wattmeter reading second phase
P3- wattmeter reading third phase

Power factor -

The ratio between real power and apparent power in a circuit is a called the power
factor it is a practical measure of the efficiency of a power distribution system.
For example if two system transmitting transfer equal amount of real power, if one
transmitting system have lower power factor so higher circulating current due to energy to
the source from energy storage in the load due to higher current its produced higher losses
and efficiency of transmission line is decrease and a lower power factor circuit subjected to
higher apparent power and higher losses for equal or same value of real power.
When voltage and current waveform are in a phase than power factor is unity and when
current leads or lags to the voltage by 90 degree when power factor is zero. Basically power
factor state as ‗leading‘ or ‗lagging‘ to show the sign of phase angle of current with respect
to voltage.
In purely capacitive circuit supply is reactive power so current lead the voltage by 90
degree which purely inductive circuits property of inductance is absorb reactive power so
current waveform lagging to the voltage waveform by 90 degree.
That means if capacitor and inductance connected in single circuit that cancel out effect
of each other.
When the system waveform is purely sinusoidal the power factor is the cosine of the
phase angle between the I V sinusoidal waveform.
Chapter 4 Arduino Microcontroller

Arduino is open source microcontroller and software development environment and

easy to use and understand hardware and software. Arduino is a single board
microcontroller has programming language is a simple ‗C‘ and ‗C++‘ type programming
language and C language is easy to learn.
Arduino microcontroller is fast made by ―Interaction Design Institute Ivrea‖ in
Ivera, Italy; it has aim was design low cost and cheap microcontroller board. Arduino uses
expansion circuit board knows as shield. It has facility to GPD, GDM, and Bluetooth,
zigbee, motor and other facility.
This organization has developed 50,000 Arduino microcontroller boards in very
short period. In 2011 Google announced the Arduino open accessories development kit,
which enable Arduino board to interfaced with Arduino mobile platform.
In a market different Arduino board available for different requirement. They
Arduino board are used for ATMGT microcontroller.
The types of Arduino board are,
 Arduino Uno board,
 Arduino mega board and
 Arduino lily pad Arduino board.

In our project we have used Arduino Uno board has a digital input / output pins, six
analog inputs, 6 PWM pins and 16Mhz ceramic resonator a power jack on OICSP heady
and a reset button it has on board one USB to serial convert and connect to computer using
USB cable.
Features of Arduino Uno board-
 It is based on AI mega 328 microcontroller
 Input voltage range is 7.12V.
 Digital I/O pins is 14 (of which 6 pin provide PWM output)
 6 analog input pins.
 32KB flash memory 0.5KB used by boot leader.
 16MHz clock speed.
 DC current for I/O pin 40mA.
 Figure-(h) Arduino Uno board

Pins of Arduino Uno microcontroller-

 Reset pin- This pin enable to reset Arduino microcontroller board.
 IOEF- This pin act as a reference to the input given to the Arduino board.
 Arduino has 6 analog pins A0 to A5.
 There are 14 digital pins from 0-13 among these (3,5,9,1,11) are PMW pins from
which analog output taken from the Arduino board.
 There is inbuilt LED on Pin 13.
 AREF- This pin is acting as a reference to analog input.
 RXTX – used for receiving and transmitting serial data.
 ICSP (In circuit serial programming) - this pin enable the use to programmed the
chips on the circuit.
 Chapter 5 AC Power Measurement using Arduino

Current Measurement using Arduino –

Block Diagram-
The block diagram of the DC power measurement Arduino as shown in circuit load
are used rheostat rating is 300 ohm, 1.2A. The load get supply from DC power supply unit
(20V). Current through load has sense using acs712 current sensor and we multiply voltage
directly to current using program

Figure-(I) Block Diagram of DC Power measurement

• ACS 712-

ACS712 current sensor is based on the principle of Hall-effect, which was

discovered by Dr. Edwin Hall in 1879. According to this principle, when a current
carrying conductor is placed into a magnetic field, a voltage is generated across its
edges perpendicular to the directions of both the current and the magnetic field.
ACS712 device is provided in a small, surface mount SOIC8 package. It
consists of a precise, low-offset, linear Hall sensor circuit with a copper conduction
path located near the surface of the die. When current is applied through the copper
conductor, a magnetic field is generated which is sensed by the built-in Hall element.
The strength of the magnetic field is proportional to the magnitude of the current
through the conduction path, providing a linear relationship between the output Hall
voltage and input conduction current.
 Figure-(j) ACS 712 Sensors
.
The ACS712 device comes in three variants, providing current range of±5A
(ACS712-05B), ±20A (ACS712-20B), and ±30A (ACS712-30A). The ACS712-05B
can measure current up to ±5A and provides output sensitivity of 185mV/A (at +5V
power supply), which means for every 1A increase in the current through the
conduction terminals in positive direction, the output voltage also rises by 185 mV. The
sensitivities of 20A and 30A versions are 100 mV/A and 66 mV/A, respectively

• Variable Power supply-

The variable power supply consist of an AC input circuit and transformer, a bias
supply consisting of an rectifier, filter, pre-regulated and reference voltage source, a
main regulating circuit consisting of the main rectifier and filter, a series regulator, a
current comparator, voltage comparator, reference voltage amplifier and relay control
circuit.
Single phase power is applied to transformer through the input circuit and
auxiliary rectifier provides bias voltage is filtered by capacitor that provides a regulated
voltage for element of active. The main rectifier, a full wave bridge rectifier, provides
the power which is filtered by capacitor and derivers to the output.

Figure-(k) DC regulated Power Supply

• Output Result of DC Power measurement-
 •

Figure-(l) Output Result of DC Power measurement

Sr. NO, Voltage (V) Current(mA) Power(mW) Resistance

(ohm)
1 20 0.08075 1.615 247
2 20 0.075 1.5 265
3 20 0.072 1.4546 275
4 20 0.067 1.34 300

Table-1 Output Result of DC Power measurement

Voltage Measurement using Arduino –
Voltage sensor
Voltage is a force that makes to move electricity through wire Voltage is electric
potential energy per unit charge measured by joules per coulomb. It has unit as volt. It‘s
also used to define the potential difference between two points. Voltage is always measured
between two points, for example between the positive and negative ends of battery, or
between a wire and ground.

Figure-(m) Voltage measurement circuit

AC Voltage continually alternates it‘s behavior as the name suggests, we cannot
directly interface Arduino to single phase ac system in this place some voltage isolation is
required. See, the above fig for voltage measurement using Arduino. It is consists a step
down voltage transformer (230 v to 12v) voltage divider and dc offset for eliminating
negative portion of voltage.
Working:
The voltage measurement using Arduino the input voltage is must in range
0 to 5v. It‘s achieved using above circuit. AC voltage is step down with help of voltage
transformer, its primary winding is connected across the supply and its secondary winding
is connected to voltage divider circuit for reduced further voltage level.
Output waveform of Voltage Circuit -

Figure-(n) Voltage circuit output waveform

The output of voltage divider circuit is so small around 1.5 to 2v.for eliminating the
negative portion of signal we have added the DC voltage offset so resultant output of
voltage circuit is violet between 0 to 5v corresponding 230v ac voltages.
Equipments –
Transformer –

Figure-(o) Step-down transformer

The step-down converters are used for converting the high voltage into low voltage.
The converter with output voltage less than the input voltage is called as a step-down
converter, and the converter with output voltage greater than the input voltage is called as
step-up converter. There are step-up and step-down transformers which are used to step up
or step down the voltage levels. 230V AC is converted into 12V AC using a step-down
transformer. 12V output of step-down transformer is an RMS value and its peak value is
given by the product of square root of two with RMS value, which is approximately 17V.

Rectifier –
Bridge rectifier consists of four diodes which are connected in the form a bridge.
We know that the diode is an uncontrolled rectifier which will conduct only forward bias
and will not conduct during the reverse bias. If the diode anode voltage is greater than the
cathode voltage then the diode is said to be in forward bias.
During positive half cycle, diodes D2 and D4 will conduct and during negative half
cycle diodes D1 and D3 will conduct. Thus, AC is converted into DC; here they obtained is
not a pure DC as it consists of pulses. Hence, it is called as pulsating DC power. But
voltage drop across the diodes is (2*0.7V) 1.4V; therefore, the peak voltage at the output of
this rectifier circuit is 15V (17-1.4) approx.
 Figure-(p) Bridge rectifier

Rheostat –
It is a variable resistance usually consistence of a coil of a wire have two terminal
one is fixed and other is sliding contact that move along the coil to tap of the current
rheostat adjustable resistors so connected that it is resistance to be changed without opening
electrical circuit in which it is connected there by controlling the current in the circuit.

Figure-(q) Rheostat

5.3.4. IC7805 –

Voltage regulator IC's are the IC‘s that are used to regulate voltage. IC 7805 is a 5V
Voltage Regulator that restricts the voltage output to 5V and draws 5V regulated power
supply. It comes with provision to add heat sink.
 Figure-(r) IC7805
The maximum value for input to the voltage regulator is 35V. It can provide a
constant steady voltage flow of 5V for higher voltage input till the threshold limit of 35V.
If the voltage is near to 7.5V then it does not produce any heat and hence no need for heat
sink. If the voltage input is more, then excess electricity is liberated as heat from 7805.

5.3.5. Display –

Figure-(s) 16×2 Display

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a
wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven
segments and other multi segment LEDs. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters
per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel
matrix.
Power Measurement using Arduino –
The power is an A.C. circuit is given by the relation,
P = V*I*cos Ø
Such that cos Ø power factor of circuit .purely inductive and capacitive circuits do
not consume any power because load waveform of such type of circuits are voltage and
current are out of phase means the phase difference between them equal to zero cos 90=0
so power in load is P=V*I*0=0
Whereas resistive load the waveform of voltage and current are in phase means the
phase difference between them equal to zero cos 0=1 so power in resistive load is P=V*I
only.

Load circuit:

Figure-(t) Load circuit

The load circuit consists of resistive loads which are bulbs as shown in the figure.
These loads are each of wattage 15watts, 30 watts and 200watts. The maximum load being
used is 245watts.The current and voltage values of load are stepped down by using current
sensor and potential transformer respectively.
 Flow chart of power measurement-
Start

PIN -1 PIN -2
(Voltage) (Current)

If V > 0 If V < 1024 If I > 0 If I < 1024

Store as Max value Store as Min value Store as Max value Store as Min value

Vpp = Max value – Min value * (5.0 / 512) Ipp = Max value – Min value * (5.0 / 512)

Voltage = Vpp * 0.707 * 575 Current = Ipp * 0.707 / 0.66

Power = voltage * current

Energy = Power / 3600

Total Energy(SW) = Total Energy +

Energy

Yes
Rupees = Energy *
If SW <= 50
3.60

No
Yes
If SW > 50 AND SW <= 100
Rupees = Energy * 4.25

No

Yes
Rupees = Energy *
If SW > 250
5.25

No

Total Rupees (Rs.) = Total Rupees +

Rupees

Stop

Figure-(u) Flow Chart

High level Architecture diagram

Figure-(v) High level architecture diagram Figure

Figure-(w) smart energy meter hardware

Figure-(x) smart energy meter
 GSM Module Shield –
The Arduino GSM Shield connects your Arduino to the internet using the GPRS
wireless network. Just plug this module onto your Arduino board, plug in a SIM card from
an operator offering GPRS coverage and follow a few simple instructions to start
controlling your world through the internet. You can also make/receive voice calls (you
will need an external speaker and microphone circuit) and send/receive SMS messages.
The Arduino GSM Shield allows an Arduino board to connect to the internet,
make/receive voice calls and send/receive SMS messages. The shield uses a radio modem
M10 by Quectel. It is possible to communicate with the board using AT commands. The
GSM library has a large number of methods for communication with the shield.
We have used SIM900 model of GSM Module shield, The Arduino GSM Shield
allows an Arduino board to connect to the internet, make/receive voice calls and
send/receive SMS messages. The shield uses a radio modem M10 by Quectel. It is possible
to communicate with the board using AT commands. The GSM library has a large number
of methods for communication with the shield.
GPRS module is a breakout board and minimum system of SIM900 Quad-
band/SIM900A Dual-band GSM/GPRS module. It can communicate with controllers via
AT commands (GSM 07.07 ,07.05 and SIMCOM enhanced AT Commands). This module
supports software power on and reset.
Features:
 Quad-Band 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900 MHz
 Dual-Band 900/ 1900 MHz
 GPRS multi-slot class 10/8GPRS mobile station class B
 Compliant to GSM phase 2/2+Class 4 (2 W @850/ 900 MHz)
 Class 1 (1 W @ 1800/1900MHz)
 Control via AT commands (GSM 07.07 ,07.05 and SIMCOM enhanced
AT Commands)
 Low power consumption: 1.5mA(sleep mode)
 Operation temperature: -40°C to +85 °C

Specification:

PCB size 71.4mm X 66.0mm X1.6mm

Indicators PWR, status LED, net LED
Power supply 12V
Communication Protocol UART
RoHS Yes
 Electrical Characteristics:

Parameter Min. Typical Max. Unit

Power voltage (Vsupply) 4.5 5.5 VDC
Input voltage VH 0.7VCC 5.5 V
Input voltage VL -0.3 0 0.3VCC V
Current Consumption (pulse) - 2000 mA
Current Consumption (continues) 500 mA
Baud Rate 115200 Bps

Interface Pin Description

Rst 1 Reset the SIM900 module

P 2 Power switch pin of SIM900 module

Tx 3 UART data output

Rx 4 UART data in

DT 5 Debug UART data output

DR 6 Debug UART data input

- 7 GND

+ 8 VCC

Installation
Power on GPRS module
User can power on the GPRS module by pulling down the PWR button or the P pin of
control interface for at least 1 second and release. This pin is already pulled up to 3V in the
module internal, so external pull up is not necessary. When power on procedure is
completed, GPRS module will send following URC to indicate that the module is ready to
operate at fixed baud rate.
Indicator LED and Buttons:
NETSTATUS: The status of the NETSTATUS LED is listed in following table:

Status Description

Off SIM900 is not running 64ms On/800ms

Off SIM900 not registered the network

64ms On/3000ms Off SIM900 registered to the network

64ms On/300ms Off GPRS communication is established

STATUS: Power status of SIM900.

PWR: Power status of GPRS module.

PWR: After the GPRS module power on, you need to press the POWER button for a moment to power
on the SIM900 module.

RESET: Reset the SIM900 module.

RESULT MEASUREMENT -

(1) First load-

When the first load having a rating of 30 watts is switched on, the Arduino Serial
monitor displays the RMS voltage 256 volts, RMS current 0.39 amps and average power
consumed as 30watts in its COM window as shown in figure.
 Figure-(y) Result of First load

(2) Second load-

When the second load having a rating of 30 watts is switched on, the Arduino Serial
monitor Displays the RMS voltage 256 volts, RMS current 0.18 amps and average power
consumed as 15 watts in its COM window as shown in figure.

Figure-(z) Result of second load

Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONS

Conclusion

Power measurement is done for resistive loads using Arduino environment. Results for the
various loads are shown in simulation. Arduino Power Measurement is an advanced
method of determining power and this method is more advantageous than other software‘s
such as matlab. The advantages of Arduino over other software‘s are it simplifies the
amount of hardware and software development required in order to get a system running. In
this also measure the energy consumption in real value and also store its display with help
of 16*2 LCD display. It is open source software and can be extended by experienced
programmers. Arduino has simple and clear programming environment and also has a
quicker writing code.

Scope for work

Proper performance, reliability, stability of power being consumed and generated must be
ensured. Therefore it is necessary to measure, test and analyze the power consumption to
every aspect of power system for its performance and behavior, under normal as well as
extreme operating conditions.
The present project can be further extended for measuring the load power factor. This
reading can be interfaced to the web page for easy understanding. The same can be
displayed graphically like this in Arduino add TV library and energy consumption plot
graph in TV to observe the excess consumption of energy and can be minimized
accordingly.
Apart from this Arduino based three phase energy meter can also be implemented. The
Arduino based three phase energy meter is large rating compare to household meter. This
method provides the domestic power consumption accurately, safely, and with a relatively
fast update rate, thus helping the user optimize and reduce their power usage.
Reference:
[1] An Automated Energy Metering System - Home Based Approach Aswathy P.R1,
C. Shanthi2
[2] A COGNITIVE ENERGY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM SANUKRISHNAN S.B.
[3]A Novel Approach for Automatic Monitoring of Power Consumption using
Smart Meter P. Saraswathi1, M. Prabha2
[4] YoMo - The Arduino-based Smart Metering Board Christoph Klemenjak,
Dominik Egarter, and Wilfried Elmenreich Institute of Networked and Embedded
SystemsAlpen- Adria-Universit¨atKlagenfurt,Austria {name.surname}@aau.at
[5] Development of a prototype for remote current measurements of PV panel using WSN
S. Zahurula*, N. Mariuna , V. Grozescub , M. Lutfia , H. Hashima, M. Amrana,
Izhamc
[6] Design and Building of a Cheap Smart Meter Arne Ellerbrock, Student Member,
IEEE, Ahmad Abdel-Majeed
[7] Energy and Water Monitoring System for Smart Metering and Consumer
Awareness Shiu Kumar
[8] Programming in ANSI C Balagurusamy Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2008
[9] MOOC - Coursera - The Arduino Platform and C Programming by Prof. Ian
Harris Associate Professor, The University of California, Irvine
[10] MOOC - Coursera - Interfacing with the Arduino by by Prof. Ian Harris
Associate Professor, The University of California, Irvine
[11] Getting Started with Arduino, 2nd Edition By Massimo Banzi
[12] Arduino Cookbook 2nd Edition by Michael Margolis
[13] ARDUINO WITH GSM - Making a Call & Sending
SMS Ref. https://youtu.be/WAvZ3SSQR74
[14] Arduino connected to an Android phone via Bluetooth (JY-MCU module)
Ref. https://youtu.be/K1S6G4_eCZM
[15] Arduino Tutorial Series by Jeremy Blum
Ref. https://youtu.be/fCxzA9_kg6s?list=PLA567CE235D39FA84
[16] Measurement of Power and Energy Using Arduino - ISCA
Ref. www.isca.in/IJES/Archive/v2/i10/2.ISCA-RJEngS-2013-115.pdf
Source: Oct 24, 2013 - Research Journal of Engineering Sciences. ISSN 2278 –
9472. Vol. 2(10) ... Srividyadevi P., Pusphalatha D.V. and Sharma P.M..
Gokaraju
[17] An automated energy metering system Home based approach.
Aswatht D. R. ,C. shabthi , International journal of advance research in electrical,
electronics and instruments engineering.
Ref. www.ijets.in/Downloads/Published/E0160303021.pdf
Appendices:
Appendix A: Source Code
Description: Arduino program for measuring power displaying using LCD

/*
@Author : Mayur Khatri
Description: Smart Energy
Meter Last Edited: 01-May-2016
Implementatation: GSM Module shield implementation with arduino tested
with LCD.

*/

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h> // Importing LCD Library file

/*

* RS: Pin 12
* EN: Pin 11
* D4: Pin 5

* D5: Pin 4
* D6: Pin 3
* D7: Pin 2
*
/
LiquidCrystal lcd (12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2); //lcd display pin

char mobileNumber; // Will hold the incoming character from the GSM
shield
SoftwareSerial SIM900(9, 10);
const int voltageSensor = A0; // voltage pin
const int currentSensor = A1; // current pin
int mVperAmp = 66; // use 100 for 20A Module and 66 for 30A Module
double sumWH = 0.00000;
float WH = 0;//energy consumption in watt hour

double sumRupees = 0.00000;//Total energy consumption in rupees

float rupees = 0;//energy consumption in rupees
double Voltage = 0;//AC supply peak voltage
double vrms = 0;//AC supply rms voltage
double current = 0;//load peak current
double irms = 0;//load rms current

double power = 0;//

void setup()
{

Serial.begin(19200);
SIM900.begin(19200);
delay(500);

SIM900.print("AT+CLIP=1\r"); // turn on caller ID notification , to get

missed call number
delay(100);
lcd.begin(16,2); // Display Columms, Rows and Size
lcd.clear();

// Used to send Total Energy Consumption Billing to Customer

void sendBilling()
{

SIM900.println("AT+CLIP=1\r");
SIM900.println("AT+CMGF=1"); // Setting the GSM Module in Text
mode delay(1000);
SIM900.println("AT+CMGS=\"XXXXXXXXXX\"\r"); // Sending Energy
Consumption to Customer's Mobile Number
delay(1000);
 SIM900.print("Dear Customer, Your Energy Consumption is :");
SIM900.print(sumWH);
SIM900.print(" and Total Billing is Rs. ");
SIM900.print(sumRupees);

delay(100);
SIM900.println((char)26); // ASCII code of CTRL+Z
delay(100);
}

void energyCalculations()
{

// getting voltage from Input PIN

Voltage = getVPP(0);
vrms = (Voltage / 2.0) * 0.707 * 575; //find total voltage
Serial.print("VOLTAGE : ");
Serial.print(vrms);
Serial.println("Volt");
// getting current from Input
PIN current = getVPP(1);
irms = (current / 2.0) * 0.707 * 1000 / mVperAmp;
Serial.print("CURRENT :");
Serial.print(irms);
Serial.println("Amps");
power=(vrms * irms *
0.3099);

Serial.print("POWER :");
Serial.print(power);
Serial.println("watt");
 WH = (power / 3600);
Serial.print("ENERGY CONSUMED :");
Serial.print(WH);
Serial.println("Watt-Hour");

sumWH = sumWH + WH;

Serial.print("TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMED :");
Serial.print(sumWH);
Serial.println("Watt-Hour");

rupees = getReading();
Serial.print("ENERGY CONSUMED IN RUPEES :");
Serial.print(rupees);
Serial.println("Rs.");

sumRupees = sumRupees + rupees ;

Serial.print("TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMED IN RUPEES :");
Serial.print(sumRupees);
Serial.println("Rs.");
Serial.println(""); // print the next sets of parameter after a blank
line

lcd.setCursor(1,0); // set the cursor at 1st col and 1st

row lcd.print(vrms);
lcd.print("v
");
lcd.print(irms);
lcd.print("A");
lcd.setCursor(1,1); // set the cursor at 1st col and 2nd row
lcd.print(power);
lcd.print("w");
 delay(1000);
lcd.clear(); // clear the screen

lcd.setCursor(1,0); // set the cursor at 1st col and 1st row

lcd.print(WH);
lcd.print("WH ");
lcd.setCursor(1,1); // set the cursor at 1st col and 2nd row
lcd.print(rupees);
lcd.print("Rs.");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear(); // clear the screen
lcd.setCursor(1,0); // set the cursor at 1st col and 1st row
lcd.print(sumWH);
lcd.print("Total WH ");
lcd.setCursor(1,1); // set the cursor at 1st col and 2nd row
lcd.print(sumRupees);
lcd.print("Total Rs.");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();

void loop()
{

energyCalculations();
gsm();

void gsm()

{
if(SIM900.available() > 0)
{

delay(10);
mobileNumber = SIM900.read();
Serial.print(mobileNumber);
if(mobileNumber == 'x')

{
delay(10);
mobileNumber = SIM900.read();
if(mobileNumber == 'x')
{
delay(10);

mobileNumber = SIM900.read();
if(mobileNumber == 'x')
{
delay(10);

mobileNumber = SIM900.read();
if(mobileNumber == 'x')
{
delay(10);
mobileNumber = SIM900.read();
if(mobileNumber == 'x')
{
delay(10);
mobileNumber = SIM900.read();
if(mobileNumber == 'x')
{
delay(10);

mobileNumber = SIM900.read();
if(mobileNumber == 'x')
 {
delay(10);

mobileNumber = SIM900.read();
if(mobileNumber == 'x')
{
delay(10);
mobileNumber = SIM900.read();
if(mobileNumber == 'x')
{
delay(10);

mobileNumber = SIM900.read();
if(mobileNumber == 'x')
{

Serial.println("Number Matched !");

Serial.println("Sending Billing to
Customer");

sendBilling();
}
}
}
}
}
}

}
}
}
 }
}

float getVPP(int pinValue)

{

// pinValue = 0 means it is Voltage Input , pinValue = 1 means it is

Current Input
float result;

int readValue; // value read from the

sensor int maxValue = 0; // store max value here
int minValue = 1024; // store min value here

uint32_t start_time = millis();

while((millis() - start_time) < 1000) //sample for 1 Sec

{

if(pinValue == 0)
{
// reading Voltage Input PIN
readValue = analogRead(voltageSensor);
}
else if(pinValue == 1)
{
// reading Current Input PIN
readValue = analogRead(currentSensor);
}
 // see if you have a new maxValue
if (readValue > maxValue)
{
/*record the maximum sensor
value*/ maxValue = readValue;
}

if (readValue < minValue)

{

/*record the maximum sensor

value*/ minValue = readValue;
}
}

// Subtract min from max

result = ((maxValue - minValue) * 5.0) / 1024.0;

return result;
}

float getReading()
{

float solution;

if(sumWH <= 50)

solution = (WH *
3.15);
if(( sumWH > 50 ) && ( sumWH <= 100 ))
solution = ( WH * 3.60 );
if(( sumWH > 100 ) && (sumWH <= 250))
solution = (WH * 4.25);
if(sumWH > 250)
 solution = (WH * 5.20);

return solution;

}
Appendix B: ACS712 Current Sensor Datasheet

ACS712
Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor

Features and Benefits Description

▪ Low-noise analog signal path ™
▪ Device bandwidth is set via the new FILTER pin The Allegro ACS712 provides economical and precise solutions
▪ 5 μs output rise time in response to step input current for AC or DC current sensing in industrial, commercial, and
▪ 80 kHz bandwidth communications systems. The device package allows for easy
▪ Total output error 1.5% at TA = 25°C implementation by the customer. Typical applications include
▪ Small footprint, low-profile SOIC8 package motor control, load detection and management, switch-mode
▪ 1.2 mΩ internal conductor resistance power supplies, and overcurrent fault protection. The device is not
▪ 2.1 kVRMS minimum isolation voltage from pins 1-4 to pins 5-8 intended for automotive applications.
▪ 5.0 V, single supply operation
▪ 66 to 185 mV/A output sensitivity The device consists of a precise, low-offset, linear Hall circuit
▪ Output voltage proportional to AC or DC currents with a copper conduction path located near the surface of the
▪ Factory-trimmed for accuracy die. Applied current flowing through this copper conduction
▪ Extremely stable output offset voltage path generates a magnetic field which the Hall IC converts into
▪ Nearly zero magnetic hysteresis a proportional voltage. Device accuracy is optimized through
▪ Ratiometric output from supply voltage the close proximity of the magnetic signal to the Hall
transducer. A precise, proportional voltage is provided by the
low-offset, chopper-stabilized BiCMOS Hall IC, which is
TÜV America
Certificate Number: programmed for accuracy after packaging.
U8V 06 05 54214 010
The output of the device has a positive slope (>VIOUT(Q))
when an increasing current flows through the primary copper
conduction path (from pins 1 and 2, to pins 3 and 4), which is
Package: 8 Lead SOIC (suffix LC) the path used for current sampling. The internal resistance of
this conductive path is 1.2 mΩ typical, providing low power
loss. The thickness of the copper conductor allows survival of

Approximate Scale 1:1

Typical Application

+5 V
1 VCC 8
2 IP+ 7UT VO C
IP+ VIOUT BYP

0.1 μF
IP ACS712

3 IP– FILTER 6 CF
4

IP– GND 5 1 nF
Application 1. The ACS712 outputs an analog signal,
VOUT . that varies linearly with the uni- or bi-directional AC
or DC primary sampled current, I P , within the range
 Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
ACS712 with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor

Description (continued)
the device at up to 5× overcurrent conditions. The terminals of The ACS712 is provided in a small, surface mount SOIC8 package. The
the conductive path are electrically isolated from the signal leads leadframe is plated with 100% matte tin, which is compatible with
(pins 5 through 8). This allows the ACS712 to be used in standard lead (Pb) free printed circuit board assembly processes.
applications requiring electrical isolation without the use of Internally, the device is Pb-free, except for flip-chip high-temperature
opto-isolators or other costly isolation techniques. Pb-based solder balls, currently exempt from RoHS. The device is fully
calibrated prior to shipment from the factory.

Selection Guide
Part Number Packing* TA Optimized Range, IP Sensitivity, Sens
(°C) (A) (Typ) (mV/A)
ACS712ELCTR-05B-T Tape and reel, 3000 pieces/reel –40 to 85 ±5 185
ACS712ELCTR-20A-T Tape and reel, 3000 pieces/reel –40 to 85 ±20 100
ACS712ELCTR-30A-T Tape and reel, 3000 pieces/reel –40 to 85 ±30 66
*Contact Allegro for additional packing options.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Characteristic Symbol Notes Rating Units
V
Supply Voltage CC 8 V
Reverse Supply Voltage RCC –0.1 V
Output Voltage IOUT 8 V
Reverse Output Voltage RIOUT –0.1 V
Output Current Source IOUT(Source) 3 mA
Output Current Sink IOUT(Sink) 10 mA
Overcurrent Transient Tolerance IP 1 pulse, 100 ms 100 A
Nominal Operating Ambient Temperature TA Range E –40 to 85 ºC
Maximum Junction Temperature TJ(max) 165 ºC
Storage Temperature stg –65 to 170 ºC

Isolation Characteristics
Characteristic Symbol Notes Rating Unit
V Agency type-tested for 60 seconds per
Dielectric Strength Test Voltage* ISO UL standard 60950-1, 1st Edition 2100 VAC
V For basic (single) isolation per UL standard
Working Voltage for Basic Isolation WFSI 60950-1, 1st Edition 354 VDC or Vpk
V For reinforced (double) isolation per UL standard
Working Voltage for Reinforced Isolation WFRI 60950-1, 1st Edition 184 VDC or Vpk
* Allegro does not conduct 60-second testing. It is done only during the UL certification process.

Parameter Specification
CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 60950-1-03
Fire and Electric Shock UL 60950-1:2003
EN 60950-1:2001

50
 Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
ACS712 with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor

Functional Block Diagram

+5 V
VCC
(Pin 8)

Hall Current Drive

IP+
Sense Temperature Coefficient Trim
(Pin 1)

IP+
(Pin 2)
Dynamic Offset Cancellation

Signal VIOUT
Recovery (Pin 7)
R
F(INT)
IP− (Pin
3) Sense Trim
IP−
(Pin 4) 0 Ampere Offset Adjust

GND FILTER
(Pin 5) (Pin 6)

Pin-out Diagram

IP+ 1 8 VCC
IP+ 2 7 VIOUT
IP– 3 6 FILTER
IP– 4 5 GND

Terminal List Table

Number Name Description
1 and 2 IP+ Terminals for current being sampled; fused internally
3 and 4 IP– Terminals for current being sampled; fused internally
5 GND Signal ground terminal
6 FILTER Terminal for external capacitor that sets bandwidth
7 VIOUT Analog output signal
8 VCC Device power supply terminal
 Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
ACS712 with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor

1
COMMON OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS over full range of TA , CF = 1 nF, and VCC = 5 V, unless otherwise specified
Characteristic Symbol Test Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Units
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Supply Voltage I CC 4.5 5.0 5.5 V
Supply Current C CC VCC = 5.0 V, output open – 10 13 mA
Output Capacitance Load LOAD VIOUT to GND – – 10 nF
R
Output Resistive Load R LOAD VIOUT to GND 4.7 – – kΩ
Primary Conductor Resistance PRIMARY TA = 25°C – 1.2 – mΩ
Rise Time tr IP = IP(max), TA = 25°C, COUT = open – 3.5 – μs
Frequency Bandwidth F –3 dB, TA = 25°C; IP is 10 A peak-to-peak – 80 – kHz
E
Nonlinearity E LIN Over full range of IP – 1.5 – %
Symmetry SYM Over full range of IP 98 100 102 %
V VCC ×
Zero Current Output Voltage IOUT(Q) Bidirectional; IP = 0 A, TA = 25°C – 0.5 – V
t Output reaches 90% of steady-state level, TJ = 25°C, 20 A present
Power-On Time PO on leadframe – 35 – μs
2
Magnetic Coupling – 12 – G/A
3 R
Internal Filter Resistance F(INT) 1.7 kΩ

1
Device may be operated at higher primary current levels, IP, and ambient, TA , and internal leadframe temperatures, TA , provided that the
Maximum Junction Temperature, TJ(max), is not exceeded.
2
1G = 0.1 mT.
3
RF(INT) forms an RC circuit via the FILTER pin.

1
COMMON THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Min. Typ. Max. Units
Operating Internal Leadframe Temperature TA E range –40 – 85 °C
Value Units
2 R
Junction-to-Lead Thermal Resistance θJL Mounted on the Allegro ASEK 712 evaluation board 5 °C/W
Mounted on the Allegro 85-0322 evaluation board, includes the power con-
R
Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance θJA sumed by the board 23 °C/W
1
Additional thermal information is available on the Allegro website.
2 2
The Allegro evaluation board has 1500 mm of 2 oz. copper on each side, connected to pins 1 and 2, and to pins 3 and 4, with thermal vias connect-ing the
layers. Performance values include the power consumed by the PCB. Further details on the board are available from the Frequently Asked
Questions document on our website. Further information about board design and thermal performance also can be found in the Applications
Informa-tion section of this datasheet.
 Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
ACS712 with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor

1
x05B PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS TA = –40°C to 85°C, CF = 1 nF, and VCC = 5 V, unless otherwise specified
Characteristic Symbol Test Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Units
I
Optimized Accuracy Range P –5 – 5 A
Sensitivity Sens Over full range of IP, TA = 25°C 180 185 190 mV/A
V Peak-to-peak, TA = 25°C, 185 mV/A programmed Sensitivity,
Noise NOISE(PP) CF = 47 nF, COUT = open, 2 kHz bandwidth – 21 – mV
∆V TA = –40°C to 25°C – –0.26 – mV/°C
Zero Current Output Slope OUT(Q) TA = 25°C to 150°C – –0.08 – mV/°C
TA = –40°C to 25°C – 0.054 – mV/A/°C
Sensitivity Slope ∆Sens
TA = 25°C to 150°C – –0.008 – mV/A/°C
2 E I =±5 A, T = 25°C – ±1.5 – %
Total Output Error
TOT P A
1
Device may be operated at higher primary current levels, IP, and ambient temperatures, TA, provided that the Maximum Junction Temperature, TJ(max), is not
exceeded.
2
Percentage of IP, with IP = 5 A. Output filtered.

1
x20A PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS TA = –40°C to 85°C, CF = 1 nF, and VCC = 5 V, unless otherwise specified
Characteristic Symbol Test Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Units
Optimized Accuracy Range IP –20 – 20 A
Sensitivity Sens Over full range of IP, TA = 25°C 96 100 104 mV/A
V Peak-to-peak, TA = 25°C, 100 mV/A programmed Sensitivity,
Noise NOISE(PP) CF = 47 nF, COUT = open, 2 kHz bandwidth – 11 – mV
∆V TA = –40°C to 25°C – –0.34 – mV/°C
Zero Current Output Slope OUT(Q) TA = 25°C to 150°C – –0.07 – mV/°C
TA = –40°C to 25°C – 0.017 – mV/A/°C
Sensitivity Slope ∆Sens
TA = 25°C to 150°C – –0.004 – mV/A/°C
2 E I =±20 A, T = 25°C – ±1.5 – %
1Total Output Error
TOT P A

Device may be operated at higher primary current levels, IP, and ambient temperatures, TA, provided that the Maximum Junction Temperature,
TJ(max), is not exceeded.
2
Percentage of IP, with IP = 20 A. Output filtered.

1
x30A PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS TA = –40°C to 85°C, CF = 1 nF, and VCC = 5 V, unless otherwise specified
Characteristic Symbol Test Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Units
Optimized Accuracy Range IP –30 – 30 A
Sensitivity Sens Over full range of IP , TA = 25°C 63 66 69 mV/A
V Peak-to-peak, TA = 25°C, 66 mV/A programmed Sensitivity,
Noise NOISE(PP) C F = 47 nF, COUT = open, 2 kHz bandwidth – 7 – mV
∆V TA = –40°C to 25°C – –0.35 – mV/°C
Zero Current Output Slope OUT(Q) TA = 25°C to 150°C – –0.08 – mV/°C
TA = –40°C to 25°C – 0.007 – mV/A/°C
Sensitivity Slope ∆Sens
TA = 25°C to 150°C – –0.002 – mV/A/°C
2 E I = ±30 A , T = 25°C – ±1.5 – %
TOT
1Total Output Error P A

Device may be operated at higher primary current levels, IP, and ambient temperatures, TA, provided that the Maximum Junction
Temperature, TJ(max), is not exceeded.
2
Percentage of IP, with IP = 30 A. Output filtered.
 Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
ACS712 with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor

Characteristic Performance
IP = 5 A, unless otherwise specified

Mean Supply Current versus Ambient Temperature Supply Current versus Supply Voltage
10.30 10.9
10.25 10.8
10.20
10.7
10.15

C (mA)
10.10 10.6
10.05 VCC = 5 V 10.5
(mA)
CC

10.4
10.00
10.3
9.95
10.2
Mean

9.90 10.1
9.85 10.0
9.80 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
9.75 ) VCC (V)
Magnetic
-50 -25 Offset
0 versus
25 50Ambient
75 Temperature
100 125 150
Nonlinearity versus Ambient Temperature
0
0.6
–0.5
–1.0 0.5
–1.5
–2.0 0.4 VCC = 5 V
VCC = 5 V; IP = 0 A,
(%)
(mA)
OM

–2.5 After excursion to 20 A

LI N

0.3
I

–3.0
E

–3.5
0.2
–4.0
–4.5 0.1
–5.0
) 0
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
Mean Total Output Error versus Ambient –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
Temperature TA (°C)

Sensitivity versus Ambient Temperature

8 186.5
6 186.0
185.5
4
185.0
(mV/A)
)

184.5
2
(%

184.0
Sen s
TO T

183.5
0
183.0
E

182.5
–2
182.0
–4 181.5
181.0
–6
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
–8
Output Voltage versus Sensed Current Sensitivity versus Sensed Current
4.0 200.00
3.5 190.00

VCC = 5 V 180.00
(mV/A)

3.0
170.00
160.00
(V)

2.5 150.00
s

A
V

T (°C) 140.00
IOU T

2.0 130.00 TA (°C)

–40 –40
1.5 25 120.00 25
85 110.00 85
1.0 150
150 100.00
0.5 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Ip (A)
0
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 A Output Voltage versus Ambient Temperature
2520

2515

2510 IP = 0 A
(mV)

2505
IOUT( Q)

2500
V

2495

2490

2485
 0 A Output Voltage Current versus Ambient Temperature
)
0.20

0.15

0.10 IP = 0 A
(A)
0.05

0
OUT( Q)

–0.05

–0.10

–0.15
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA (°C)
 Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
ACS712 with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor

Characteristic Performance
IP = 20 A, unless otherwise specified

Mean Supply Current versus Ambient Temperature Supply Current versus Supply Voltage
9.7 10.4

9.6 10.2

10.0
9.5

(mA)
(mA)

9.8
CC

9.4 VCC = 5 V

CC
9.6
Mea n

9.3 9.4

9.2
9.2
9.0
9.1 ) 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
Magnetic Offset versus Ambient Temperature VCC (V)
0 Nonlinearity versus Ambient Temperature
–0.5 0.35
–1.0
–1.5 0.30

–2.0 0.25
(mA)

(%)

VCC = 5 V; IP = 0 A, 0.20
–2.5
LI N
OM

–3.0 After excursion to 20 A

–3.5
E

0.15
–4.0
–4.5 0.10
–5.0
) 0.05
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
Mean Total Output Error versus Ambient Temperature
0
8
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
6 TA (°C)
4 Sensitivity versus Ambient Temperature
2 100.8
(%)

100.6
0 100.4
TO T

100.2
100.0
(mV/A)
E

–2

–4 99.8
Sen s

–6
99.6
–8
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 99.4
TA (°C) 99.2
99.0
Output Voltage versus Sensed Current
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
5.0
TA (°C)
4.5
4.0 Sensitivity versus Sensed Current
VCC = 5 V 110.00
3.5 TA (°C)
108.00
3.0 –40
106.00 25
(V)

2.5 TA (°C) 104.00 85

V

(mV/A)

–40
IOU T

102.00 150
100.00
2.0 –20
98.00
1.5 25
s

1.0 85 96.00
0.5 125 94.00
0 92.00
–25 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25 90.00
–25 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25
IP (A)
Ip (A)
0 A Output Voltage versus Ambient Temperature
0 A Output Voltage Current versus Ambient Temperature
 2525 0.25
2520 0.20
2515 0.15

2510 IP = 0 A 0.10 IP = 0 A
(mV)

(A)
2505 0.05

OUT( Q)
IOUT( Q)

2500 0

2495 –0.05
–0.10
2490
2485 –0.15
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
 Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
ACS712 with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor

Characteristic Performance
IP = 30 A, unless otherwise specified

Mean Supply Current versus Ambient Temperature Supply Current versus Supply Voltage
9.6 10.2

9.5 10.0
9.4
9.8

I C (mA)
9.3 VCC = 5 V
(mA)

9.6

9.4
CC

9.2
9.2
9.1
Mean

9.0
4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
9.0
VCC (V)
8.9
Magnetic Offset versus Ambient Temperature
0
–0.5
–1.0
–1.5
–2.0
(mA)

–2.5 VCC = 5 V; IP = 0 A,
OM

–3.0 After excursion to 20 A

–3.5
–4.0
–4.5 )
–5.0
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA (°C)

Mean Total Output Error versus Ambient

Temperature
8
6
4
2
(%)
TO T

0
E

–2

–4

–6
–8
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA (°C)

Output Voltage versus Sensed Current

5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5 VCC = 5 V
(V)

3.0
T A (°C)
V
IOU T

2.5
–40
2.0 –20
1.5 25
1.0 85
0.5 125
0
–30 –20 –10 0 10 20 30
IP (A)

0 A Output Voltage versus Ambient Temperature

2535
2530
2525
2520
2515 IP = 0 A
(mV)

2510
IOUT( Q)

2505
V

2500
2495
2490
2485
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
 Nonlinearity versus Ambient
Temperature
0.45
0.40
0.35

0.30 VCC = 5 V
(%)

0.25
N

0.20
E

0.15
0.10
0.05
0
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA (°C)

Sensitivity versus Ambient

Temperature
66.6
66.5
66.4

66.3
(mV/A)

66.2
Sen s

66.1
66.0
65.9
65.8
65.7
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA (°C)

Sensitivity versus Sensed Current

70.00
69.00
68.00
67.00
(mV/A)

66.00
65.00
Sen s

64.00 TA (°C)
–40
63.00 25
62.00 85
61.00 150
60.00
–30 –20 –10 0 10 20 30
Ip (A)

0 A Output Voltage Current versus Ambient

Temperature 0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15 IP = 0 A
(A)

0.10
OUT( Q)

0.05
I

0
–0.05
–0.10
–0.15
)
 Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
ACS712 with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor

Definitions of Accuracy Characteristics

Sensitivity (Sens). The change in device output in response to a Accuracy is divided into four areas:
1 A change through the primary conductor. The sensitivity is
the product of the magnetic circuit sensitivity (G / A) and the 0 A at 25°C. Accuracy at the zero current flow at 25°C,
linear IC amplifier gain (mV/G). The linear IC amplifier gain is with-out the effects of temperature.
pro-grammed at the factory to optimize the sensitivity (mV/A) 0 A over temperature. Accuracy at the zero current flow
for the full-scale current of the device. including temperature effects.
Noise (VNOISE). The product of the linear IC amplifier gain Full-scale current at 25°C. Accuracy at the the full-scale
(mV/G) and the noise floor for the Allegro Hall effect linear IC current at 25°C, without the effects of temperature.
(≈1 G). The noise floor is derived from the thermal and shot Full-scale current over temperature. Accuracy at the
noise observed in Hall elements. Dividing the noise (mV) by the
full-scale current flow including temperature effects.
sensitivity (mV/A) provides the smallest current that the device
is able to resolve. Ratiometry. The ratiometric feature means that its 0 A output,
Linearity (ELIN). The degree to which the voltage output VIOUT(Q), (nominally equal to VCC/2) and sensitivity, Sens, are
from the IC varies in direct proportion to the primary current proportional to its supply voltage, VCC . The following formula is
through its full-scale amplitude. Nonlinearity in the output can u sed to derive t he r atiometric change in 0 A output voltage,
be attrib-uted to the saturation of the flux concentrator V
IOUT(Q)RAT (% ).
V /V
approaching the full-scale current. The following equation is IOUT(Q)VCC IOUT(Q)5V
100
used to derive the linearity:
gain % sat ( V –V ) VCC / 5 V
 IOUT_full-scale amperes IOUT(Q)

100 {[
1–
2 (V
IOUT_half-scale amperes
–V
IOUT(Q)
)
[{
The ratiometric change in sensitivity, SensRAT (%), is defined as:
‰ SensVCC / Sens5V _
where VIOUT_full-scale amperes = the output voltage (V) when 100
the sampled current approximates full-scale ±IP . VCC / 5 V

Symmetry (ESYM). The degree to which the absolute

voltage output from the IC varies in proportion to either a Output Voltage versus Sampled Current
positive or negative full-scale primary current. The following Accuracy at 0 A and at Full-Scale Current
formula is used to derive symmetry: Increasing VIOUT(V)
V –V Accuracy
IOUT_+ full-scale IOUT(Q) Over Temp erature
amperes
100 V –V Accuracy 25°C Only
IOUT(Q) IOUT_–full-scale amperes
Quiescent output voltage (V IOUT(Q)). The output of the
device when the primary current is zero. For a unipolar supply Average
V
voltage, Accuracy Over Temp erature IOUT

it nominally remains at VCC ⁄ 2. Thus, VCC = 5 V translates into

VIOUT(Q) = 2.5 V. Variation in VIOUT(Q) can be attributed to
the resolution of the Allegro linear IC quiescent voltage trim Accuracy 25°C Only
IP(min)
and thermal drift.
–IP (A) +IP (A)

Electrical offset voltage (VOE). The deviation of the device out- Full Scale IP(max)

put from its ideal quiescent value of VCC / 2 due to

nonmagnetic causes. To convert this voltage to amperes, divide 0A

by the device sensitivity, Sens.

Accuracy (ETOT). The accuracy represents the maximum
devia-tion of the actual output from its ideal value. This is also Accuracy 25°C Only

known as the total output error. The accuracy is illustrated Accuracy

graphically in the output voltage versus current chart at right. Over Temp erature

Decreasing VIOUT(V)
 Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
ACS712 with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor

Definitions of Dynamic Response Characteristics

Power-On Time (tPO). When the supply is ramped to its operat-

ing voltage, the device requires a finite time to power its internal
components before responding to an input magnetic field.
Power-On Time, tPO , is defined as the time it takes for the
output voltage to settle within ±10% of its steady state value
under an applied magnetic field, after the power supply has
reached its minimum specified operating voltage, VCC(min), as
shown in the chart at right.

Rise time (tr). The time interval between a) when the device
reaches 10% of its full scale value, and b) when it reaches 90% of
its full scale value. The rise time to a step response is used to
derive the bandwidth of the device, in which ƒ(–3 dB) = 0.35 / tr.
Both tr and tRESPONSE are detrimentally affected by eddy
current losses observed in the conductive IC ground plane.
 Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
ACS712 with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor

Chopper Stabilization Technique

Chopper Stabilization is an innovative circuit technique that is used

the filter. As a result of this chopper stabilization approach,
to minimize the offset voltage of a Hall element and an asso-ciated
the output voltage from the Hall IC is desensitized to the
on-chip amplifier. Allegro patented a Chopper Stabiliza-tion effects of temperature and mechanical stress. This technique
technique that nearly eliminates Hall IC output drift induced by produces devices that have an extremely stable Electrical
temperature or package stress effects. This offset reduction Offset Voltage, are immune to thermal stress, and have precise
technique is based on a signal modulation-demodulation process. recoverability after temperature cycling.
Modulation is used to separate the undesired DC offset signal from
This technique is made possible through the use of a BiCMOS
the magnetically induced signal in the frequency domain. Then,
process that allows the use of low-offset and low-noise amplifiers
using a low-pass filter, the modulated DC offset is sup-pressed while
in combination with high-density logic integration and sample
the magnetically induced signal passes through
and hold circuits.

Regulator

Clock/Logic
Low-Pass Filter
Hall Element
Hold

Amp
Sample and

Concept of Chopper Stabilization Technique

 Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
ACS712 with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor

Typical Applications

+5 V
+5 V
V
PEAK
C
C BYP
BYP C2 R1
V 100 kΩ
0.1 μF 0.1 RESET
μF 0.1 μF
R4 Q1
C 10 kΩ 2N7002
8 OUT 1 LM321
1 P+ VCC 0.1 μF 8 R2 5
VOUT
7 1 IP+ VCC 100 kΩ + 4
V
2 IP+ VIOUT
RF
OUT + 7
2 IP+ VIOUT RF 3 –2
IP ACS712 10 kΩ R1 – U1 D1 IP ACS712 1 kΩ
C1
6
3 IP– FILTER 1 MΩ LT1178 1N914 R3 1000 pF
CF
6 3.3 kΩ
IP– FILTER CF
4 5 1 nF
IP– GND IP– 5 0.01 μF
R2 R3 C1 GND
33 kΩ 330 0.1 μF

Application 3. This configuration increases gain to 610 mV/A

(tested using the ACS712ELC-05A).
Application 2. Peak Detecting Circuit
+5 V
+5 V
C
BYP R1
C 0.1 μF
33 kΩ
BYP
0.1 μF R
PU
R2 100 kΩ
100 kΩ
8 8
1 VCC D1 IP+ VCC
IP+ 7 V 1N4448W
OUT IP+ 7 VOUT
4–
2 IP+ VIOUT A-to-D VIOUT 5 1 Fault
Converter
3+
RF ACS712
ACS712 2 kΩ
IP
IP R1 2 U1
6 6
3 IP– FILTER 10 kΩ C1 IP–FILTER CF LMV7235
CF
IP– 5 1 nF
4 1 nF
GND
IP–
5 D1

GND
1N914

Application 4. Rectified Output. 3.3 V scaling and rectification application for Application 5. 10 A Overcurrent Fault Latch. Fault threshold set by R1
A-to-D converters. Replaces current transformer solutions with simpler ACS
and R2. This circuit latches an overcurrent fault and holds it until the 5 V
circuit. C1 is a function of the load resistance and filtering desired.
rail is powered down
R1 can be omitted if the full range is desired.
 Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
ACS712 with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor

Improving Sensing System Accuracy Using the FILTER Pin

In low-frequency sensing applications, it is often advantageous temperature. Therefore, signal attenuation will vary as a
to add a simple RC filter to the output of the device. Such a low-
function of temperature. Note that, in many cases, the input
pass filter improves the signal-to-noise ratio, and therefore the
impedance,
resolution, of the device output signal. However, the addition of
an RC filter to the output of a sensor IC can result in undesirable RINTFC , of a typical analog-to-digital converter (ADC) can be
device output attenuation — even for DC signals. as low as 10 kΩ.
Signal attenuation, ∆VATT , is a result of the resistive divider The ACS712 contains an internal resistor, a FILTER pin connec-
effect between the resistance of the external filter, RF (see tion to the printed circuit board, and an internal buffer amplifier.
Application 6), and the input impedance and resistance of the With this circuit architecture, users can implement a simple
customer interface circuit, RINTFC. The transfer function of RC filter via the addition of a capacitor, C F (see Application 7)
this resistive divider is given by:
from the FILTER pin to ground. The buffer amplifier inside of
. the ACS712 (located after the internal resistor and FILTER pin
INTFC connection) eliminates the attenuation caused by the resistive
∆V V
ATT = IOUT R +R
divider effect described in the equation for ∆VATT. Therefore,
F INTFC the ACS712 device is ideal for use in high-accuracy
Even if RF and RINTFC are designed to match, the two individual applications that cannot afford the signal attenuation associated
resistance values will most likely drift by different amounts over with the use of an external RC low-pass filter.
+5 V

Pin 3 Pin 4 IP– IP– VCC

Pin 8

Allegro ACS706
Application 6. When a low pass filter is constructed
externally to a standard Hall effect device, a resistive Voltage Regulator

divider may exist between the filter resistor, RF, and To all subcircuits
the resistance of the customer interface circuit, RINTFC.
VIOUT Resistive Divider
This resistive divider will cause excessive attenuation, Pin 7 Input
Cancellation

as given by the transfer function for ∆V . Amp Out N.C. RF

ATT 0.1 F Pin 6
Application Interface Circuit

Low Pass Filter

Temperature Coefficient
Gain Offset CF
1 nF R
INTFC
Trim Control

IP+ IP+ GND

Pin 1 Pin 2 Pin 5
 Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC
ACS712 with 2.1 kVRMS Isolation and a Low-Resistance Current Conductor

Package LC, 8-pin SOIC

4.90 ±0.10 8°
0° 0.658 1.27
8
0.25 1.75
0.17

3.90 ±0.10 6.00 ±0.20 5.60

A 1.04 REF