Substation Protections
1
Objective of Substation Protection
To protect all such elements or sections in a
substation which are not covered either under line
protection or equipment protection.
Sections and elements to be covered
1)Circuit breaker
2)Reactor up to HV bushings
3)ICT up to HV bushings and beyond 220kv
bushings.
4)400kV or 220kV Busbar
5)Sections between breaker and bay CT.
6)Section up to line isolator with line out of service.
2
CB
CT
Isolator
SR
3
Local Breaker Backup / Breaker Failure
Relay
Protects the breaker by giving a second trip
command in case the breaker fails to open
during a protection trip.
Isolates the breaker from feeding the fault by
tripping
1)Tie / main breaker
2)Connected bus through BB trip relays
3)Remote end by sending direct trip command
4
Local Breaker Backup / Breaker Failure
Relay contd..
Initiated by a contact from protection trip relay.
Normally set to operate at 200mA with a delay of
200ms on pickup.
5
TEED PROTECTION / STUB PROTECTION
To protect unprotected section between bay
CTs, line CT and reactor CT.(TEED)
To protect unprotected section between bay
CTs and line isolator with line out of
service.(STUB)
TEED uses differential currents principle.
STUB uses over current principle and
becomes operational when line isolator is
opened.
Logic built as input to distance relay. 6
BUS BAR PROTECTION
Bus-Bar Introduction
Feeder-1 Feeder-2 Feeder-3 Feeder-4 Feeder-5
•Nodal Equipment
•High Fault Level
•Covered by:
Reverse Reach of Line Protection of connected feeders
Zone-II of remote end of connected feeders
7
BUS BAR PROTECTION contd..
Objective & Practices
To isolate the entire bus bar section by disconnecting all
the feeders connected to the bus.
•High Impedance Differential Relays are used commonly
•Alternatively Percent Restrained Diff Relay are also used
•Stability of Relay is of paramount importance
•Main Considerations
Stability
Effect of CT saturation
DC offset at the time of incident of fault
Sensitivity
Minimum fault current
Supervision of CT wiring
8
BUS BAR PROTECTION
High Impedance Diff. Protection
•A differential protection with a stabilizing high impedance resistor
•Setting in terms of voltage drop across the resistor
•CTs with identical CT ratios, KPV and winding resistances are
required.
9
BUS BAR PROTECTION
CT Requirements
•Transformation Ratio
•Knee Point Voltage
•Secondary rating
RCT RL RL RCT
RR
10
BUS BAR PROTECTION
CT Requirements
Knee Point Voltage
Vs=If.(RCT + RL)
where If is maximum Through fault current
KPV > 2 . Vs
Actual IS = K . Vs/(RCT+RL)
Where K is constant from relay design, setting
available at relay
Is is the maximum through fault current till which
relay shall be stable 11
BUS BAR PROTECTION
CT Requirements
Minimum Operating Current
I=(Vs/RR) + n.IeS
Where Vs = Relay Setting Voltage
RR= Differential Ckt Impedance
IeS= CT excitation Current at Relay Setting Voltage
n = number of parallel connected CTs’
12
BUS BAR PROTECTION
Peak Voltage developed by CT
For in-zone faults
Highly distorted waveforms and very high peak voltage
For low burden: Vp=2 . (2 Vk(Vf-Vk))1/2
For High burden: Vp=2 (If/Iek)Vk
where
Vk: Knee point Voltage
Vf: prospective voltage in absence of saturation
If: fault current
Iek: exciting current at KPV 13
BUS BAR PROTECTION
Non-Linear Resistors
Ceramic Non-linear resistor
Also known as Metrosil resistors
Having characteristics
V=C.I
Here is in range 0.2 to 0.25
C should be > 450 for setting up to 175V
> 900 for setting up to 325V
14
BUS BAR PROTECTION
DC Logic
Bus Bar Diff incl
Check Zone CB-1
OR CB-2
B/B Trip CB-3
LBB CB-4
Relays
OUTPUTS
•Trips All CBs connected to bus through direct trip
relays
•Prepares LBB initiation for all CBs connected to bus
through direct trip relays
•Sends Direct trip command to other end, if Tie CB is
open
15
BUS BAR PROTECTION
•High Impedance Diff Relays
•PBDCB
•FAC34
•RADHA
•Medium impedance Diff Relay
•RADSS
16
Over Voltage Protection
Takes care of system conditions – Normal &
Abnormal
Normal or steady state condition – Gradual rise
in system voltage due to light loading
conditions.
These occur during rainy season, Sundays,
Public Holidays, during midnight and cold
weather conditions in some parts of the country.
Abnormal conditions – Sudden or transient rise
in system voltage due to lightning strikes,
switching surges, sudden load throw off. 17
Over Voltage Protection contd..
Two stages of protection for above conditions – Time
delayed and instantaneous.
Time delayed – For steady state over voltages
Normally set at 110% with a time delay of 5sec.
Instantaneous – For transient over voltages
Normally set at 140% with no time delay. Any time
delay incorporated is for contact debounce.(Normally
100ms)
Either phase to phase or Phase to ground inputs taken
from CVT secondaries. 18
Summary of Substation & Over
Voltage Protection
To cover unprotected zones & equipment.
Faster than backup protections & remote end
protections.
Busbar, LBB or BFR, TEED and Stub.
Over Voltage Protections – Steady state over voltages
& Transient / Switching Over Voltages.
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