Solution to Sample Exercises for Lecture 3 (Week 3)

1. Suppose sin−1 y = x, then we have x ∈ [− π2 , π2 ] and sin x = sin(sin−1 y) = y. Therefore

cos x ≥ 0, and p q
cos(sin−1 y) = cos( x ) = 1 − sin2 x = 1 − y2 .

2. We can compute that

lim f ( x ) = lim (2 − x ) = 2 − (−1) = 3, and

x →−1− x →−1−
lim f ( x ) = lim x = −1.
x →−1+ x →−1+

Since lim f ( x ) 6= lim f ( x ), lim f ( x ) does not exist.

x →−1− x →−1+ x →−1

lim f ( x ) = lim ( x ) = 1, and

x →1− x →1−
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x − 1)2 = (1 − 1)2 = 0.
x →1+ x →−1+

Since lim f ( x ) 6= lim f ( x ), lim f ( x ) does not exist.

x →1− x →1+ x →1

x −1
3. (a) lim 3 = lim (x−1)(xx−21+ x+1) = lim x2 +1x+1 = 13 ;
x →1 x −1 x →1 x →1
√ √ √
t2 +9−3 t2 +9−3 √ t2 +9+3
(b) lim t2
= lim t2
= lim √ 2 1 = 16 ;
t →0 t →0 t2 +9+3 t →0 t +9+3
cos 5x cos 0 1
(c) lim ( x3 + 1110 ) = 03 + 1110 = 1110 ;
x →0
x3 +2x2 −1 (−2)3 +2(−2)2 −1 −1 ;
(d) lim 5−3x = 5−3(−2)
= 11
x →−2
x2 +5x +4 ( x +4)( x +1)
(e) lim = lim = lim xx+ 1
= 35 ;
x →−4 −1
2
x →−4 x +3x −4 x →−4 ( x +4)( x −1)
√ √ √
(f) lim √ x = lim √ x √1+3x +1 = lim x ( 1+3x +1) = lim 1+3x +1 = 2 ;
x →0 1+3x −1 x →0 1+3x −1 1+3x +1 x →0 3x x →0 3 3
√ √ √
(g) lim( √1 − 1t ) = lim 1−√ t+1 = lim 1−√ t+1 1+√t+1 = lim √ −t √ = lim √t+1(1−+1√t+1) =
t →0 t t +1 t →0 t t +1 t →0 t t +1 1+ t +1 t →0 t t +1(1+ t +1) t →0
−1 .
2
( x −1)( x2 + x +1)
(h) lim x 3 −1
= lim = lim sin(x(− 1)
lim ( x2 + x + 1) = 1 × 3 = 3;
x →1 sin( x −1) x →1 sin( x −1) x →1 x −1) x →1

(i) Let θ = π − x. Then lim πsin−xx = lim sin(πθ −θ ) = lim sinθ θ = 1; (Hint: Notice that
x →π θ →0 θ →0
sin(π − x ) = sin x.)
sin x −sin 2x
sin x −sin 2x 1−2
(j) lim = lim x
= = 12 ; (You can also use the trigonometric identity
x →0 sin 3x −sin 5x
sin 3x −sin 5x 3−5
x →0 x
A− B
sin A − sin B = 2 cos A+2
B
sin 2 to solve this problem. Please work it out yourself!)

4. (a) f (1) = 3.
3x3 −3 3( x −1)( x2 + x +1)
(b) Since lim f ( x ) = lim 3x = 3, lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 −1
= lim ( x +1)( x −1)
= 92 , we
x →1− x →1− x →1+ x →1+ x →1+
have lim f ( x ) 6= lim f ( x ). Therefore, lim f ( x ) does not exist.
x →1− x →1+ x →1
3x3 −3
(c) If lim f ( x ) exists, we must have lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ). Since lim f ( x ) = lim 2 =
x →2 x →2+ x →2− x →2− x →2− x −1
x2 +2ax +b x2 +2ax +b
7, and lim f ( x ) = lim x −2 , we must have lim x −2 = 7. As x → 2+ , the
x →2+ x →2+ x →2+

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 Solution to Sample Exercises for Lecture 3 (Week 3)

denominator x − 2 → 0. Thus, in order that the limit exists as x → 2+ , the numerator

must contain x − 2 as a factor. Performing long division we get
x2 + 2ax + b = ( x − 2)( x + 2( a + 1)) + b + 4( a + 1).
Thus, we require b + 4( a + 1) = 0 so that x − 2 is indeed a factor of x2 + 2ax + b. Then
we have
x2 + 2ax + b x2 + 2ax − 4( a + 1)
lim = lim
x →2+ x−2 x →2+ x−2
( x + a )2 − a2 − 4( a + 1)
= lim
x →2+ x−2
( x + a ) − ( a − 2)2
2
= lim
x →2+ x−2
( x + a + a + 2)( x + a − a − 2)
= lim
x →2+ x−2
= lim ( x + a + a + 2) = 4 + 2a
x →2+

Therefore, we have
4 + 2a = 7
Hence, 2a = 3 and b = −4( a + 1) = −10. That is, a = 32 and b = −10.
 1110   1110 
5. (a) Since lim ( x2 − 1) = 0 and | cos ( xx−1)− 1
2018 | ≤ 1, we have lim ( x2 − 1) cos (xx−1)− 1
2018 =
x →1+ x →1+
0 by the sandwich principle.
   
1 1
(b) Since lim ( x − 2)2 = 0 and | sin x −2 | ≤ 1, we have lim ( x − 2)2 sin x −2 = 0 by the
x →2 x →2
sandwich principle.
tan(tan−1 ( x ))−tan(4x )
tan(tan−1 ( x )−4x ) −1 ( x )) tan(4x )
6. (a) lim sin 3x = lim 1+tan(tansin 3x = lim sin 3xx(−1tan (4x )
= lim
x −tan(4x ) 1
+ x tan(4x )) x →0 sin 3x (1+ x tan(4x ))
x →0 x →0 x →0
x −sin(4x )/ cos(4x ) (4x )
= lim sin 3x = lim [ sinx3x − sin 1 1 4
sin 3x cos(4x ) ] = [ 3 − 3 × 1] = −1.
x →0 x →0
sin(sin−1 ( x )−4x ) sin(sin−1 ( x )) cos(4x )−cos(sin−1 ( x )) sin(4x ) x cos(4x )−cos(sin−1 ( x )) sin(4x )
(b) lim x = lim x = lim x
x →0 x →0 x →0
sin(4x ) − 1
= lim cos(4x ) − lim x lim cos(sin ( x )) = 1 − 4 × 1= −3.
x →0 x →0 x →0

7. We can compute that

√ √ √
1−cos x 2 sin2 ( 2x ) 2| sin( 2x )|
lim x = lim x = lim x
x →0 − x →0 − x →0 −
√
− 2 sin( 2x )
= lim x (since | sin( 2x )| = − sin( 2x ) when x < 0 but x is near to 0)
x →0− √ √
− 2 sin( 2x )
= lim x = −2 2 and
x →0− √ √
√
1−cos x 2 sin2 ( 2x ) 2| sin( 2x )|
lim x = lim x = lim x
x →0+ x →0+ √ x →0+
2 sin( 2x )
= lim x (since | sin( 2x )| = sin( 2x ) when x > 0 but x is near to 0)
x →0+ √ √
2 sin( 2x ) 2
= lim x = 2 .
x →0+
√ √ √
Therefore, as lim 1−xcos x 6= lim 1−xcos x ? lim 1−xcos x does not exist?
x →0− x →0+ x →0

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 Solution to Sample Exercises for Lecture 3 (Week 3)

8. Find the limits if they exist:

(a) lim 1h ( 2x +5+2h

4x −1+4h −
2x +5
4x −1 ) = lim 1h ( (2x+5+2h()(4x4x−−1+
1)−(2x +5)(4x −1+4h)
4h)(4x −1)
)
h →0 h →0
(2x +5)(4x −1)+2h(4x −1)−(2x +5)(4x −1)−4h(2x +5) −22 −22
=lim 1h ( (4x −1+4h)(4x −1)
) = lim = (4x −1)2
h →0 h→0 (4x −1+4h)(4x −1)
(b) This is Q3 of Part B in Assignment 1.