Scribd
Upload
863 views4 pages

Monosaccharides: D-aldoses & D-ketoses

Monosaccharides containing an aldehyde group are called aldoses, while those containing a ketone group are called ketoses. The D and L configurations refer to the absolute configuration of the asymmetric carbon farthest from the carbonyl group. Aldoses and ketoses can interconvert through isomerization, with aldoses changing to ketoses and vice versa in the presence of a reducing agent. Aldoses and ketoses undergo oxidation-reduction reactions, with aldoses being oxidized to carboxylic acids and reduced to sugar alcohols. Sugars are classified as reducing or non-reducing based on the presence or absence of free aldehyde or ketone groups available for reaction.

Uploaded by

Bandook Gamers
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
863 views4 pages

Monosaccharides: D-aldoses & D-ketoses

Monosaccharides containing an aldehyde group are called aldoses, while those containing a ketone group are called ketoses. The D and L configurations refer to the absolute configuration of the asymmetric carbon farthest from the carbonyl group. Aldoses and ketoses can interconvert through isomerization, with aldoses changing to ketoses and vice versa in the presence of a reducing agent. Aldoses and ketoses undergo oxidation-reduction reactions, with aldoses being oxidized to carboxylic acids and reduced to sugar alcohols. Sugars are classified as reducing or non-reducing based on the presence or absence of free aldehyde or ketone groups available for reaction.

Uploaded by

Bandook Gamers
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Explain with examples Configuration and relationship of D-aldoses, D-ketoses

Monosaccharides containing an aldehyde functional group are called aldoses; those containing a
ketone functional group on the second carbon atom are ketoses. L and D confirmations represent
the absolute configuration of the asymmetric carbon farthest away from the ketone or aldehyde
group on the monosaccharide. Simplest forms of Aldoses are L- and D-Glyceraldehydes, which are
three-carbon structures that each contain one aldehyde and two hydroxyl groups.

Hydroxyl group attached to the asymmetrical carbon atom most remote from the aldehyde or keto
end of the molecule projects to the right—are said to be of the D-configuration; those sugars
derived from L-glyceraldehyde are said to be of the L-configuration. Fischer made an arbitrary
choice for (+)-glucose and established a network of related aldose configurations that he called the
D-family. The mirror images of these configurations were then designated the L-family of aldoses
and ketoses.

General properties of aldoses and ketoses.


"aldo-" and "keto-" prefixes identify the nature of the carbonyl group. "-ose" sifix designates
a carbohydrate. Number of "C" in the monosaccharide indicated by root (tri-, tetra-,penta-
,hexa-,). Aldoses isomerize into ketoses, while ketoses isomerize into aldoses only in the
presence of reducing sugar.
Explain Reduction Oxidation (REDOX) reactions of Monosaccharides

Carbony group in aldoses undergo oxidation and reduction. Oxidation of monosaccharides


produces sugar acid and reduction produces sugar alcohol

Aldehyde gruoup with an adjacent hydroxyl group can be oxidized to carboxylic acid by an oxidizing
agent such as Benedicts Solution.

Explain reducing property of sugars/monosaccharides.


Reducing sugars are carbohydrates that can act as reducing agents due to the presence of free
aldehyde group or free ketone group. Eg: All monosaccharides and some disaccharides. Eg:
Lactose and maltose have only one of their two anomeric carbons involved in the glycosidic
bond, while the other is free and can convert to an open-chain form with an aldehyde group.

Non reducing sugars are carbohydrates that CANNOT act as reducing agents due to absence
of free aldehyde group or free ketone group. Eg: All polysaccharides and some disaccharides.
Eg: Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar because the two monosaccharide units are held together
by a glycosidic linkage between C1 of α-glucose and C2 of β-fructose. Since
the reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in glycosidic bond
formation, sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.
Monosaccharides: Configuration and relationship of D-aldoses, D-ketoses.
General properties of aldoses and ketoses. Oxidation, reduction, reducing
property, formation of glycosides, acylation, methylation, condensation – phenyl
hydrazine, addition – HCN. Interconversion of aldoses and ketoses by chemical
method. Ascending and descending the series by chemical methods.
Stereochemistry of monosaccharides, (+) and (-), D and L, epimers, anomers, and
diastereoisomers.

You might also like