UNIT 2

Week 4-5: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to

a. Discuss what makes us a Filipino and the concept of Sikolohiyang Pilipino as

an explanation to Filipino personality; and
b. Discuss how our heroes strived to achieve freedom for the Filipinos.

Big Picture C

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Discuss what makes us a Filipino

and the concept of Sikolohiyang Pilipino as an explanation to
Filipino personality.

Metalanguage
In this section, the essential concepts pertinent to the study of the concept of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino will be operationally defined. You will encounter terms and concepts
to generally demonstrate ULOa as you go through this part of the module.

Archipelago – refers to an expanse of water with many scattered islands.

Filipino Psychology – or Sikolohiyang Pilipino refers to the psychology born out
of the experience, thought and orientation of the Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino
culture and language. The approach is one of ‘‘indigenization from within’’ whereby the
theoretical framework and methodology emerge from the experiences of the people from
the indigenous culture. It is based on assessing historical and socio-cultural realities,
understanding the local language, unraveling Filipino characteristics, and explaining them
through the eyes of the native Filipino.

Essential Knowledge
To achieve and fully understand the big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the
one (1) week of the course, the following essential knowledge how the Philippines got its
name, the ways of becoming Filipinos, the concept of Sikolohiyang Pilipino and the
personalities of Filipinos will be laid down in the succeeding pages of this module. Do note
that you are not limited to solely refer to this module, you could also utilize books and
other reliable internet resources to supplement these essential knowledges.

The Philippine Archipelago

Under the Archipelago Doctrine, the Philippine Archipelago
- composed of a group of islands forming a state
- it is a single unit with the island and the water within the baseline are considered as
internal waters
*Article 1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution states, “the national territory comprises
the Philippine Archipelago, with all the island and waters embraced therein” and “the
water around, between, and connecting the islands of archipelago, regardless of
their dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.”

The Philippines
- was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain, and this name was given by the
Spanish explorer, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos during his expedition in 1542. He
named the island of Leyte and Samar as Filipinas after the King, who was then-
Prince of Asturias.
- the name Las Islas Filipinas was used to cover the entire archipelago
- it was proclaimed in the Malolos Convention as Republica Filipina.

The Philippines
- located in the heart of Southeast Asia, stretching more than 1,840 km and
comprises 7,107 islands.
- divided into three island groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao
  The Luzon islands include Luzon itself, Palawan, Mindoro, Marinduque,
Masbate, Romblon, Catanduanes, Batanes, and Polilio.
 The Visayas group of islands are located in the central Philippines. These
include Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Siquijor, Biliran, and
Guimaras.
 The Mindanao island include Mindanao itself, Dinagat, Siargao, Camiguin,
Samal, and the Sulu archipelago consisting primarily of Basilan, Sulu, and
Tawi-Tawi.
- The Philippines was colonized by the Spaniards, Americans, and Japanese but
prior to these eras, different ethnic groups already existed in the island, each with
their own distinct language and culture. These include the following: Tagalog,
Cebuano, Waray, Ilokano, Kapangpangan, Pangasinense, Ibanag, the tribal group
of Muslims (e.g., Tausug, Maranao, Maguindanao, Maranao, etc.), and several
Lumad groups like Bagobo, Manobo, and B’laan, amomh others.

The national motto is “MAKA-DIYOS, MAKA-TAO, MAKAKALIKASAN, AT MAKABANSA.”

Who are we?

Article IV, Section 1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution states that the following are
considered citizens of the Philippines:
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this
Constitution;
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance of law.

Two (2) generally recognized forms of acquiring Philippine citizenship:

1. Filipino by birth
a. Jus soli (right of soil)
- the legal principle that a person’s nationality at birth is determined by the
place of one’s birth (e.g., the territory of a given state).
b. Jus sanguinis (right of blood)
- the legal principle that, at birth, an individual acquires the nationality of
his/her natural parent/s. The Philippines adheres to this principle.
2. Filipino by naturalization
- the judicial act of adopting a foreigner and clothing him with the privileges of
a native-born citizen. It implies the renunciation of one’s former nationality
and the fact of entrance into a similar relation towards a new body politic.

A reorientation of Filipino nationhood involves an understanding of the Filipino notion of

pagkatao and pagka-makabayan.

Concepts, Theories and Research Methods in Sikolihiyang Pilipino

 Sikolihiyang Pilipino (SP)
- refers to the psychology born out of the experience, thought and orientation of
the Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino culture and language
- a field of study which is not only concerned with psychology as a subject or
program in the universities and colleges
- this discipline aims to provide awareness and recognition and even highlight
our indigenous culture. This field of thought has always been considered as a
movement as it aims to inspire, motivate, and direct us to address and
eventually provide a solution to the ailments of our society. Enriquez (1997),
even emphasized that “as a perspective, Sikolihiyang Pilipino confronts social
problems and national issues as part of [its] responsibility.”

Constructs and concepts considered as areas of concern of indigenous psychology:

1. Language (e.g., ethnolinguistic groups and multilingual peole)
2. Leisure (e.g., laro, laruan, palaro)
3. Cuisine (e.g., adobo, combinations like dinuguan at puto, halo-halo, etc.)
4. Politics and Law
5. Religion (e.g., Bathala, anito, babaylan, ninuno, bulol, etc.)
 6. Literature and Film (e.g., Fernando Poe Jr. films and Tagalog movies)
7. Medicine (e.g., hilot and herbal medicine)
8. Music and arts (e.g., Sarong Banggi, Dandansoy, Salidumay, etc.)
9. Rituals and ceremonies (e.g., agimat and gayuma)

Compared to other disciplines, in SP, the data gathering method employed is totally
different from the objective and impersonal approach employed by Western literature;
instead, the methodology used in SP can be characterized as culturally sensitive,
appropriate, and people-oriented (Enriquez. 1997). Take for example the method of
pagtanong-tanong and pakikipagkuwentuhan wherenin the interviewees have the freedom
to asks questions to the researcher and the atmosphere is informal. It is also emphasized
that, in the data gathering process, the researchers must use the language of the
respondents. Doing so ensures that respondents understand the questions asked and they
will not feel uncomfortable in giving responses. This also means that the researchers can
obtain generous and valid data.

Rogelia Pe-pua, in her book entitled Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Metodo at Gamit,
enumerated the different approaches and techniques used in the data gathering method in
this unique discipline. These include the following:
1. Pagkapa-kapa (literally means “groping”, a field method)
2. Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions)
3. Pakikipagkwentuhan (story –telling or informal conversations)
4. Pakikipanuluyan (residing the research setting)
5. Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivity)
6. Pakikialam (concerned interference)
7. Pakikilahok (participation)
8. Pakikisangkot (integral involvement)
9. Pagdalaw-dalaw (causal but repeated visits)
10. Ginabayang talakayan (collective indigenous discussion)

Language as a Major Tool in Discourse

From the beginning, a defining characteristic of SP has been the use in development
of the Filipino language for psychological research and writing. Proponents note that:
1. the use of native languages is consistent with the indigenization – from – within
approach;
2. native languages are an important source of indigenous constructs;
3. the development and communication of an indigenous psychological science may
benefit from the use of native languages; and
4. reports written in native languages can reach a wider audience and contribute to the
development of national identity (Enriquez, 1994b; Enriquez & Marcelino, 1984;
Javier, 1996; Rood, 1985; Salazar, 1982b, 1991; Sibayan, 1994).

When Virgilio Enriquez became chairman of the department of psychology in the

university in the Philippines, major changes were undertaken in the department, the most
important of which was the use of Tagalog as the medium of instructions and in
thesis/dissertation writing.

Pagkataong Pilipino (Filipino personhood)

Numerous publications have been written and many studies have been conducted
with the aim of identifying the true Filipino personality. In 1989, Virgilio Enriquez proposed
the theory pagkataong Pilipino (Filipino personhood), which describes the personality of
the Filipino, with its core values of kapwa, pakiramdam, and kagandahan loob.

Pagkataong Pilipino –
The Value System of Philippine Psychology
By: Virgilio Enriquez
Colonial/
Accommodative Hiya Utang Na Loob
Pakikisama
(propriety/ (gratitude or
SURFACE Surface (companionship)
Dignity) solidarity)
Value
 Associated Tampo
Biro Lambing
Behavioral (affective
(joke) (sweetness)
Pattern Disappointment)
Confrontative Bahala na Lakas ng loob Pakikibaka
Surface Value (determination) (guts) (resistance)
Pivotal
Pakikiramdam (Pakikipagkapwa-tao)
Interpersonal
(shared inner perception)
Value
CORE KAPWA
CORE
VALUE (shared identity)
Linking
Kagandahang-loob (pagkamakatao)
Socio- Personal
(shared humanity)
Values
Associated
Karangalan Katarungan Kalayaan
SOCIETAL Societal
(dignity) (justice) (freedom)
Values
Source: [Link]

Core Values
 Kapwa
- considered as the core of Filipino personhood.
- Most would think that kapwa refers to the other person, but it actually mean
“fellow human being”.
- The “I” which refers to the person, extend to and includes the other or other
individual.
- According to Enrique, Kapwa is the “unity” of the one-of-us and the other.
- the recognition of a shared identity or an inner self shared with others, may
also mean “togetherness”.
- This is the core construct of SP, which is actually incomplete with the
common individualist (kanya-kanya) self-identity concept of the west.

Two categories
1. Ibang Tao (“outsider” or “other people”) – there are five domains in this
construct:
 Pakikitungo (transaction/ civility with) – right demeanor towards
authorities (parents, elders, etc.).
 Pakikisalamuha (interaction with) – social value that is primarily
communitarian and espouses the ability to adapt.
 Pakikilahok (joining or participating) – this translates to the participation
of the entire community to help a person.
 Pakikibagay (in conformity with/ in accord with) – conformity with the
demands of those who are in charge.
 Pakikisama (being along with) – empathizing with others.
2. Hindi Ibang Tao (“one-of-us” or “not other people”) – there are three domains
in this construct:
 Pakikipagpalagayang-loob (being in rapport/ understanding/
acceptance)
 Pakikisangkot (act of joining others)
 Pakikipagkaisa (being alone with others)
 Pakiramdam
- This is the second core construct of SP.
- This steering emotion triggers the spontaneous voluntary actions that come
with the sharing of the “self”.
- It is the deep inner feeling that initiates all deeds.
 - Filipinos are good in sensing the feelings of other individuals and non-verbal
cues are enough for us to know who are in need, to sense the feeling of other
individual or discern how other people receive us.
- Filipino use damdam or the inner perception of other’s emotion as a tool to
guide their interaction with others.
 Kagandahang-loob
- This is a Filipino value that nudges a person towards genuine act of
generosity and towards a nurturing that has its origin in having genuine
feelings for others (i.e., a sense of empathy).

Surface Values
Accommodative surface values:
 Hiya (propriety)
- Although it has been loosely translated as “shame” by most Western
psychiologists, “sense of propriety” is actually a more accurate way of
defining this term.
- In Western perspective, this refers to the “sense of shame” and often has a
negative connotation.
- in the study of Bonifacio, as cited by Pepua (2000), this is not the
interpretation of the word. The term changes depending on the affix attached:
nakakahiya (embarrassing), napahiya (placed in an awkward position),
ikinahiya (be embarrassed with someone), or a positive form, e.g., mahiyain
(shy).
 Utang na loob (gratitude/solidarity)
- This is the norm of reciprocity.
- Filipinos are expected by their neighbors to return favors-whether these are
asked for or not- when such favors are needed or wanted.
 Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa (companionship)
- Smooth interpersonal relationship (SIR) is an attitude that is primarily guided
by conformity with the majority.

Confrontative surface values:

 Bahala na (determination)
- Foreign and even local studies would describe this an fatalistic expression
that a person feels whenever something does not turn out right or a feeling of
resignation over something that you cannot do something about.
- using the Filipino perspective, bahala na can be interpreted in a different way.
- Pepua (2000) cited the study of Lagmay on this Filipino attitude, stating that
bahala na is not all about fatalism and resignation, but can also have a
positive meaning of “determination and risk-taking”.
- In the midst of problems and difficulties, such an attitude can give courage to
move on and do the task whatever it takes.
- Literally, bahala na translates to “leave it up to god (Bathala)’’ and it is used
as an expression, almost universally, in Filipino culture.
- Filipinos engage in the bahala na attitude as a culture-influenced adaptive
coping strategy when faced with challenging situations.
 Lakas ng loob (guts)
- This attitude is characterized by being courageous in the midst of problems
and uncertainties.
 Pakikibaka (resistance)
- Literally means “concurrent clashes.”
- This refers to the ability of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprising
against a common enemy.

Societal Values
 Karangalan
- Loosely translated to “dignity,” this actually refers to what other people see in
a person and how they use that information to make a stand or judge that
person’s worth.
 Katarungan
- Loosely translated to “justice,” this refers to the principle of equity in giving
rewards to a person.
  Kalayaan
- This refers to both “freedom” and “mobility” and may clash with the less
important values of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity).

Filipino Personality: Indigenous and Cross- Cultural Studies

Panukat ng Philippine Trait
Panukat ng Ugali at Student Research
Pagkataong Rating Form
Pagkatao (PUP) Form (SRF)
Pilipino (PPP) (PTRF)
Surgency/Extraversion Domain
Pagka-
Pagiging-kalog
Palakaibigan - -
(Gregarious)
(Sociability)
Pagkamadaldal
- - -
(Social Curiosity)

Lakas ng loob May Tiwala sa Sarili

- Social Potency
(Guts/Daring) (Self-Assured)

Pagkamahian
- - -
(Shyness/Timidity)
Ambisyon
- - -
(Ambition)
Pagkasunod-
Sunuran
- - -
(Excessive
Conformity)
Agreeableness Domain
Maka-kapwa vs.
Maka-sarili
Pagka-maalalahanin
- (concerned for
(Thoughtfulness) Concern for Others
others vs.
Egostistical)
Pagkamagalang Pagkamagalang
(Respectfulness) (Respectfulness) - -
Pagka-matulungin Pagkamatulungin
- -
(Helpfulness) (Helpfulness)
Pagka- Pagkamapagkumba
mapagkumbaba ba - -
(Humulity) (Humulity)
Pagka-Maunawain
(Capacity to - - -
Understand)
Pagkamatapat
- - -
(Honesty)
Pagkamapagbigay
- - -
(Generosity)
Pagkapalaaway
- - -
(Agression)
Hirap kausapin
- (Coyness/ - -
Unapproachability)
Pagkamapunahin
- - -
(Criticalness)
Source: Hypothesized Convergence of Constructs from Four Indigenous Measures
 In a communal way of life, our actions and ideals are guided by what we value most.
It is in this respect that we introduce several culturally intrinsic values, which in one way
or another, have influenced the interpersonal relationship of the Filipinos in a generic
sense. Changes are indeed here and will always stay, yet again, internalizing the so-called
“old school” ideas in these values is necessary for us to understand our behaviors (which
leads to our action) as an individual and to heighten our awareness of the people around
us. It is true that we ought to live life in the manner and fashion pleasing to us but not
contrary to national interest; it as also not necessary to explain this to others as,
technically, “their opinion” is not our concern. Nonetheless, in the spirit of law, order,
reason, and common sense, if one’s presence does more harm than good, then this has
an effect on the quality of life you and others are enjoying. Wherever we like it or not, we
are part of living community, in which there are other people with whom we interact. This is
how life is constructed.
It is also of paramount consideration that we contextualize behaviors and action; by
this I mean to act as a noble person, a noble Filipino (may dangal at marangal). Every now
and then, foreign values may inspire us (through TV and other forms of mass media) to
modify our behavioral mindset or see one’s value set as conservative or archaic. It is on
this note that contextualization of action is done. A Filipino acts and behaves in a certain
way because he/she is in the Philippines. This is our identity and there is value in being a
Filipino more than one can ever imagine.
The importance of self- assessment and victory over anything starts from knowing.
Indeed, according to Sun Tzu, “know your enemy, know yourself, and you will never be
defeated in a hundred battles.” We have to identify first who we are for us to have a solid
foundation of our personality. We can easily conclude that the drastic changes observed in
these current times are a conscious and deliberate act of “forgetting” or turning back from
our tradition; however, it is but logical to determine whether what unfolds before us is an
“act of forgetting.” We are prompted to ask, “how can one forget what is not known or turn
back’ from tradition? “Is it possible to turn one’s back from something that has yet to be
experience has yet to be experienced? “What we experience as a nation in the context of
the Filipino practices and seemingly bewildered sense of identity is due to our poor practice
of passing down our cultures and traditions to the next generation. Hence, there should be
a mentor who can objectify the abstract of the Filipino conception of worthy individuals.
Having said this, we indulge with gist that is valued by Filipinos. As cited Manaut
91992,2000), Jocano called this concept pamantayan, which means “behaving in line or in
conformity with what is acceptable.” It is also used as a point of reference or criteria for
recognizing, expressing, and evaluating social realities.

Pamantayan, as a concept, covers the following core values:

a. Evaluation core (halaga),
b. Expressive core (asal), and
c. Spiritual core (diwa)

 Halaga
- is an evaluative core value that means “importance” or “worth.”
- According to Jocano, halaga influences the Filipino behavior of why we
behave the way we do and not otherwise. If one gives importance and worth
to life, and country, therefore, the person will do his/her best in living life to
the fullest, showing love to family and friends, promoting local culture, and
respecting the country and its symbols.
 Asal
- is the expressive core value that takes the form of proper behavior (good
manners and right conduct).
- asal is internalized in the process of growing up and, therefore, becomes
intrinsic in Filipino personalities. From the moment we develop our
consciousness in our childhood, we are socialized into thinking, behaving,
and believing the way we are taught. A good Filipinos with “inner strength and
a sharper sense of personhood.” It helps Filipinos to develop their awareness
of being alive and being human.
 Diwa
- “life vibrates with enthusiasm full of vigor, courage, determination,
perseverance, and direction”.
- It is the source of goodness and strength of character.
 - Diwa is the soul of the Filipino people.

Our characteristics (either individual or as nation) is a key determinant of any course

of action we conceive. In creating a pattern of behavior, a thorough understanding of such
“built-in predilections” allows us to be conscious of our actions, which in turn, influence the
results of such an action. Hence, the culmination of these values generates a certain level
of consciousness (kamalayan) and experience (karanasan) from which we base and make
sense of our morality. The crucial roles of these values are fundamental to the quality of
our understanding of patriotism and nationalism (makabayan/makabansa) the catch is to
inculcate relevant and significant Filipino values through experience(s) and orientation(s).
This is the process of valuation (pagpapakahulugan) with reference to the concept of
being makabayan in order to develop a simple, effective, and dynamic platform for the
youth regardless of orientation, ethnicity, and religion aimed at inculcating, promoting, and
cultivating nationalism and patriotism. Through this act, a generation of Filipinos with a
genuine sense of being makabayan will be prepared to serve the country as moral law
enforcers and law-abiding citizens, they will constitute a generation of noble and freedom-
loving Filipino citizens and public servants.
Indeed, much has changed but not the very bedrock of how one “ought” to see the
extending relations and connecting with others (kapwa [pakikipagkapwa]) and one’s
community (pamayanan). these antiquated criteria are the very hallmarks of Filipino
identity and have a significant effect on our relations (pakikitungo) with others. They highly
affect a person’s status and acceptance in the community. The particulars may vary from
one tribe to another, but generally all point to one end and that is to be a man of worth and
substance. It is then empirical that, before we judge others or performs a self-evaluation of
our value(s) and worth [halaga], we should ask first whether or not we as Filipino have a
significant, if not in-depth knowledge of the criteria by which they are to be judge.

Self-Help:
Let’s CheckYou can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand
Activity theportion,
3.1. In this lesson: you are to answer these multiple-choice questions to test your
knowledge on the introduction
 Rondina, toCardinal,
L., Talib, A., criminology. You are
R. (2019) to write Formation:
Character your letter of choice on and
Nationalism the space
provided before each number.
Patriotism. Wiseman’s Book Trading, Inc.
 Pe-Pua,
_________ R. and
1. This Protacio-Marcelino,
is the legal principle thatE.a (2000) Sikolohiyang
person’s Pilipino
nationality at birth is(Filipino
determined by the
psychology): A legacy of
place of one’s birth. Virgilio G. Enriquez. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Retrieved from
[Link]
A. Filipino by birth C. Jus soli
%20Patriotism/References/Philippine%[Link]
B. Jus sanguinis D. Filipino by naturalization
_________ 2. This means “behaving in line or in conformity with what is acceptable.”
A. Pamantayan C. Ugali
B. Pakikisama D. Asal
_________ 3. This is an evaluative core value that means “importance” or “worth.”
A. Asal C. Diwa
B. Halaga D. Kapwa
_________ 4. This actually refers to what other people see in a person and how they use that
information to make a stand or judge that person’s worth.
A. Katarungan C. Kalayaan
B. Karangalan D. Kasaringlan
_________ 5. This refers to the psychology born out of the experience, thought and
orientation of the Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino culture and language.
A. Sikolohiyang Pilipino C. Both A and B
B. Filipino Psychology D. Nationalism and Patriotism
_________ 6. Which of the following refers to the ability of the Filipino to undertake
revolutions and uprising against a common enemy?
 A. Lakas ng loob C. Bahala na
B. Kalayaan D. Pakikibaka
_________ 7. This is a Filipino value that nudges a person towards genuine act of generosity
and towards a nurturing that has its origin in having genuine feelings for others.
A. Kagandahang loob C. Pakikisama
B. Asal D. Diwa
_________ 8. Bayanihan is a spirit of communal unity where people help each other in
finishing tasks. This is that participation of the entire community to help a person.
A. Pakikisalamuha C. Pakikilahok
B. Pakikibagay D. Pakikisama
_________ 9. The Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain, and this name
was given by given by which of the following famous Spanish explorer?
A. Magellan C. Christopher Columbus
B. Antonio Pigafetta D. Rey Lopez de Villalobos
_________ 10. This is literally translated as justice.
A. Katarungan C. Kalayaan
B. Karangalan D. Kasaringlan

Let’s Analyze
Activity 3.2. To further check your knowledge and understanding on the concept of freedom, you
have to analyze and answer the following questions by writing the letter of your answer on the
space provided before each number.

_________ 1. Which of the following statements would MOST likely describe Bahala Na
attitude of Filipinos according to Sikolohiyang Pilipino?
A. It means fatalism
B. It is a Filipino attitude that makes him accept sufferings and problems, leaving
everything to God
C. It is a fatalistic resignation or withdrawal from an engagement or crisis or a
shirking from personal responsibility
D. It means determination and risk-taking
_________ 2. Which of the following statements would be MOST likely true about Utang na
Loob?
A. debt of gratitude
B. the principle of reciprocity incurred when an individual helps another
C. to show gratitude properly by returning the favor with interest
D. it actually means gratitude or solidarity
_________ 3. A poor person who is a kind and honest person and respects the dignity of hard
work has a lot of:
A. Dangal C. Paninindigan
B. Katapatan D. Kagandahang-loob
_________ 4. Which of the following Filipino Values is considered as an ingredient in why
Filipinos overspend during fiestas in order to please their visitors, even to the
extent of going into debt?
A. Utang na loob C. Karangalan
B. Hiya D. Pakikipagkapwa
_________ 5. Filipinos often use euphemism in language because they value and maintain
which of the following?
A. Pakikipagkapwa C. Kagandahang-Loob
B. Pakikisama D. Pagkamakatao
_________ 6. Which of the following statements would be LEAST likely true about
Pakikipagkapwa?
A. It is the core of the Filipino Value
B. This means treating the other person fellow human being
C. It is used to maintaining smooth interpersonal relationships
D. It means treating others as yourself
_________ 7. Which of the following statements would be LEAST likely true about
Pakikiramdam?
A. It is a request to feel or to be sensitive to others.
B. It is ‘‘feeling for another’’, exercising great care and deliberation
C. It is an indirect pattern of communication of Filipinos
D. It means untruthfulness, dishonesty or hypocrisy
_________ 8. As an investigator, it is important that you have good inter-personal relationship
with the interrogee, which of the following would be MOST likely important in
establishing such relationship?
A. Pakikisama C. Pakikitungo
 B. Pakikipagpalagayang-loob D. Pagkikibagay

_________ 9. During the meeting, an employee just went along to the majority decision. This
best reflects which of the following?
A. Pakikitungo C. Hiya
B. Pakikibagay D. Pakikisama
_________ 10. Which of the following would be MOST likely true about the concept of Hiya in
Filipino personality?
A. The uncomfortable feeling that accompanies awareness of being in a socially
unacceptable position
B. It has negative aspect
C. It is the same as shame
D. It means sense of propriety

In a Nutshell
My Reflection. The different types of Filipino personality have already been discussed in the
previous part of this module. It is now your turn to give your reflection about the discussion by
making an essay that would present your insight as to which of the values described by Enriquez
best explains you as a Filipino. This essay should contain your views and must be supported with
personal experiences with no limitation as to the number of words used.

Your reflection should be written in a clean piece of A4 coupon bond.

Q & A LIST. This section allows you to list down all emerging questions or issues. Questions or
concerns may also be raised in the Schoology, Facebook messenger, email, etc. If not through
online, you can write your answers in this printed module after clarification. This Q & A portion will
help you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Big Picture D

Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Discuss how our heroes strived to

achieve freedom for the Filipinos.

Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes), this part of the
module has laid down the following essential knowledge for you to know the struggle of
Filipino heroes in their war towards achieving freedom from the hands of colonizers.

Heroes’ Quest for Freedom

“Isang malaking karangalan ang ipagtanggol ang ating
inang bayan. Ang mag tagumpay o ang mamatay”
-Heneral Antonio Luna

“Freedom is not free.” Throughout our history from the time of the Spaniards,
Americans, and the Japanese our ancestors scarified their lives just to obtain the very
freedom that we are enjoying nowadays. We have to remember that force can only be
used as a last resort to attain an object. Some of our “heroes”, as we call them, used force
to achieve their goals, but this did not really work in the end. In fact, even our national hero,
Jose Rizal, refuse to be rescued and opted instead to sacrifice his life because he knew
that peaceful means-not force-was better for our country. Nevertheless, we have to learn
from the gallantry and bravery shown by some of our ancestors so that we can internalize
the “love of country” that pushed them to give their lives for our country. What we need to
learn is pure patriotism or an immense love for the country according to Graciano Lopez
Jaena. This is the best quality a good citizen or leader should possess. Let us take a look
at some of these heroes.

 Lapu-lapu
- is considered to be the “first police” who made the first successful defense of
Filipino freedom.
- His victory was the first recorded triumph of Filipino resistance against
colonial power.
- Nothing is known of the life of Lapu-Lapu except that he used to be the chief
of the island of Mactan.
- He is the first Filipino to defy the Spanish authorities, defeating Magellan in
the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521. When Magellan tried to impose his will
upon this great warrior chief and his people, his valor proved no match to
craftiness and patriotism of Lapu-Lapu.
- However, even at that time, the people had already shown signs of
fragmentation. While Lapu-Lapu resisted Magellan, other tribes, such as the
Raja Humabon peacefully accepted the Spaniards and were even baptized
into Christianity.

 Francisco Dagohoy
- (Francisco Sendrijas, 1724) was born in Bohol during the eighteenth century.
- He is best known for leading the longest revolt in Philippines history.
- Prompted by an incident in which the Spaniards refused to give a proper
Christian burial to his dead brother, Dagohoy rallied 3,000 Boholanos to his
side and immediately began a campaign, which was characterize by victories
over all Spanish forces sent against him. The people of Bohol saw in
Dagohoy the leadership that they sorely needed.
- Having entirely cleared the islands of Spaniards, Dagohoy triumphantly
announced the independence of Bohol. The islands remained independent 85
years after his death.

 Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora

- The execution of Father Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora can be considered a
major blunder on the part of colonial government.
- The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 nourished Filipino nationalism. In a sense, 1872
produced 1896 which then produced June 12, 1898.
- The three priests were executed because they were implicated in the Cavite
Mutiny that lasted from January 19-20, 1872.
- Even Dr. Jose Rizal dedicated his novel El Filibusterismo in memory of the
three priests. He wrote:

“The church, in refusing to degrade you, has placed in doubt the crime imputed to
you; the Government; in shrouding your case with mystery and obscurities,
created beliefs in some error committed in critical moments; and the whole
Philippines, in venerating your memory and calling your martyrs, in no way
acknowledges your guilt… may your blood be upon the hands of those who,
without sufficient proof, assailed your memory.”

 Jose P. Rizal (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896)

- was a Filipino nationalist, novelist, poet, ophthalmologist, journalist, and
revolutionary
- While in Europe, Jose Rizal became part of the Propaganda Movement,
through which he connected with other Filipinos who wanted reform in the
 motherland.

- He also wrote his first novel, Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not), a work that
detailed the dark aspects of Spain’s colonial rule in the Philippines, with
particular focus on the role of Catholic friars. The book was eventually
banned in the Philippines, although copies were smuggled in. Through this
novel, Rizal’s return to the Philippines in 1887 was cut short when he was
targeted by the Spanish forces.
- After this threat, Rizal return to Europe and continued to write, releasing his
follow-up novel. El Filibusterismo(The Reign of Greed) in 1891.
- He also published articles in La Solidaridad, a paper aligned with the
Propaganda Movement.
- The reforms Rizal advocated for did not include independence; instead, he
called for the equal treatment of Filipinos, limiting the power of Spanish friar’s,
and representation for the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes (Spain’s
parliament). He called for the peaceful reform of Spain’s colonial rule in the
Philippines.
- After his 1896 execution, he became an icon for the nationalist movement.
Spain’s control of the Philippines ended in 1898.

MI ULTIMO ADIOS
(By: Jose Rizal)

HULING PAALAM
(Translated by Andres Bonifacio)

Pinipintuho kong Bayan ay paalam,

Lupang iniirog ng sikat ng araw,
Mutyang mahalaga sa dagat Silangan,
Kaluwalhatiang sa ami’y pumanaw.

Msayang sa iyo’y aking idudulot

Ang lanta kong buhat na lubhang malungkot;
Maging maringal man at labis ang alindog
Sa kagalingan mo ay akin ding handog.

Sa pakikidigma at pammiyapis
Ang alay ng iba’y ang buhay na kipkip,
Walang agam-agam, maluwag sa dibdib,
Matamis sa puso at di ikahahapis.

Saan man mautas ay di kailangan,

Cipres o laurel,lirio ma’y patungan
Pakikipaghamok, at ang bibitayan,
Yaon ay gayon din kung hiling ng Bayan.

Ako’y mamamatay, ngayong namamalas

Na sa Silanganan ay namamanaag
Yaong maligayang araw na sisikat
Sa likod ng luksang nagtabing na ulap.

Ang kulay na pula kung kinakailangan

Na maitina sa iyong liwayway,
Dugo ko’y isaboy at siyang ikikinang
Ng kislap ng iyong maningning na ilaw.
Ang aking adhika sapul magkaisip
Noong kasalukuyang bata pang maliit,
Ay ang tanghaling ka at minsang masilip
Sa dagat Silangan hiyas na marikit.

Natuyo ang luhang sa mata’y nunukal,

Taas na ang noo’t walang kapootan,
Walang bakas kunot ng kapighatian
Gabahid man dungis niyong kahihiyan.

Sa kabuhayan ko ang lagging gunita

Maningas na aking ninanasa-nsa
Ay guminhawa ka nag hiyas ng diwa
Paghingang papanaw ngayong biglang-bigla.

Ikaw’y guminhawa laking kagandahang

 Akoy amlugmok, at ikaw ay matanghal,
Hininga’y malagot, mabuhay ka lamang
Bangkay ko’y maisilong sa iyong Kalangitan.

Kung sa libingan ko’y tumubong mamalas

Sa malagong damo mahinhing bulaklak,
Sa mga labi mo’y mangyayaring ilapat,
sa kaluluwa ko halik ay igawad.

At sa aking noo nawa’y iparamdam,

Sa lamig ng lupa ng aking libingan,
Ang init ng iyong paghingang dalisay
At simoy ng iyong paggiliw na tunay.

Bayaang ang buwan sa aki’y ititig

Ang liwanag niyang lamlam at tahimik,
Liwayway bayaang sa aki’y ihatid
Magalaw na sinag at hanging hagibis.

Kung sakasakaling bumabang humantong

Sa krus ko’y dumapo kahit isang ibon,
Doon ay bayaan humuning hinahon
At dalitin niya payapang panahon.

Bayaan ang ningas ng sikat ng araw

Ula’y pasingawin noong kainitan,
Magbalik sa langit ng buong dalisay
Kalakip ng aking pagdaing na hiyaw.
Bayaang sino man sa katotong giliw
Tangisang maagang sa buhay pagkitil;
Kung tungkol sa akin ay may manalangin
Idalangin, Bayan, yaring pagkahimbing.

Idalanging lahat yaong nangamatay,

Nangag-tiis hirap na walang kapantay;
Mga ina naming walang kapalaran
Na inihihibik ay kapighatian.

Ang mga balo’t pinapangulila,

Ang mga billanggong nagsisipagdusa;
Dalanginin naming kanilang makita
Ang kalayaan mong ikagiginhawa.

At kung and madilim na gabing mapanglaw

Ay lumaganap na doon sa libinga’t
Tanging mga patay ang nangaglalamay,
Huwag bagabagin ang katahimikan.

Ang kanyang hiwaga’y huwag gambalain;

Kaipala’y marinig doon ang taginting,
Tunogng gitara’t salterio’y magsaliw,
Ako, Bayan yao’t kita’y aawitan.

Kung ang libingan ko’y limot na ang lahat

At wala ng kurus at batong mabakas,
Bayaang linangin ng taong masipag,
Lupa’y asarolin at kahuya’y ikalat.

Ang mga buto ko ay bago matunaw,

Mauwi sa wala at kusang maparam,
Alabok na iyong latag ay bayaang
Siya ang babalang doo’y makipisan.

Kung magkagayon ma’y, alintanahin

Na ako sa limot iyong ihabilin,
Pagka’t himpapawid at ang panganorin,
Mga lansangan mo’y aking lilibutin.

Matinig na tunog ako sa dinig mo,

Ilaw, mga kulay, masamyong pabango,
Ang ugong at awit, paghibik ko sa iyo,
Pag-asang dalisay ng pananalig ko.
Bayang iniirog sakit niyaring hirap,
Katagalugan kong pinakalitiyag,
Diggin mo ang aking pagpapahimakas;
 Diya’y iiwan ko sa iyo ang lahat.

Ako’y patutungo sa walang busabos,

Walang umiinis at berdugong hayop;
Pananalig doo’y di nakasasalot,
Si Bathala lamang doo’y haring lubos.

Paalam, magulang at mga kapatid

Kapilas ng aking kaluluwa’t dibdib
Mga kaibigan, bata pang maliit,
Sa aking tahanan din na masisilip.

Pag-papasalamat at napahinga rin,

Paalam estranherang kasuyo ko’t aliw,
Paalam sa inyo, mga ginigiliw;
Mamatay ay siyang pagkakagupuling!

Dr. Jose Rizal is considered our national hero because of his significant contributions
to our country. It was the American Governor in the person of William Howard Taft who
suggested to name Rizal as the national hero. He also ordered that Rizal’s statues be built
in different parts of the country, along with the establishment of the Rizal Park in his honor.
At that time, the American recognized Rizal as a national hero not only because they
wanted to win the sympathy of the Filipino people but also because what Rizal did was
similar to what their “founding fathers” did. America was once a colony under Great Britain.
But they were able to obtain freedom and sustain it because of their strong foundation of
“nationalism.”

 Andres Bonifacio (November 30, 1863 – May 10, 1897)

- was a Filipino nationalist and revolutionary leader who founded the
Katipunan, a secret society that spearheaded the coordinated uprisings
against the Spanish and laid the groundwork for the first Philippine Republic.
- He grew up in the slums and knew from practical experience the actual
conditions of the class struggle in his society.
- He did not have formal education, much less any kind of military training, but
he supplemented the meager knowledge he had acquired from private tutors
(his aunt) by self-study. Among his favorite reading materials were books
about the French and American Revolutions, which no doubt influenced and
guided his thinking and actuations during the Philippine revolution.
- Orphaned early in life, he interrupted his studies in order to earn a living as a
craftsman and then as a clerk-messenger and agent of foreign commercial
firms in Manila. Absorbing the teachings of classic rationalism from the works
of Jose Rizal, Victor Hugo’s Les Miserable’s, Eugene Sue’s The Wandering
Jew, books on the French Revolution, and the lives of the presidents of the
United States, Bonifacio acquired an understanding of the dynamics of the
socio-historical processes at that time. This inspired him to join the La Liga
Filipina, which Rizal organized in 1892 for the purpose of uniting and
intensifying the nationalist movement for reforms.
- When the Liga was dissolve upon the arrest and banishment of Rizal,
Bonifacio formed the Katipunan in 1892, thereby providing the rallying point
for the people’s growing clamor for freedom, Independence, and equality.
- The Katipunan patterned its initiation rites after the Masonry, but its
ideological principles were derived from the French Revolution and can be
considered radical in its materialistic-historical orientation. The Katipunan
exalted work as the source of all values. It directed attention to the unjust
class structure of the colonial system, the increased exploitation of the
indigenous population, and the need to affirm to collective strength of the
working masses in order to destroy the oppressive system.
- Bonifacio organized the K.K.K. or Kataas Taasang Kagalanggalangang
Katipunan ng mga anak ng Bayan or Katipunan on the day of the “Cry of
Balintawak.”
- Bonifacio, together with Katipunero attacked the Spanish garrison at San
Mateo, Rizal. The Spaniards were quickly driven from the town but when
enemy reinforcement came, the insurgents were forced to retreat.
- Andres Bonifacio was an able organizer and courageous leader. His fighting
spirit prompted him to personally lead men in battle. However, his bold and
 resolute conviction in his actions led him and his men to suffer many defeats.

“DEKALOGO”
(Katungkulan gagawin ng mga anak ng Bayan)
Supremo

1. Ibigin mo ang Diyos ng buong puso.

2. Lagging isaisip na ang tunay na pag-ibig sa Diyos ay ang pag-ibig sa bayan at
kapwa tao.
3. Ikintal mo sa ouso na ang tunay na karangalan at kaligayahan ay natatamo sa
iyong pagkamatay sa pakikilaban sa ngalan ng iytong bayan.
4. Ang lahat ng mabubuti mong hangarin ay makakamtan kung ikaw ay mahinahon,
matiyaga, makatwiran, may pag-asa sa iyong Gawain.
5. Pangalagaang katulad ng iyong karangalan ang mga kautusan at mga hangarin ng
K.K.K.
6. Katungkulan mong iligtas ang buhay na nasa panganib sa pagpupumilit na
matupad ang isang marangal na hangarin kahit mapilitang ihandog mo ang sariling
buhay at yaman.
7. Bayaang an gating sariling pag-uugali at pangingilos sa pagtupad ng ating
tungkulin ay maging uliran ng iba.
8. Bahanginan mo ng iyong yaman ang bawat dukha at taong kulangpalad[7] sa loob
ng iyong makakaya.
9. Ang pagsusumikap at pagpipilit na kumita ng ikakabuhay ay nagpapahayag ang
tunay na pagmamahal sa sarili, sa asawa, anak, kapatid at kababayan.
10. May parusa sa bawat salarin at taksil, at gantimpala sa lahat ng mabuting gawa.
Panaligang ang mga puntahan ng K.K.K. ay sa kaloob ng diyos ang hangarin
hinggil sa iyong bayan ay hangarin din ng diyos.

Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa

Andres Bonifacio (May Pag-asa)

Aling pag-ibig pa nag hihigit kaya

Sa pagka-dalisay at pagaka-dakila
Gaya ng pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa?
Alin pag-ibig pa? wala na nga,wala.

Ulit-ulitin mang basahin ng isip

At isa- isahing talastasang pilit
Anf salita’t buhay na limbag at titik
Ng isang katauhan ito’y mamasasid.

Banal na pag-ibig pag ikaw nukal

Sa tapat na puso ng sino’t alinman,
Imbit taong gubat, maralita’t mangmang
Nagiging dakila at iginagalang.

Pagpuring lubos ang nagiging hangad

Sa bayan ng taong may dangal na ingat,
Umawit, tumula, kumatha’t sumulat,
Kalakahan din nila’y isinisiwalat.

Walang mahalagang hindi inihandog

Ng pusong mahal sa bayang nagkupkop,
Dugo,dunong,tiisa’t pagod,
Buhay ma’y abuting magkalagot-lagot.

Bakit? Ano itong sakdal nang laki

Na hinahandugan ng buong pag kasi
Na sa lalong mahal kapangyayari
At ginugugulan ng buhay na iwi.

Ito’y ang inang bayang tinubuan,

Siya’y ina’t tangi na kinamulatan
Ng kawili-wiling liwanag ng araw
Na nagbibigay init sa lunong katawan.
 Sa kanya’y utang unang pagtanggiol
Ngb simoy ng hangin nagbigay lunas,
Sa inis na puso na sisinghap-singhap,
Sa balong malalim ng siphayo’t hirap.

Ang na nga kapanahon ng aliw,

Ang inaasahang araw na darating
Ng paka-tinawa ng mga alipin,
Liban pa ba sa bayan tatanghalin.

At ang baling kahoy at baling sanga

Na parang niya’t gubat na kaya-aya
Sukat ang makita’t sasa-ala-ala
Ang ina’t ang giliw lampas sa saya.

Tubig niyang malinaw sa anak’y bulog

Bukal sa batisang nagkalat sa bundok
Malambot na huri ng matuling agos
Na nakaa-aliw sa pusong may lungkot.

Sa kaba ng abang mawalay sa bayan!

Gunita ma’y lagging sakbibing lumbay
Walang ala-ala’t inaasam-asam
Kundi ang makita’ng lupang tinubuan.

Pati na’ng magdusa’t sampung kamatayan

waring masarap kung dahil sa bayan
at lalong mahirap, o! himalang bagay,
lalong pag-irog pa ang kanya’y alay.

Kung ang bayang ito’y nasa panaginip

At siya ay dapat na ipagtangkilik
Ang anak,asawa,magulang,kapatid
Isang tawag niya’y tatalikdang pilit.

Datapwa kung bayan ng ka tagalogan

Ay nilalapastangan at niyuyurakan
Katuwiran, puri niya’t kamahalan
Ng sama ng lilong ibang bayan.

Di gaagong kaya ang paghinagpis

Ng pusong tagalong sa puring nalait
At aling kaluobanna lalong tahimik
Ang di pupukawin sa pagkahihimagsik

Saan magbubuhat ang paghihintay

Sa paghihiganti’t gumugol ng buhay
Kung wala ring ibang kasasakdalan
Kundi ang lugami sa ka-alipinan.

Kung ang pagka-baon niya’t pagka0busabos

Sa lusok ngh daya’t tunay na pag-ayop
Supil ngh pang-hampas tanikalang gapos
At luha na lamang ang pinaa-agos.

Sa kanyang anyo’y sino ang tutunghay

Na di-aakayin sa gawang magdamdam
Pusong naglilipak sa pagka-sukaban
Na hindi gumagalang dugo at buhay.

Mangyari kayang ito’y masulyap

Ng mga tagalong at lumingap
Sa naghihingalong inang nasa yapak
Ng kasuklam-suklam na castilang hamak.

Nasaan ang dangal ng mga tagalong,

Nasaan ang dugong dapat na ibuhos?
Bayan ay inaapui’ bakit di kumikilos
At natitilihang ioto’y mapanuod.

Kayo na nga kayo, kayong ngang buhay

Sa pag-asang lubos na kaginhawahan
At walang tinamo kundi kapaitan,
Kaya nga’t ibigin ang naabang bayan.
 Kayong anatayan na sa kapapasakit
Ng dakilang hangad sa batis na dibdib
Muling pabalungit tunay na pag-ibig
Kusang ubulalas sa bayan piniit.

Kayong malagasan ng bunga’t bulaklak

Kahoy niyaringbuhay na nilant sukat
Ng bala-balakit makapal na hirap
Muling manariwa’t sa baya’y lumiyag.

Kayong mga pusong kusang (pugal)

Ng dagat bagsik ng ganid na asal,
Ngayon magbangon’t baya’y itanghal
Agawin sa kuko ng mga sukaban.

Kayong mga dukhsng walang tanging(lasap)

Kundi ang mabubuhay sa dalita’t hirap,
Ampunin ang bayan kung nasa ay lunas
Sapagkat ang ginhawa niya ay sa lahat.

Ipaghandog-handog ang buong pag-ibig

Hanggang mga dugo’y ubusanng itigis
Kung sa pagtatanggol’ buhay ay(mailit)
Ito’y kapalaran at tunay na langit.

The life of bonifacio—from start to end—sadly demonstrates the lack of unity in our
country, which still happen today. Unfortunately, he died not in the hands of the enemy but
in the hands of fellow Filipino. When the leader of the Katipunan passed away, Emilio
Jacinto carried out the wishes of Bonifacio. The Katipunan, at this time, had many factions
and not all of them operated in the same way as they waged their efforts to gain
independence of Spain. In fact, as with his predecessor before him, Jacinto refused to join
Magdalo faction of the Katipunan under the Leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo.

 Apolinario Mabini (July 23, 1864- May 13, 1903)

- was a Filipino revolutionary leader, educator, lawyer, and statesman who
served as the first Prime Minister of the Philippines, serving first under the
Revolutionary Government, and then under the First Philippine Republic.
- He started to study at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran in 1881 and at the
University of Santo Thomas, where he received his law degree in 1894.
During this time, the earned his living by teaching Latin and then serving as a
copyist in the Court of First Instance in Manila.
- Mabini’s chief work, La Revolution Filipina, a reasoned analysis and cogent
argument concerning the ideological implications of the revolution against
Spain as well as the resistance to the American invaders, reveals the
progressive and democratic impulse behind his thinking. As a selfless and
dedicated patriot, Mabini has always tried to mediate between the people’s
will and the decisions of their leaders.

EL VERDADERO DECALOGO
(The True Decalogue)
(Apolinario Mabini)
First. Love God and your honor over all things: God, as the source of all truth, all justice
and all activity; your honor, the only power that obliges you to be truthful, just and
industrious.

Second. Worship God in the form that your conscience that God speaks to you,
reproaching you for your misdeeds and applauding you for your good deeds.

Third. Develop the special talents that God has given you, working and studying according
to your capabilities, never straying from the path of good and justice, in order to achieve
your own perfection, and by this means you will contribute to the progress of humanity:
thus you will accomplish the mission that God himself has given you in this life, and
achieving this, you will have honor, and having honor, you will be glorifying God.

Fourth. Love your country after God and your honor, and more than you love yourself,
because your country is the only paradise that God has given you in this life; the only
inheritance from your ancestors; and the only future of your descendants: because of your
country you have life, love and interests; happiness, honor and God.

Fifth. Strive for the happiness of your country before your own, making her the reigning
influence for reason, justice and work; if your country is happy, you and your family will
also be happy.

Sixth. Strive for the independence of your country, because you alone can have a real
interest in her aggrandizement and ennoblement, since here independence will mean your
own freedom, her aggrandizement your own perfection, and her ennoblement your own
glory and immortality.

Seventh. In your country, do not recognize the authority if any person who has not been
elected by you and your compatriots, because all authority comes from God, and as God
speaks to the conscience of each individual, the person chosen and proclaimed by the
consciences of all the individuals of a whole town is the only one that can excise real
authority.

Eight. Strive that your country be constituted as a republic, and never as a monarchy: a
monarchy empowers one or several families and lays the foundation for a dynasty; a
republic enables and dignifies a country based on reason, it is great because of its
freedom, and is made prosperous and brilliant by dint of work.

Ninth. Love your neighbor as you love yourself, because God has imposed on him and on
you the obligation to help one another, and has dictated that he does not do unto you what
he does not want you to do unto him; but if your neighbor is remiss in this sacred duty and
makes an attempt on your life, your freedom and your priorities, then you should destroy
him and crush him, because the supreme law of self-preservation must prevail.

Tenth. Always look on your countryman as more than a neighbor: you will find in him a
friend, a brother and at least the companion to whom you are tied by only one destiny, by
the same happiness and sorrows, and by the same aspirations and interests.

Because of this, while the borders of the nations established and preserved by the egoism
of race and of family remain standing, you must remain united to your country in perfect
solidarity of views and interests in order to gain strength, not only to combat the common
enemy, but also to achieve all the objectives of human life.

Revolts against Spanish tyranny (1500s to 1800s)

 Dagami Revolt (1565-1567)
 Lakandula and Soliman/Sulayman Revolt (1574)
 Pampanga Revolt (1585)
 Conspiracy of the Maharlikas (1587-1588)
 Revolts Against the Tribute (1589)
 Magalat Revolt (1596)
 Igorot Revolt (1601)
 The Chinese Revolt of 1603
 Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622)
 Bancao Revolt (1621-1622)
 Itneg Revolt (1625-1627)
 Ladia revolt (1643)
 Sumuroy Revolt (1649-50)
 Maniago/ Pampanga Revolt (1660-1661)
 Almazan Revolt ( January 1661)
 Panay Revolt (1663)
 Zambal Revolt (1681-1683)
 Agrarian Revolt of 1745
 Dagohoy Rebellion (1744-1829)
 Silang Revolt (1762-1763)
  Palaris Revolt (1762-1764)
 Basi Revolt (1807)
 Novales Revolt (1823)
 Palmero Conspiracy (1828)
 Pule Revolt (1840-1843)
 Cavite Mutiny (1872)

Historically, manifestos and articles regarding the expression of our ancestor’s ideas
and aspirations have always been present. These articles and authors, though arguably
scant, are neither inferior nor frail in the intellectual enterprise. In one way or another, their
writings contributed to the awareness and rising consciousness of many if not all Filipinos
who later challenged the conventional ideas of submission, inferiority, weakness, and
loyalty to false brotherhood by foreigners ‘own construction of truths during their time (and
maybe of our time too).

Japanese Occupation
the Philippines occupies a strategic position in Southeast Asia, and for the reason, it
has become the favorite target of foreign aggressors. Thus, throughout its history, the
preservation of the country’s independence through the exercise of positive nationalism
and the defense of our sovereignty against external threats become very vital. During
World War II, as the threats of war inched closer to the Philippines, the United States
decided to call our army reserve to active duty through the United State Armed Forces in
the Far East (USAFFE) under the command of Gen. Douglas Macarthur. Most of our
reserve units were still under training or being organized when Japanese suddenly
attacked the Philippines on December 8, 1941.
The Resistance Movement was conceived before the Japanese invaded the
Visayan island. Pressed by the problem of lack of arms and ammunition and profiting from
experience of the USAFFE forces in Luzon, our troops in Visayas immediately saw the
wisdom of engaging in guerilla warfare. However, this plan was temporarily disrupted by
the desire of American to put up an organized resistance and by Gen. Wainwright’s order
of surrender. Soon after, a good number of USAFFE officers and soldiers immediately
formed their respective guerilla outfits in all the big island in the Visayas.
Most of the leaders in the Visayas were regular officers of the Philippine army, and
they recruited all able men in their areas to resist Japanese occupation. The guerilla forces
in the Visayas were comparatively better organized than those in other parts of the
Philippines. They were favored by two crucial factors: the presence of a fewer number of
Japanese troops on the region and being the first group to be contacted by the American
troops. They took good advantage of those favorable circumstances by continually
harassing the Japanese garrisons in the island to the extent that the high command in
Manila found it necessary to reinforce their troops in Visayas. Their fighting spirit was
indomitable and they ultimately defeated the highly trained Japanese Imperial Army in
several encounters through their guerilla tactics.
Realizing the effectiveness of guerilla warfare in fighting the Japanese, Gen.
Macarthur thought of converting the USAFFE force in Mindanao into guerilla force. This
group soon gained control of a considerable part of the island and acquired much strength.
An early contact with the American forces in Australia enabled the guerilla units in
Mindanao to receive plenty of equipment and supplies via submarines. Just like their
counterparts in the Visayas, they also made good use of the military aid by engaging the
Japanese force in many operations.
In general, the resistance movement during Japanese occupation proved to the
whole world not only the Filipinos’ desire and determination to remain free, but also their
steadfast loyalty to the ideals of democracy. Due to the successful guerilla operations, they
were able to run away a considerable number of Japanese troops, which could have been
used against Gen. Macarthur. Through their demonstrated capacity for endurance,
courage, and optimism under Japanese occupation, our guerilla soldiers won for our
country the admiration of all freedom-loving people in the world.
 Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson:
 Rondina, L., Talib, A., Cardinal, R. (2019) Character Formation: Nationalism and
Patriotism. Wiseman’s Book Trading, Inc.
%20Revolt%20was%20an,rise%20up%20against%20the%20Spaniards.

Let’s Check
Activity 4.1. In this activity, you have to answer the following questions. Read carefully and
choose the best answer. The space provided before each number is intended for your answers.

_________ 1. He was the person who founded the Katipunan?

A. Emilio Jacinto C. Baldomero Aguinaldo
B. Andres Bonifacio D. Emilio Aguinaldo
_________ 2. He was the leader of the longest known Spanish revolt in Bohol.
A. Andres Bonifacio C. Sultan Kudarat
B. Laong Laan D. Francisco Dagohoy
_________ 3. He was considered "The Brain of the Katipunan" due to his big contribution in
drafting the kartilya and the Malolos Constitution despite of his polio illness.
A. Jose Rizal C. Diego Silang
B. Andres Bonifacio D. Apolinario Mabini
_________ 4. This refers to a secret society that spearheaded the coordinated uprisings
against the Spanish and laid the groundwork for the first Philippine Republic.
A. La Liga Filipina C. Cavite Mutiny
B. Katipunan D. La Solidaridad
_________ 5. He is the Chieftain of Mactan who killed Magellan and is considered as the first
Filipino hero.
A. Jose Rizal C. Raja Humabon
B. Lapu Lapu D. Bilong Bilong
_________ 6. Who among the following is not related to the three Martyr Priests of 1872?
A. Juan Zambales C. Jacinto Zamora
B. Mariano Gomez D Jose Burgos
_________ 7. Published his masterpiece Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
A. Marcelo H. Del Pilar C. Jose Rizal
B. Andres Bonifacio D. Antonio Luna
_________ 8. He officially proclaimed the Philippine independence in Malolos, Bulacan, on
January 23, 1899, with him as the first president
A. Emilio Jacinto C. Graciano Lopez Jaena
B. Gregorio Del Pilar D. Emilio Aguinaldo
_________ 9. Who was the leader of the Cavite Mutiny, the first huelga (labor strike) recorded
in the Philippines?
A. Francisco la Madrid C. Macliing Dulag
B. Rafael de Izquerdo D. Patricio Montojo
_________ 10. What act is also known as the "Martial Law" act?
A. Proclamation 1081
B. Kautusang Tagapagpaganap blg. 25 S. 1974
C. Proclamation 274
D. Article 6 Section 14 of the 1973 Constitution

Let’s Analyze
Activity 4.2. In this part of the activity, you are to analyze the following questions, and you have
to choose which revolution is being referred to. The letter of your chosen answer must be written
in the spaces provided before each number.
_________ 1. This was an uprising in 1596 led by a Filipino rebel from Cagayan who was
said to have committed atrocities against his fellow natives for refusing to rise up
against the Spaniards.
A. Magalat Revolt C. Dagohoy Revolt
B. Conspiracy of the Maharlikas D. Pampangos Revolt
_________ 2. This uprising was executed against Spanish landowners, or "encomienderos",
in the Philippines for abusing the natives of Pampanga.
A. Magalat Revolt C. Dagohoy Revolt
B. Conspiracy of the Maharlikas D. Pampangos Revolt
_________ 3. This occurred when the natives, which included Ilocanos, Ibanags and others,
 rose in revolt over alleged abuses by tax collectors, including the collection of
unjust taxes.
A. Sumuroy Revolt C. Revolt Against the Tribute
B. Basi Revolt D. Agrarian Revolt
_________ 4. This was a religious revolt against Spanish attempts to Christianize
the Igorot people of northern Luzon, in the Philippines.
A. Basi Revolt C. Agrarian Revolt
B. Maniago Revolt D. Igorot Revolt

_________ 5. The government in Manila directed that all natives subject to the "polo" are not
to be sent to places distant from their hometowns to do their "polo". However,
under orders of the various town "alcaldes", or mayors, Samarnons were being
sent to the shipyards of Cavite to do their "polo", which sparked this revolt.
A. Sumuroy Revolt C. Revolt Against the Tribute
B. Basi Revolt D. Agrarian Revolt
_________ 6. This was initially caused by natives' protest against the polo and bandala, later
became a struggle to free the natives from Spanish rule.
A. Basi Revolt C. Agrarian Revolt
B. Maniago Revolt D. Igorot Revolt
_________ 7. This happened when after a duel in which the revolutionary’s brother died, the
local parish priest refused to give his brother a proper Christian burial, since
dueling is a mortal sin. The refusal of the priest to give his brother a proper
Christian burial eventually led to the longest revolt ever held in Philippine history:
85 years.
A. Magalat Revolt C. Dagohoy Revolt
B. Conspiracy of the Maharlikas D. Pampangos Revolt
_________ 8. Filipino landowners rose in arms over the land-grabbing of Spanish friars, with
native landowners demanding that Spanish priests return their lands on the basis
of ancestral domain. The refusal of the Spanish priests resulted in much rioting,
resulting in massive looting of convents and arson of churches and ranches.
A. Basi Revolt C. Agrarian Revolt
B. Maniago Revolt D. Igorot Revolt
_________ 9. This was a revolt undertaken when the Spanish colonial
government expropriated the manufacture and sale of the natives’ sugarcane
wine, effectively banning private manufacture of the wine, which was done before
expropriation. Ilocanos were forced to buy from government stores.
A. Basi Revolt C. Agrarian Revolt
B. Maniago Revolt D. Igorot Revolt
_________ 10. This was a plot against Spanish colonial rule by the kin-related noblemen, or
"datus", of Manila and some towns of Bulacan and Pampanga, in the Philippines.
The datus swore to rise up in arms by anointing their necks with a split egg.
A. Magalat Revolt C. Dagohoy Revolt
B. Conspiracy of the Maharlikas D. Pampangos Revolt

In a Nutshell
The True Decalogue. Apolinario Mabini, also known as “the Supreme Paralytic” printed a
pamphlet that contains The True Decalogue which according to him, the documents contain his
proposals for the internal revolution for the people to adopt as their moral and behavioral guide,
and for the external revolution for the revolutionary government to espouse as the framework of
governance.

In this portion of the module, you are to understand his writings and present his thoughts on the
country in the shortest possible manner. Write your answer in a clean piece of yellow paper. The
True Decalogue can be found in the essential knowledge laid in the previous section of this
module.

Q & A LIST. This section allows you to list down all emerging questions or issues. Questions or
concerns may also be raised in the Schoology, Facebook messenger, email, etc. If not through
online, you can write your answers in this printed module after clarification. This Q & A portion will
help you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
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5.