PREPARED BY:
NOR SUZILA BINTI LOP
PENSYARAH
PROGRAM UKUR BAHAN
UiTM PERAK
INTRODUCTION
Pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed
layers of processed materials above the natural soil.
The primary function is to distribute the applied
vehicle loads to the sub-grade.
To ensure that the transmitted wheel loads are
sufficiently reduced, so that they will not exceed
bearing capacity of the sub-grade.
TYPES AND FUNCTIONS
Road pavement is the actual surface on which the vehicles will
travel.
Functions of road To carry traffic wheel loads.
To transfer normal stresses to the
underlying soils.
To provide a running surface.
Types of road Rigid Pavement.
Flexible Pavement.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
An ideal pavement should meet the following
requirements:
1) Sufficient thickness to distribute the load
2) Strong to withstand all types of imposed loads
3) Adequate coefficient of friction to prevent skidding of
Vehicles
4) Smooth surface to provide comfort to road users even
FLEXIBLE
at high speed
5) Produce least noise from moving vehicles
6) Water tight surface so that sub-grade soil is well
Protected
PAVEMENT
7) Long design life with low maintenance cost
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
The sub grade is covered with a
sub base, a base course and
wearing course, the last two
components are collectively known
as the surfacing
Designed no tensile strength.
The sub base laid directly on to the
formation level. Base courses are laid to the
required finished road section
providing any necessary
Thickness of sub base determine gradients or cross falls, ready to
receive the thinner wearing
load and CBR test. course is usually laid by machine
and provides the water protection
for the base layers.
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Base courses are laid to the
required finished road section
providing any necessary
gradients or cross falls, ready to
receive the thinner wearing
course is usually laid by machine
and provides the water protection
for the base layers.
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
EARTHWORKS
ROAD BASE
SUBGRADE
CONSTRUCTION
PAVEMENT
SURFACING COURSE
ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS
SUB-GRADE
• The existing formation (filling • The Field Density Test (FDT) will
and cutting) has reached the be carried out after the sub-
sub-grade level. grade formation conform.
• CBR test. • If the sub-grade material
changes in color and texture,
• Set out the extent and level of re-sampling will be carried out
the sub-grade. and CBR test will be re-
conducted
• The sub-grade formation will be
compacted and re-graded. • Once the sub-grade is
completed, the laying of sub-
base material will proceed.
• Survey/dipping level of
prepared formation will be
carried out
SUB-GRADE
SUB-BASE COURSE
❑ The sub-base course is the layer of material
beneath the base course.
❑ The primary functions are to provide structural
❑ support, improve drainage, and reduce the
intrusion of fines from the sub-grade in the
pavement structure
❑ It may be composed of sand
SUB-BASE COURSE
BASE COURSE / ROAD BASE
❑ The base course is the layer of material
immediately beneath the surface of
binder course and it provides additional
load distribution
❑ It may be composed of crushed
stone/crusher run
BASE COURSE / ROAD BASE
BINDER COURSE
❑ This layer provides the bulk of the asphalt
structure
❑ Its chief purpose is to distribute load to the base
course
❑ The binder course generally consists of
aggregates having less asphalt and doesn't
require quality as high as the surface course
TACK COAT / BASE
❑ Tack coat is a very light application of asphalt,
usually asphalt emulsion diluted with water
❑ It provides proper bonding between two layers of
binder course and must be thin
DURING CONSTRUCTION
WEARING COURSE
Surface course is the layer directly in contact with traffic
loads and generally contains superior quality materials.
They are usually constructed with dense asphalt. The
functions and requirements of this layer are:
❑ It provides characteristics such as friction,
smoothness, drainage, etc
❑ Also it will prevent the entrance of excessive quantities
of surface water into the underlying base, sub-base
and sub-grade
❑ It must be tough to resist the distortion under traffic
❑ Provide a smooth and skid- resistant riding surface
❑ It must be water proof to protect the entire base and
sub-grade from the weakening effect of water
DURING CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS AND ELEMENTS
Lower Sand
Granular Sub- 75mm thick
base
Upper Sand
Granular Sub- 250mm thick
base
Crushed Crusher run
Aggregate 350mm thick
Road Base
Dense DBM
Bituminous 100mm thick
Macadam
Binder Asphalt Concrete Binder Course
Course 60mm thick
Wearing Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course
Course 60mm thick
MATERIALS
Bituminous macadam
Crushed aggregate Asphalt base
Tack coat Asphalt and chipping Stone mastic asphalt
Lean concrete Hot rolled asphalt
SAFETY AND HEALTH
To wear personal protective equipment.
To maintain the plants and construction
machineries regularly.
To regulate the movement of the
construction machineries.
To have a signalman/fragman.
BEFORE CONSTRUCTION
DURING CONSTRUCTION
AFTER CONSTRUCTION
RIGID PAVEMENT
Road using a concrete slab over
base layer.
Base layer is laid over the subgrade.
Preparation of sub-grade is similar
to flexible pavement to protect water
from concrete
The thickness of concrete slab used
will depend upon the condition of
the subgrade and intensity of traffic
and on whether the slab is to be
reinforced.
Steel Forms Form Removal
Self-Propelled
Roller Screed
Hand-Operated Vibrator Floating
Placement Placement in Front of a
Rolling Screed
Finishing
Joint Layout in an Joint Raveling due to
Intersection Early Sawing
Contraction Joint Showing Sawcut Depth
