Reinforced Concrete Design Data Page 8
1. Design Formulae for R.C. Structures (Based on H.K. Code of practice for structural use
of concrete 2004)
1.1 Partial Safety Factors for Loads
1.2 Lever Arm (Singly reinforced section)
K
z d 0 .5 0 .25
0 .9
1.3 Bending Reinforcement
M M
K , As
bc d 2 f cu 0.87 f y z
For d’/x < 0.43, compressive stress in steel = 0.87fy
For moment redistribution < 10% and K 0.156, compression steel required.
Reinforced Concrete Design Data Page 9
Effective breadth b:
T-beams - web width bw + lz/5 or the actual flange width if less
L-beams - web width bw + lz/10 or the actual flange width if less
lz is the distance between points of zero moments in the beam.
For tension reinforcement:
Flanged beam, web in tension:
100A s
Min. 0.18 for bw / b < 0.4
bwh
100A s
Min. 0.13 for bw / b 0.4
bwh
Flanged beam, flange in tension:
'
100A s
L-beam: Min. 0 .2 ,
bw h
Rectangular beam:
Maximum reinforcement percentage:
100A s
Max. 4.0
bh
Minimum reinforcement percentage:
100A s
Min: 0.13
bh
Reinforced Concrete Design Data Page 10
1.4 Shear Reinforcement for Beam & Slab
V
v
b vd
Asv b(v vc )
For v vc vr :
sv 0.87 f yv
Asv b vr
For v vc vr :
sv 0.87 f yv
vr=0.4 N/mm2 for fcu< 40 N/mm2
For 25MPa concrete:
1/3
100 As 400
1/4
1
vc 0.79 and m = 1.25;
bv d d m
100 As
should not be taken as greater than 3;
bv d
400
should not be less than 1 for members with shear reinforcement providing minimum links;
d
For characteristic concrete strengths greater than 25 N/mm2, the values of vc may be multiplied by
(fcu/ 25)1/3. The value of fcu should not be taken as greater than 80.
1.5 Short and Braced Column:
For short braced columns of nominal eccentricity and not subjected to significant moments:
N = 0.4fcuAc + 0.75Ascfy le = lo
For short braced columns supporting an approximately symmetrical arrangement of beams :
N = 0.35fcuAc + 0.67fyAsc
For columns resisting pure axial forces:
Nuz = 0.45fcuAc + 0.87fyAsc
Note: All the terms and symbols bear their usual meanings.
Reinforced Concrete Design Data Page 11
_________________________________________________________________________________
Table 1 - Area of Steel Reinforcement
Reinforced Concrete Design Data Page 12
Table 2 - Form and area of shear reinforcement in beams
Reproduced from [Link] of practice for structural use of concrete 2004: Section 6
Reinforced Concrete Design Data Page 13
Table 3 - Values of vc design concrete shear stress
Reproduced from Code of practice for structural use of concrete 2004: Section 6
Reinforced Concrete Design Data Page 14
Table 4 - Values of β for RC Columns
Reproduced from Code of practice for structural use of concrete 2004: Section 6
Structural Steel Design Data Page 15
Design Formulae for Structural Steel Design (Based on Code of Practice for the Structural
Use of Steel, Hong Kong
2.1 Steel Properties
Steel: E = 205,000 N/mm2
2.2 Bending
0 .5
275
Mcx = py Sx, Mcy = pySy
py
1.2 pyZx 1.2 pyZy
2.3 Shear
p y Av
Vc = Av = t D for rolled I, H and channel sections
3
2.4 Web Bearing capacity
Pbw = (b1 + n k) t pyw
in which, at the ends of a member: n = 2 + 0.6be / k 5
at other locations: n = 5
For rolled I and H sections, k = T + r
2.5 Deflection
5 wl 4
for UDL
384 EI
Pl 3
for point load at mid-span.
48 EI
2.6 Buckling Resistance
= Le / ry LT = uv w βw = 1 for class 1 and 2 sections
1
v
2
0.25
1 0.05( )
x
mLT M x M b and M x M cx Mb = pbSx
Note: All the terms and symbols bear their usual meanings
Structural Steel Design Data Page 16
2.7 Tension Members
Pt = Ae p y
Ae = Ke (net area) Ke = 1.1 for Grade S355 steel
Ke = 1.2 for Grade S275 steel
s 2p t
Bolt stagger
4g
For single angle connected through one leg, single channel through the web or
a single T section through the flange,
bolted connections, Pt = py (Ae – 0.5 a2)
welded connections, Pt = py (Ae – 0.3 a2)
in which a2 = Ag – a1
2.8 Compression Members
Pc = Ag p c x = Lex / rx y = Ley / ry
2.9 Column Equations
= Le / ry LT = uv w Mb = pbSx
Cross Section Capacity Check :
Fc M My
+ x + 1
A g p y M cx M cy
Member Buckling Capacity Check :
Fc m x M x m y M y
+ + 1
Pc M cx M cy
Fc m M m My
+ LT LT + y 1
Pcy Mb M cy
Simple Construction :
LT = 0.5L / ry
Fc Mx My
+ + 1
Pc M cx M cy
Fc m M My
+ LT LT + 1
Pcy Mb M cy
Note: All the terms and symbols bear their usual meanings
Structural Steel Design Data Page 17
2.10 Connection - Ordinary Bolts
Shear: P s = p s As
Tension: Pt = As pt or Pnom = 0.8 As pt
Bolt Bearing: Pbb = d tp pbb
Bearing of connected part:
Pbs = kbs d tp pbs
Pbs = 0.5 kbs e tp pbs
and Pbs = 1.5 Ic tp Us 2.0 d tp Ub
where e = end distance measured in the direction of load transfer
kbs = 1.0 for standard holes, 0.7 for oversize and short slotted holes
Ic = net distance between the bearing edge of the holes and the near edge of adjacent holes
in the direction of load transfer
pbs = bearing strength of connected parts
for steel grade S275, pbs = 460 MPa
for steel grade S355, pbs = 550 MPa
for steel grade S460, pbs = 670 MPa
Us is the specified minimum tensile strength of parent metal =430 N/mm2 for S275
=510 N/mm2 for S355
Ub is the specified minimum tensile strength of bolts = 800 N/mm2 for grade 8.8 bolt
2.11 Bolted Connection - Combined Torsion and Shear
Fs = P / (no. of bolts)
FT = P e r /( x2+ y2)
FR = [Fs2 + FT2 + 2 FT Fs cos ]0.5
2.12 Bolted Connection - Combined Tension and Shear
Fs = P / (no. of bolts)
FT = P e y1 / y2
Fs P s FT P T
Fs F
T 1.4
Ps Pnom
2.13 Welded Connection - Combined Torsion and Shear
Fs = P / (length of weld)
FT = P e r /Ip where Ip = Ix + Iy
FR = [Fs2 + FT2 + 2 FT Fs cos ]0.5
2.14 Welded Connection - Combined Tension and Shear
Assume rotation about the bottom flange
Fs = P / 2a
FT = P e /d b
Note: All the terms and symbols bear their usual meanings
Structural Steel Design Data Page 18
2.15 Strength of Weld
Strength of Weld = 0.7 leg length pw x 10-3 kN/mm
Reproduced from Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel 20051
Note: All the terms and symbols bear their usual meanings
Tensile Stress Area of Bolt
Nominal diameter Shank area Tensile stress area
(mm) (mm2) (mm2)
12 113 84.3
16 201 157
20 314 245
22 380 303
24 452 353
27 573 459
30 707 561
Structural Steel Design Data Page 19
Limiting width to thickness ratios to HK Structural Steel Code of Practice
Reproduced from Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel 20051
Structural Steel Design Data Page 20
Reproduced from Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel 20051
Structural Steel Design Data Page 21
Reproduced from Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel 20051
Structural Steel Design Data Page 22
Reproduced from Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel 20051
Structural Steel Design Data Page 23
Reproduced from “Design Guide to BS 5950: Part 1: 2000, Volume 1, 6th Edition, SCI”
Structural Steel Design Data Page 24
Reproduced from “Design Guide to BS 5950: Part 1: 2000, Volume 1, 6th Edition, SCI”
Structural Steel Design Data Page 25
Reproduced from “Design Guide to BS 5950: Part 1: 2000, Volume 1, 6th Edition, SCI”
Structural Steel Design Data Page 26
Reproduced from “Design Guide to BS 5950: Part 1: 2000, Volume 1, 6th Edition, SCI”
Structural Steel Design Data Page 27
Reproduced from “Design Guide to BS 5950: Part 1: 2000, Volume 1, 6th Edition, SCI”
