Chapter 1
The Problem
Background of Study
Life in jail must be boring that it have almost same routine
[Link] is an institution where same people
eat,work,sleep,and do their recreational activities in same
[Link] are totally out of the normal society make them
develop or make their lifestyles in order to be atleast contented
and happy inside the prison including a behavior of violating
some rules in the institution. Moreover,before entering the
prison,there are rules,duties and rights that is being informed
to them and the most of the studies in each and evry prison have
recorded violations.
In United States study found out that one of the reason of
violations of inmates is due to [Link] Bureau of
Justice Statistics (2015) noted that there is a total of
approximately 6,741 of the correctional [Link]
2011,prisoners hold to share a small cell which is supposedly
accommodated by [Link] do share everything and spend time
together everyday;(This causes misunderstanding among them)they
taught for sharing a single matress which one point became sever.
This causes misunderstanding among them and worst is the one shot
and wounded the other.
A study in Walden University in US noted that prison
overcrowding has a big impact on the behavior of inmate when they
examined overcrowding and inmate [Link] was been argued
that psychological disorders are the causes of the behaviors of
inmates like anxiety that brings out tension between
[Link],violent behaviors are caused of stressful experience
and that the level of stress is increased when inmates feel
clustered.(Robinson,2018).
In France, all prisoners are well informed on rules and
regulation in prison as well as their rigts and duties as a
prisoner before entering the [Link] was always informed in the
language thet understand prisoners upon arrival shall be given a
booklet of their rights,duties and the rules and if the prisoner
doesn’t understand French they give a leaflet translated to a
language they understand.(Crenetot and Liaras,2013). In
addition,as an actions to sanction of French prisoners,they have
a solitary confinement for [Link] are sent to the
disciplinary area that has a maximum 30 days for adults,7 for
children over 16 years old,they are confined here for 23 hours
that has only one hours of walking or having an exercise [Link]
area of the cell has only 9m2 that consist of a little bed, a
small table for eating,a basin and a [Link] can receive
visitors per week and their lawyer can visit them as well.
(Crenetot and Liaras,2013).
In Nigeria,if was found out that because prisoners are kept
in place for long they tead to do bad or negative actions to
others. As a result the Nigerian Correctional Centre learn that
inmates are also allowed to go to national universities.
(Gbadamosi,2019). On the otherhand, study of United Nations and
Human Rights States that women are very vulnerable in [Link]
female detainees face inhuman and degrading treatment including
threats of rape,violence,insults and humiliations by other
inmates and [Link] were even touced in sexual manners and
peeped while they’re showering or using toilets. (Manjoo,2014)
Escapes of inmates also is one of a major violation inside
the prison. This is a worldwide phenomenon that happened even in
the developed countries whose jails are equipped with modern
facilities and [Link] South Africa; a report of sixty-eight
prisoners escapes during their physical [Link] escapes took
the keys and locked the three officials in the cell and opened
the [Link] was the mentioned that overworked and stressed are
often forgeted in overcrowded prisons, a reason why prisoners can
easily overpower them.(Swiegers,2020)
The Philippines is a signatory of United Nations conventions
and instruments pertaining to persons deprived of liberty. It is
required to carry out the treaty agreements, mainly through the
enactment of domestic laws based on globally accepted principles
that provide targets and performance indicators. The United
Nations Minimum Standards for the Treatment of Prisoners is a
systematic tool for policymakers and implementers to guarantee
that incarceration provides mechanisms for correction and change
for those who have been stripped of their liberty.
In addition,there are also recommendations for particular
groups, such as women and people with disabilities. Aside from
international norms. The 1987 Constitution states in Article III,
Section 19 that “the use of substandard or insufficient
correctional facilities under subhuman circumstances shall be
dealt with by law.” Therefore, there are sufficient foundations
in the Constitution and in our internationally binding
obligations to pursue reforms in our prisons and prison system.
Although, rather than these legislative imperatives, facts on the
ground should pressure our lawmakers to press for much-needed
changes.
Furthermore,people believe that by putting the offender in
prison,the community is protected from further criminal
depredations when imprisonment is ude as a form of
[Link] (2010) points out that such belief is found to be
doubtful because “first,only a small portion of the whole
criminal population is actually [Link],perpertrators
of crimes reported to the police still reamin at
[Link],those criminals of reported crimes who are committed
to prison are released within a period of time.” Cano
(2010)further stated that : the focus of correction is
rehabilitation which restores criminal [Link],punishment
was directed towards retrofitting the offender to the community
and enhancing community’s acceptance for him to fit and become a
law-abiding and productive [Link] offender’s stigma of being
bad or evil should be dealt as a [Link] said that a person’s
negative behavior maybe emanating from his physical,emotional,or
socio-cultural sickness.
Correction is the communities official reaction to the
criminal offender,whether adult or juvenile. According to Carlie
and Kevin (1992),they said that it is guided by social
philosophies and values that are [Link],the general
underlying philosophical intent of corrections is the restoration
of the offenders to a productive role in the community and his or
her reintegration into [Link] the correctional intent is
essentially the same,it is not surprising that the systems
established to implement these aspirations are rather similar and
exhibit many of the same ambiguities,weakness,and frustrations.
Prison is an institution for the confinement of persons who
have been remanded in custody by judicial authority or who have
been deprived of their liberty following conviction for a crime
(Coyle,2021)
A person found quilty of a crime must required to serve a
prison sentence accordingly to the decision of the judge,thus the
person must finished the sentence before going back to the
society.
In Philippine corrections system,there is a distinction
between a jail and prison. A jail is defined as a place of
confinement for inmates under investigation or undergoing trial,
or serving short term sentences,while prison refers to the
national prisons or penitentiaries managed and supervised by the
Bureau of Corrections. (Alvor,2020). Jails include
provincial,district,city and municipal jails managed and
supervised by the Provincial Government and BJMP.
Furthermore,all prisons and jails in the Philippines
experienced problems from the inmates especially committing
crimes and violations inside the prison. The overcrowding of
inmates also may pull the inmates in committing minor or major
violations. Even before Duterte’s anti-drugs crackdown,the
Philippines had the third-most-congested prison system in the
world after Haiti and El Salvador, according to the London-based
Institute for Criminal Policy Research. (Morales,2017).
An average of six inmates occupy a space of 4.7 square
meters, the space intended for one prisoner, data from BJMP
showed. As to the violations committed by the inmates,a prisoner
accused of breaking rules does not have all the rights of an
accused at trial because a prison disciplinary proceeding is not
the same as a criminal [Link] prisoners must be given
notice of the charges against them,the particular rules they are
charged with violating,and the penalties for such [Link]
addition prison officials may punish prisoners by withdrawing
certain privilege,such as seeing visitors or earning wages but
not be denied fundamental human necessities.
Objectives of the Study
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the violations of
persons deprived of Liberty (PDL) AT Bureau of Jail Management
and Penology, La Trinidad. Specifically from the year 2018 to
2020. Also to evaluate the reason behind the commission of the
violations and the to know punishments imposed for each of the
violations committed by the Persons Deprive of Liberty.
Significance of the Study
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
Regulating Mechanism
Structural and cultural organization of the “pangkat”
society which becomes the alternative structure of
“panunungkulan” (duty positions).It is maintained by the
“pangkat” which authorizes inmates to have authority over other
inmates to carry out the “batas ng bilangguan” or prison code.
Guives (2016)
Regulating mechanism explained that “pangkat” or gang inside
the prison which authorizes inmates to have authority over other
inmates to carry out the prison code. In relation to study that
most prisons are ruled by different gangs inside,that can cause
conflict among opposed authorization that can lead members of the
gangs to commit violations,such as murder,riot,assault,etc.
Deprivation Model Theory
The Society of Captives by Gresham Skyes described the
“pains of imprisonment” that inmates experience during their time
in a correctional facility. According to him,the pains of
imprisonment are experienced within the walls of the
prison;hence,the origin of the culture is not outside the
institution,but [Link] his work,sykes delineates five
deprivations: the loss or childlike helplessness that may impact
their ability to function normally upon [Link],inmates
experience the deprivation of security,which refers to the
potential threat to personal safety that exists for inmates
within the prison.
The theory explained the “pains of imprisonment” that
inmates experience during their time in prison such as
deprivation of liberty,deprivation of goods and
services,deprivation of heterosexual relationship,deprivation of
autonomy and the deprivation of security,thus may affect the life
and behavioral status of the prisoners in committing violations
inside the prison.
Importation Model Thoery
Importation model thought that the prison is composed of
multiple subcultures that rival each other with respect to values
and norms. These smaller subcultures are deprived from
subcultures developed on the outside that are imported into the
prison,as well as social-demographic characteristics and criminal
career variables,such as time served in institutions and offense
record.
Integrated Model
While early studies of the prison culture tend to consider
the deprivation and importation models as opposite ends of a
spectrum,more recents studies have understood these as
complementary rather than competing models.
Differential Association Theory
At the heart of differential association theory is the
concept of definitions favourable to law [Link]
definitions are gradually acquired through frequent contacts with
those who already happen to hold such definitions.
The presentation of the framework of this study is shown in
figure 1. The fisrt box presents the independent variable which
is composed of the most common violations committed by Persons
Deprived of Liberty(PDL),The causes of the commission of the
violations and the punishments imposed for the violations.
The second box interlinked with with the dependent variable
showing the ( A quantitative analysis on Persons Deprived of
Liberty’s violations inside the Prisons/Jails).
The third box presents the moderating variable, The Jail
Inmates of Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, La Trinidad,
who are the respondents and the backbone of the study.
Edwin Sutherland’s theory of differential association
assumes criminal behavior is learned through contact with
individuals who are themselves criminal,furthermore,criminal
behavior is learned when more attitudes are learned that favour
violations of the law than those that negatively evaluate
violation of the law. In relation to the study that those new
inmates may learned negative behavior that can lead to criminal
act or against the rules by interacting to those old inmates or
gang influence.
Figure 1. Paradig of the Study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
1. Most common
violations committed DEPENDENT VARIABLE
2. Cause of the
A quantitative analysis
commission of
on Person Deprived of
violations
Liberty’s violations
3. Punishments imposed
inside the Prisons/Jails.
for the violations.
MODERATING VARIABLE
Jail Inmates of Bureau of Jial
Management and Penology,La
Trinidad
Statement of the Probem
This study sought to understand the quantitative analysis on
Person Deprived of Liberty’s violations inside the prisons/jails.
Specifically,this study sought to answer the following;
1. What are the violations committed?
2. What are the most committed violations each year from 2018
to 2020?
3. What are the causes of the commission of violations?
4. What are punishments imposed for the violations
Chapter 2
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the method and procedure that was
used in the [Link] includes the research design and
methodology,the population and locale of the study,the date
gathering instruments,data gathering procedure and the treatment
of data.
Research Design and Methodology
This study used quantitative type of research particularly
the descriptive survey. It is to determined the analysis on
persons deprived of liberty’s violations inside the prisons/jails
by conducting survey and questionnaires. According to Hale
(2018), descriptive survey concerns the participants to answer
questions administered by the researcher through interviews or
questioners.
Population and Locale of the Study
The respondents that were involved in this study are 120
persons deprived of liberty in Benguet District Jail, male dorm
(of year 2018-2020) whp committed violations inside the jail of
year 2018-2020.
The total population of the respondents in this study was
derived through the slovin’s formula as shown below.
Data Gathering Tools
Data Gathering Procedure
Treatment of Data
CURRICULUM VITAE
GLEN DYLE GUINGABAN
Contact Number:
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth:
Citizenship
Civil Status
Provincial Address
EDUCATION
Tertiary Level
Secondary Level
Primary
PROFESSIONAL EXPEREINCE/S
AWARDS RECEIVED
GRETCHIN N. ATOS
JF 008, Pico,La Trinidad Benguet
Contact Number: 0938-806-4070
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth: June 20,1999
Citizenship Filipino
Civil Status Single
Provincial Address Kabayan,Benguet
EDUCATION
Tertiary Level King’s College of the Philippines
Secondary Level King’s College of the Philippines
Primary Tawangan Elementary School
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE/S
AWARDS RECEIVED
JAVYEE SINON
Contact Number:
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth:
Citizenship
Civil Status
Provincial Address
EDUCATION
Tertiary Level
Secondary Level
Primary
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE/S
AWARDS RECEIVED
JEZEBELLE F. BUKONG
KF030b,Kangas Road,Lower Cruz,La Trinidad,Benguet
Contact Number: 0907-322-8839
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth: August 20,1999
Citizenship Filipino
Civil Status Single
Provincial Address Poblacion,Bakun,Benguet
EDUCATION
Tertiary Level King’s College of the Philippines
Secondary Level King’s College of the Philippines
Primary Bakun Central Elementary School
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE/S
AWARDS RECEIVED
JUN JUN B. ELIS
Balili,La Trinidad
Contact Number: 0938-404-2159
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth: June 23,1999
Citizenship Filipino
Civil Status Single
Provincial Address Bagulin,La Union
EDUCATION
Tertiary Level King’s College of the Philippines
Secondary Level Sisters of Mary School Boystown,Inc.
Primary Upper Wallayan Elementary School
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE/S
AWARDS RECEIVED
