Emilio Aguinaldo College

School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology

Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148 ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Wood Ash Cement with Calcium Hydroxide as a Partial Substitute

for Cement to Improve the Strength of a Concrete Block

Abogado, Bernadette B.

Rosquites, Elizabeth
 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

2
 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

As the global industrialization keep developing each year, the

demand for construction supplies increases. And as construction industry

develops, the demand had escalated quickly. And with that said, the

global waste still increases day by day so the researcher’s goal is to obtain

an efficient and economical alternative for cement. Woods are frequently

used in constructions and as a result there would be tons of saw dust. The

aspects of wood ash such as its physical, chemical as well as the influence

of wood ash on properties such as workability, water absorption,

compressive strength and flexural rigidity test.

Environmental concerns and economic pressure are among the

driving forces behind today's industrial development. A number of

research projects are therefore being carried out worldwide on the use of

waste materials to reduce environmental hazards and to streamline

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
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existing waste disposal and recycling methods by making them more

affordable.

Concrete is an artificial material in which aggregates are produced.

Both the fine and the gross are bonded together by the cement. Mixed

with some water. Concrete has unlimited possibilities. Innovative

applications, design and building techniques. Its wide range of versatility

and relative economy. Very competitive building material has been made

of needs

With the advancement of technology and the increased field of

application of concrete and mortars, the strength of workability, durability

and other characteristics of ordinary concrete need to be modified to

make it more suitable for special situations. Added to this is the need to

combat the rising cost and scarcity of cement. Under these circumstances,

the use of mixtures is considered to be an important alternative.

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Wood ash is an amalgamation: a pozzolana. The Pozzolana is

Material rich in silica and alumina, which has little in itself. Or no

cementitious value, but in a finely divided form in the presence of

moisture, react chemically with calcium hydroxide at normal

temperatures to form compounds. Possession of cementitious properties.

Wood ash is produced as a by-product of combustion in wood-fired

power plants, paper mills and other wood-burning plants. Since then,

wood is a renewable energy source and environmentally Friendly

material, the use of wood in energy production will be increased in the

future. As a result, the amount of wood ash generation will be increased.

The inclusion of wood waste ash as a partial cement replacement

material in wood ash/OPC blended cement resulted in a delay in cement

setting, thus requiring longer initial and final setting times for the blended

cement paste. With the increase in the level of cement substitution with

wood ash, the effects of time delays are becoming more significant.

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Investigated the compressive strength of cement mortar mixtures

containing wood from a wood-fired biomass power plant. Wood ash was

used as a cement replacement material for 10, 20 and 30 percent of the

total weight of the binder. Mortar mixtures with a 10% wood ash content

were observed to have a higher compressive strength of 28 days but a

lower flexural strength. The use of wood ash as a partial cement

replacement material at a higher replacement level of 20 and 30 percent

of the total binder weight was observed to reduce the compressive

strength of 28 days relative to the equivalent neat OPC mortar mixture.

Flexural strengths of the produced concrete specimens were

recorded at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analysis of the results indicated that

there was an increase in the level of cement replacement with wood ash at

all concrete ages, which resulted in a decrease in the magnitude of

flexural strength.

In the light of the research reported, it is essential to study the

behavior of wood ash concrete with locally available wood waste ash so

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
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that the problems associated with the disposal of this waste can be

minimized and the production of green concrete can be promulgated. The

compressive and tensile strengths of M30 grade wood ash concrete at

different additional levels ranging from 0 to 30 per cent were

experimentally investigated in this paper and the results were analysed.

OBJECTIVES:

The main objective for the performance of the study was to check

the compressive strength of wood ash blended concrete with calcium

hydroxide and to analyse the results for variation in concrete

characteristics due to wood ash. We also tried to find out the optimum

replacement percentage for highest strength value and to decide the

aptness of wood ash as cement replacement material.

1. To produce an effective and economical alternative for cement.

2. To determine the compressive and tensile strength using the wood ash

as partial alternative to cement.

3. To make use of the wood works by-product.

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
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4. To study the behavior of wood ash with calcium hydroxide.

5. To analyze the suitability of wood ash with calcium hydroxide as a

partial replacement material in the production of structural grade

concrete.

KEYWORDS:

Wood ash, compressive strength, concrete, tensile strength, calcium

hydroxide

Conceptual Framework:

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Wood Ash MIXING Successful use of

Calcium Hydroxide MOULDING wood-byproduct

Portland Cement CURING FOR 7,21 & (WOOD ASH) with

Sand 28 DAYS lime as a partial

COMPRESSIVE substitute for cement

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
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The conceptual work for this research are as the figure shown.

The input for this research is where the researchers will gather all

the materials needed for the process on making the output.

Input

Sand, cement, wood ash, calcium hydroxide and water are the

materials included in this study. Sand, cement and water are the regular

materials making a concrete hollow blocks while the main

material/additive for our study are the wood ash and calcium hydroxide.

These materials are proven to improve concrete strength separately.

Process

The process for this study will be mixing of the given materials and

moulding it into a cylinder. After mixing and moulding, we then now

proceed in curing the cylinder blocks in 7, 21 & 28 days then proceed to

testing the compressive and concrete blocks.

9
 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Output

The output will be the wood ash cement with calcium hydroxide as

an additive partially replacing the cement to improve the strength of a

concrete block.

Significance of Study:

The study WOOD ASH CEMENT WITH CALCIUM

HYDROXIDE AS A PARTIAL SUBSTITUTE FOR CEMENT TO

IMPROVE THE STRENGTH OF A CONCRETE BLOCK, will help

create environmental concerns and economic pressure are among the

driving forces behind industrial development today.The use of waste

materials is also being carried out worldwide to mitigate environmental

risks and to streamline current methods of waste management and

recycling by making them more accessible. This will benefit the

following:

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Civil Engineering Students. The accomplish of this study will give ideas

to students regarding the innovation of materials and methods in this

study.

Community. The partial replacement of wood ash cement would help

lessen the cost of materials being used in concrete blocks, thus consumers

will benefit from it.

Environment. The success of this study will reduce the volume of waste

from the wood-works industry and its utilization in the formulation of

wood ash will generate products that has greater compressive and tensile

strength.

Scope and Limitation:

This study will use wood ash collected from the incinerated woods

mixed with calcium hydroxide as a partial replacement for cement. This

research focuses on conforming of the wood ash cement mixed with

calcium hydroxide by percentage on a concrete block design mix. It

determines the tensile and compressive strength of the mixture.

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

This study is limited to determine the evaluation of the data gathered of

the tensile and compressive strength in different proportional percentage

that is 0%, 5% and 10%. The target of compressive strength is 28Mpa

(4060 psi). The total samples should be 18 in which divided equally

depending on days cured. The curing will be 7, 14 and 28 days.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Compressive Strength. The flexibility of the material to withstand loads

to a certain degree up to material.

Split tensile Strength. This indicates the strength of the hardened

concrete at the point where it has reached its breaking point.

Calcium Hydroxide. It is a white solid that is used in the construction

and daily life industries.

Wood Ash. The wood is anhydrous and contains mostly calcium

compounds with other non-combustible elements present. It's been used

in various ways throughout history.

Concrete. It is a material composed of aggregates, cement and additives.

Water that hardened over time.

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
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Fine aggregates. It refers to the part of concrete that is aggregate   less

than 1/4 inch.

Workability. Concrete's workability applies to how freely it can flow

through the reinforcements and fill the gaps behind them.

Suitability. The quality of being appropriate for a particular purpose.

Partial Replacement. Defined as replacing a part of a material.

Structural Grade Concrete. It is defined by the strength and

composition of the concrete.

By-product. An incidental or secondary product made in the manufacture

or synthesis of something else.

Cement. A powdery substance made with calcined lime and clay. It is

mixed with water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel, and water to

make concrete.

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discusses the wood ash with calcium hydroxide in concrete,

testing processes, and manufacturing. This also contains information

about the additive material that used in this study which is wood ash.

Our study of literature suggested wood ash as rather pozzolanic material

with calcium hydroxide & fine particles and greater surface areas. Many

literature review studies have been able to accomplish goal intensity. The

binding properties of wood ash can also be affected by suggested forms of

wood ash. In multiple studies, water absorption & calcium hydroxide was

also seen to increase. Higher replacement percentages in the literature

analysis Wood ash, which is greater than 10 percent, did not yield optimal

results and was below expectations.

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
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Foreign literature

Wood Ash

Wood ash is the powdery substance left from the combustion

of wood, such as burning wood in a furnace, bonfire, or an industrial

power plant. The tree, namely oak, is primarily composed of calcium

compounds along with other non-combustible trace components, such as

iron, present in the wood. Scientists have learned of the applications for

this for quite long time.

After polishing wood with wood dust from the state of

Tamilnadu, India, it was decided that wood ash in the specific area was

suitable for the OPC portion replacement. The wood ash, (WA) was

collected from open field burning with average temperature being 700

degrees Celcius. The substance was cleaned, ground and carefully

combined together. An appropriate blend of wood and aggregate in the

concrete mix was achieved by combining the wood ash with fine

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

aggregate for a set period of time.This setting was achieved by combining

the cement with hydraulic aggregates to promote the pozzolanic reaction

and to reduce the water material. It gives it the physical and chemical

properties that are typical with wood ash. The physical properties of the

ash, as measured by Naik et al., were in complete agreement with the

results stated by Naik et al.. The specific gravity of the ash was reported

at 2.26 down to 2.60 and the unit weight varied from 162 kg/m3 to a

maximum of 1376 kg/m3. The findings match those from two other

researchers who recorded the existence of substantial silica in the ash of

sawdust and provided a mean of 72.78% for the total composition of

pozzolanic critical compounds namely silica, alumina and ferric.

Additive of wood ash in conrete

The vast amount of wood waste generated in many

countries around the world offers a strong opportunity for its uses as a

building material. In this study, wood waste (sawdust and wood shaving)

ash (WWA) of pretreated timber of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 percent by

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
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weight of cement was applied as a complement to a concrete of mix

proportion 1:2:4:0.56 (cement:fine aggregate:water cement ratio), and the

strengths and the water absorption of the matrix were evaluated.A war

analysis was used to spot all-important metals leaching. The compressive

and the tensile strengths of the standard WWA concrete will have values

from 12.83 to 28.66 N/mm squared, and 3.65 to 5.57 N/mm squared,

respectively. Compared to the strength of plain concrete (control), the

compressive and tensile strengths of WWA concrete were between 62 and

91% and 65 and 98% of the former, respectively.Prior to the expansion,

WWA concrete showed absorption properties comparable to those of the

soil. But, after the expansion, water absorption accelerated and achieved

the peak rates for concrete specimens with the highest amounts of

additive asces.

Effect of Wood Ash in concrete

The effects of the inclusion of wood waste ash on the

compression and tensile capacities of M30 concrete has been assessed.

17
 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
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Wood waste ash, even if it is not specifically used in concrete

manufacturing, may be a considerable benefit to reduce the complexity of

its disposal as used as an additive in concrete. The findings of the analysis

say that both the compressive and and were successful.  As the tensile

strength for wood waste ash concrete is very similar to plain concrete as it

is constructed of 10 percent wood waste ash concrete.

Consequently, wood waste ash as cement substitute content

has been introduced into. Presently, additive compounds are applied to

concrete to offer it sheen and power. Researchers also discovered that a

combination of cement and concrete may provide concrete products that

increase the durability of concrete, produce material that is more benefit

environmentally, and produces products that are more cost efficient.

Considering that wood waste ash can be successfully used in higher grade

concrete, it can be inferred that wood waste ash can be added up to 10

percent of the weight of cement in high grade concrete.

Calcium Hydroxide

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
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The use of cementitious materials dates back several millennia, and is not

limited to Roman and Portland cements. Until World War I, Baker offers

an excellent list of concrete practices. Young and Mindess, and others,

present current practices in the use of concrete and material properties

from a civil engineering perspective. A final text on the use of reinforced

concrete, characteristics and the design in the view of the structural

engineer is provided by Warner and Rangan, etc. This text is based on

Portland cement-based concrete of normal weight. Baker introduced two

concrete design rules that have been restated:

1. For concrete mixtures that contain the same amounts of fine and coarse

aggregate, the strongest concrete is the one that contains the greatest

concentration of Portland cement.

2. For the same percentage of Portland cement and aggregate, the

strongest concrete is made with a combination of the fine and coarse.

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
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There is some research available on the effects and benefits of Portland

cement compared to hydrated lime as a partial replacement for Portland

cement. Lime is added to fly ash based concrete in a way that helps

strengthen the concrete so they can be stripped more quickly. If lime

hydration is not an option, crushed limestone can be used as a substitute

for Portland cement. Research has demonstrated the positive benefits in

all forms of concrete/mortar use. In a recent report by the Portland

Cement Association, less than five percent limestone substitution with

Portland cement is needed.

Properties of Calcium Hydroxide Concrete

Lime concrete can have ample structural strength and is also reasonably

flexible. It is very good at following the contour of a rock. Lime concrete

also displays some water resistance as it is able to deter water from

entering the subsoil. Lime concrete possesses volume preservation. They

are quickly manufactured and at a much lower price. It is substantial

resistance to weather and is durable.

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
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Mortar studies have listed cement and lime mortars as having strong

flexural bond strengths. High-strength cement mortar is strengthened by

the two elements of cement and lime used together.

The tensile strength of the concrete used to set the brick units. High-

strength bond is achieved using the following characteristics:.

Lime is known for its high water preservation, allowing for high early

curing of concrete.

High flow which enables detailed application to masonry units.

The low level of air in cement mortar creates a tight bond.

The degree of bond corresponds to the percent of brick the mortar has

adhered to. The low air content and fine hydrated lime particles bond

closely to bricks, forming excellent cement bonds. These factors enable

concrete-based mortars to be able to dig directly into the brick and seal

the brick/mortar link.

Concrete Strength

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
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Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
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ASTM C270 provides for the proportion or property rules to be used to

specify mortars. Cement-Lime (CL) Mortars used in building in the

proportion specified provide adequate power for a property in the next

highest level. For eg, a Type N cement-lime mortar can match the Type S

mortar property requirements because it meets the associated proportion

specification. Specifying a CL blend by its percentage offers a reasonable

margin of safety about compressive power. If high compressive forces are

unacceptable, adding crushed lime will improve the properties and make

the concrete tougher. In this case, the cement-lime mortar may be

calibrated for its compressive strength.

Lime increases the strength of the mortar through a variety of

mechanisms: (1),

The carbonation reaction is the mechanism by which carbon dioxide

shapes limestone.

Pozzolonic reactions may sometimes occur between caustic lime and a

surface containing silica.

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
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Lime tends to retain elevated pH levels in the combination of lime and

sand. This makes insoluble materials more porous and reactive.

Uniformity.

Cement-lime mortars continue to outperform other sand-based mortars in

the region. ASTM C270 offers prescribed proportions of cement-lime

mortars that include Type O, N, S and M. This standard also requires that

hydrated lime products follow the ASTM C207 criteria, portland cement

meets the ASTM C150 criteria, and the physical properties of all cement

and cement products is also discussed. The chemistry of each concrete

mixture comprises a high concentration of cementitious materials (>

95%). The chemistry is well-defined and makes for consistent strength

characteristics such as compressive and flexural strength. Cement-lime

mortars must have a minimum air content of 12% for Type M and S

mortars and 14% for Type N and O mortars. We reduce blend air content

so the juices can be more stable. There are also preblended mortars

available in either bulk, bulk bags or silo systems.

Concrete as a Structural Material

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Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
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Mehta and Monteiro (2001), citing to Paul Adkins, reports

that concrete is a kind of materials that is neither as heavy nor as durable

as steel. Concrete is ideally designed for constructing because of its

enormous amount of strength and flexibility. Concrete is well-known for

its resilience to precipitation.

Bear in mind that there are concrete forms that are

manufactured of various weights, so be sure to understand what sort of

strength is required for the constructions (3000 to 6000 psi) compressive

pressure (compression strength), heavy strength concrete (high strength

concrete) – more than 40 MPa (6000 psi).

Concrete is a durable substance made up of tiny rocks of

asphalt, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate and water; this is also known

as simple concrete. However, while as an example, a plain concrete is in

that in which a reinforcing material is used as two materials jointly to

leverage the need to restrain the invasive force which prevents the

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
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concrete from corroding , has a concrete that is strengthened with another

material keeping together among its constraints is referred to as

reinforced concrete . (Fajardo, Jr., 2000). Interesting experiments are

carefully carried out on concrete that comes from varying forms of loads,

and the strength of the concrete is studied depending on the volume of

stress, compression, flexure, and rotation that the concrete receives. By

way of methods and minimum specifications specified in ASTM C31, 6

by 12 – inch (150 by 300 mm) cylinders are used for assessment and

acceptance of concrete (“International Journal of Concrete Structures and

Materials”, 2012).

The concrete should have concrete physical dimensions

that are known to be workable and compatible and seamless transfer

between tensile concrete types and around partial involvement of

reinforcement. That is, the pipes can survive corrosion and it resists

corrosion and it passes the strength checks (Gillesania, 2004).

25
 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
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Cement

Cement applies to a very fine powdery material consisting

chiefly of limestone (calcium), sand or clay (silicon), bauxite (aluminum)

and iron ore, and can also include shells, chalk, marl, shale, clay or slate.

Cement, itself, is a fine pulverized substance, and does not do much by

itself, but when remains damp and hydrated, it produces sticking

properties, comparable to a glue (i.e., from chemical reactions between

cement minerals and water). Cement is considered hydraulic because

hydrates can shape under saturated conditions. The usage of portland

cement is the most common form of hydraulic cement used in concrete,

which comprises of hydraulic calcium silicates. Cement is one of the most

significant components used in architecture. A binding medium that

hardens to attach to constructed materials like stone, mortar, tile, etc.

(Kumar Mehta, 2001)

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
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While it is necessary to have the right mix for concrete, one

may still get the best concrete if they use the correct concrete mixing

ratio's. Portland cement shall be a single brand of Portland cement

conforming to the ASTM Norm Requirements for Portland cement,

Classification C150 for the Type I Portland cement, Type II Portland

cement or Type III (high early strength) Portland cement . (ASTM section

237).

To render concrete, you must first combine Portland cement,

which is a certain form of sand, coarse aggregate (stone) and around some

water. When mixing the concrete, the amount of aggregate to sand

cement is something to bear in mind, since it influences how solid the

mixture can be.

Types of Cement

Centered off the ASTM criteria, Portland cement is

manufactured out of: The main forms of concrete cement used in concrete

mixing are:

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

TYPE I - For some other purpose; intended for use with some form other

than that specified in the specification;

TYPE II - Optimal effects are obtained as one employs this substance in

a general purpose way.

TYPE III - When high amounts of strength are required;.

TYPE IV - For usage where a particularly gentle treatment is needed; and

TYPE V- For usage where high alkalinity is needed.

Aggregates

According to Fajardo (2001), aggregates are linked together by

cement, mortar or plaster to shape concrete, mortar or plaster. He also

states that about 75% of the overall mass of aggregate is composed of

different aggregate sizes. Materials in various sizes are available in

nature. The size of the aggregate is based on the mix proportions, form of

job, and individual variables. aggregate form is known as the grading of

aggregates.

Similarly, in the book Basics of Reinforced Concrete , coarse

aggregates and fine aggregates are included. Fine sand is the product of

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

disintegration of bedrock by natural erosion.Fine grain is one that passes

through the No. 4 sieve (4.75 mm in size). Naturally occurring sand is

used as fine aggregate, and silt and clay are often included in this

classification. The soft deposit composed of sand, silt and clay is called

loam. The fine aggregate occupies the voids between the coarse aggregate

particles and serves as a flow agent in mixing cement. The table displays

the various forms of fine aggregates according to their scale.

Table 2. Size classification of fine aggregates

FINE AGGREGATE SIZE VARIATION

Coarse sand 2.0 mm – 0.5 mm

Medium sand 0.5 mm – 0.25 mm
Silt 0.06 mm – 0.002 mm
Clay <0.002 mm
Fine sand 0.25 mm – 0.06 mm

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Source: ACI code ASTM C33; ASTM C330.

In addition to being a source of aggregates, recycled concrete

is viable in a number of uses, such as infill for established concrete, as

granular sub-base, and in cement mixing. Aggregate production includes

crushing and screening, and even washing to ensure cleanliness and

gradation.If required, a stronger upgrading aggregate may be used to up

the degree of primary particle scale, such as heaviness media isolation or

jigging. When the aggregate has been collected, it is treated and deposited

in a manner that mitigate isolation and corrosion and permits on

containment. When the concrete is freshly poured, the aggregates greatly

affect its fresh properties, quantities, and economy. For that same cause,

choosing is a very critical method. Since abnormally formed aggregates

can be helpful, and since it often makes for some beneficial properties as

well, the aggregates should be rendered as consistent as possible, such

that they can be easily handled, and so they can last longer and be less

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

susceptible to contamination, they should be harder, rougher, and less

brittle.

Grading relates to the calculation of the scale of a particle

having a particle size distribution. As a request, maximum aggregate size

is defined since grading restricts the aggregate in concrete mix, the

aggregate needed, the volume of aggregate that does, the mix that is

permitted, the strength of the mix, and why water requirement,

workability, and longevity affects the strength of the concrete.

As long as the cementing techniques to use varies, a wide variety of time-

of-year may be sculpted whilst at the same time, the degree of intensity

should not be modified. When concrete that has a graded aggregate

texture is poured, a uniform texture may be created. To monitor the mix

proportions accurately, a near control of the mixture is required (Fajardo,

2000).

WATER

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

The volume of water in the blend specifically influences the

intensity of concrete. The water used to render concrete shall be pure,

new, and free from injurious quantities of tar, acid alkali, organic matter,

or other deleterious substances. Water that has fewer than 1000 parts per

million inorganic solid material. This material led to a strong 0.05% of

the mass of cement while the w/c ratio was 0.5, resulting in a slight lack

of power. (“The Consistency of the Concrete in the Mix”, 2009).

Water is one of the most essential ingredients in cement and

concrete which is why it must be present during the drying, blending, and

washing phases. Water may have favorable or harmful impacts on

concrete. When using water for mixing and curing concrete or mortar,

one can prevent pollutants that can impact the properties of the hardened

concrete including setting period, workability, strength production and

longevity. (Garett Reddy Babu et al., 2017)

Assessment of water mixing suitability

For its chemical structure as per IS 3025-1964, mixing

concrete water will be evaluated and these will be contrasted to IS

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

4562000 allowable limits. The period of setting and intensity of concrete

cubes utilizing the water is an easy way to assess the suitability of water

by contrasting the related effects from established sufficient or distilized

water. Tolerance is usually tolerated to around 10 percent. These checks

are recommended where a water containing dissolved solids over 2000

ppm or greater than 1000 ppm is not accessible as a service record. A test

is often advisable if irregular solids are present.

Water Cement Ratio

When the water is applied, the particles in the mixture

become heavier, sort of like a pre-built cement framework. The greater

the initial water volume, the greater the average gap between concrete

grains (Harrison, 1992).

The concrete framework produces its power by the hydration

and incorporation of the cement to create a complicated structure of

hydrates. The cement is then hydrated, so the cement pieces are charged

and set into a framework that is covered by a pocket of water. As the

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

water content of the cement is the greater, the gap the cement will provide

in each grain may be greater (Harrison, 1992).

Concrete produces its strength from the diverse collection of

hydration processes that take place in the concrete, so that it becomes

stronger. The cement is then hydrated, so the cement pieces are charged

and set into a framework that is covered by a pocket of water. As the

water content of the cement is the greater, the gap the cement will provide

in each grain may be greater (Harrison, 1992).

Concrete produces its strength from the diverse collection

of hydration processes that take place in the concrete, so that it becomes

stronger. The cement is then hydrated, so the cement pieces are charged

and set into a framework that is covered by a pocket of water. When the

index of refraction of cement is large, the cement can disperse light, while

retaining space between the cement grains. Harrison (1992)

Water to cement ratio is calculated in terms of the volume

of water in liters for each 40 kg bag of cement. As the molar weight of the

cement approaches lower thresholds, the greater the structural stability of

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

the concrete. In order to build a concrete that satisfies the requirements

for functionality, the blend should not be either too damp or too dry.

When it is too dry it is hard to pull the membrane into a shape to render it

solid, the effect is honeycomb. When the concrete is so warm, the

additives might become segregated into the concrete mixture and thus are

not uniformly spread.

Workability of conrete

The newest concrete is named "workability", which

implies it can simply be shipped, put, compacted and completed all by

itself without any segregation.

According to Fajardo (2001), consistency, plasticity, and versatility are

other qualities to consider. The consistency of the concrete formulation is

how wet the mixture is. The solubility of a substance correlates directly

with the volume of water in the mixture. Plasticity is the tendency of

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

freshly-placed concrete to move without segregation, and versatility is the

ability to flow significantly during vibration.

METHODOLOGY

A research was performed to see how differing amounts of cement render

a concrete (the mixture that hardens around a drill bit) respond to stress.

For the study, four separate concrete blends were evaluated - some

including water to binder ratios of 0.45 , 5%, 10% , 15 % and 20% but we

use 0%, 2% and 4%.  For the compression test, blocks were casted in

cube of dimension 15 *15 *15 cm for 0.45 water–binder ratio and for

each replacement percentage. Like in common tensile strength testing,

cylinders were casted with a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 30 cm for

both 0.45 Water–Binder ratios. Then each cylinder underwent a

replacement percentage. After casting, the research specimens were held

at room temperature for 24 hours, then put into a water-curing tank with a

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114 Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 loc. 148
www.eac.edu.ph/cavite ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

temperature of 24-34 degrees Celsius before testing time. To render

things more concrete, two lots of replicas were made and surveyed for

every four days and the substitution of the data was made after one

month. The average of the findings is published in the article.

Tests were performed over the reinforced concrete including compressive

strength, broken tensile strength, and the strength calculated over a span

of 7 days, 21 days and 28 days. To monitor for compressive and break

tensile power, an automated digital compression measuring system was

used. The full load at failure was checked for comparative strength

calculations.

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