Topic 1 – Introduction to Electricity

1-1 Electricity

Electricity is a form of energy generated by friction. Induction or chemical change, having magnetic, chemical and radiant
effect. In short, electricity is electrons in motion. William Gilbert, an English Physicist was named the ‘Father of Electricity’
after publishing his studies on the Electric Attraction and The Electric Force.

Electricity is a property of the basic particles of matter which like an atom, consist of electron, proton, and neutron.

1. Ions – is the term applied to an atom or molecule which is not electrically balanced.
2. Volt or Voltage – is the electrical pressure that causes the electrons to move through a conductor (wire). In other
words, voltage is the electromotive force. Volt was named after Allesandro Volta, an Italian who discovered that
electrons flow when two different metals are connected by a wire and then dipped into a liquid that conduct or carry
electrons.
3. Ampere – is the standard unit used in measuring the strength of an electric current, named after Andre M. Ampere.
4. Watt – is the rate or measure of power used or consumed. The term is named after James Watt a Scottish inventor.
5. Circuit – refers to the wire installations that supply current to light and convenient outlets.
6. Resistance – is the friction or opposition to the flow of current by the wires and transformers. For direct current (DC),
the term Resistance is used. for friction, and Impedance for alternating current (AC).

Factors that Influence Conductor Resistance

1. Composition of the Conductor. This refers to a conductor having free electrons that has low resistance.

2. Length of Wire. The longer the wire, the higher the resistance.

3. Cross Sectional Area of Wire. The bigger the cross-sectional area of wire, the lower its resistance.

4. Temperature. Metal offers high resistance to high temperature (heat).

1-2 Electric Current

Electric current is the flow or rate of flow of electric force in a conductor. A current will only flow if a circuit is
formed comprising a complete loop and contains all the following required components: source; a closed loop of wiring; an
electric load and a means of opening and closing the circuit.

Electric Current is Classified as:

1. Direct Current (DC) – flows in one direction. The flow is said to be from negative to positive. The normal source
of DC electricity is the dry cell or storage battery.
2. Alternating Current (AC) – constantly reverses its direction of flow. It is generated by a machine called
generator.

1-3 Comparison of AC and DC Electricity

Under the principles of DC electricity, power is the product of voltage and current.

Watts = Volts x Amperes

Under the principle of AC electricity, the product of volts and amperes is equal to the quantity called volt-ampere
(v.a.) which is not the same as watts. Thus,

Volt Amperes = Volt x Amperes

And to convert volt-ampere to watts or power, a power factor (pf) is introduced. And to get power in an AC circuit,
we have the following formula:

Watts = Volts x Amperes x power factor

EXAMPLE:

A 12 amperes electric fan and blower with a power factor of 0.85 was connected to a 240 volts convenient outlet (c.o.).
Calculate the current and power in the circuit.

Solution:

Power(watts) = Volts x Amperes x power factor

= 240 v. x 12 amp. x 0.85

Power (watts) = 2,448 watts

1-4 The Ohms Law

A German scientist discovered the relationship between the Current, Voltage, and Resistance and his name is George
Simon Ohm. Ohm’s law states that the higher the voltage, the larger the current, and the higher the resistance, the lower the
current.

𝑽
𝐈=
𝑹
Where:

I = Current Flow, in amperes

V = Electromotive Force, in volts

R = Resistance, in Ohms

ILLUSTRATION 1

Determine the current flow in a circuit having a resistance of 6 ohms on a 120 volts and 240 volts current supply.

𝟏𝟐𝟎
A. 𝐈 = = 20 amperes
𝟔
𝟐𝟒𝟎
B. 𝐈 = 𝟔
= 40 amperes

Summary of the Ohm’s Law Formula

𝐕 = 𝐈𝐑

𝑽
𝐈=
𝑹
𝑽
𝐑=
𝑰

𝐏 = 𝐕𝐈 , where P is Power
1-5 Series and Parallel Circuit

There are two fundamental types of connections and these are Series Circuit and Parallel Circuit.

In a Series Circuit, the current has only one path because the elements are arranged one after the other with no
branches.

𝑽𝒕 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽 𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 …

𝑹𝒕 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹 𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 …

The parallel circuit is also known as multiple connections where all components are connected between the same set
of electrically common points. Voltage is equal across all components in the circuit.
1-6 Volt Transformation

Transformers are stationary electrical machines which transmit energy from systems with certain current and voltage
values into systems with generally different current and voltage values but with identical frequency.

The input side is named as Primary while the output side is named as Secondary. Its principle is the voltage is directly
proportional to the number of winding or turns. The ratio between the left side and the right side should be equal. Transformers
can also be used to reverse the supply and load which means that Transformers are reversible.

1-7 Power and Energy

Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time or the rate of doing work while Energy is the
ability to perform work. If we multiply power by time it gives energy.

Power in Electric Circuit

Power can be in several forms, it could be mechanical, heat, thermal power, etc. The unit for power is Watts and it is
the power consumed.
ILLUSTRATION

A water heater draws 10 amperes at 240 volts current supply. Determine the heat resistance.

𝑽
𝑹=
𝑰
𝟐𝟒𝟎
𝑹=
𝟏𝟎

𝑹 = 𝟐𝟒 𝑶𝒉𝒎𝒔

Energy Calculations

Determine the monthly energy consumption of the following appliances:

APPLIANCES LOAD DAILY USED

Electric Iron 1200 watts 2 hours
Water Heater 1000 watts 3 hours
Toaster 2300 watts 30 minutes

SOLUTION:

Electric Iron 1200 watts = 1.2 kW x 2hrs = 2.4 kWh

Water Heater 1000 watts = 1 kW x 3 hrs = 3 kWh

Toaster 2300 watts = 2.3 kW x 0.5 hrs = 1.15 kWh

TOTAL = 6.55 kWh

If the average cost of energy is 5 pesos per kWh, for 30 days consumption,

30 x 6.55 = 196.50 kWh per month

196.5 x 5 = 982.50 pesos per month

 Topic 2 – Conductors and Wiring Accessories

2-1 Conductors and Insulators

• Electric Conductors are substance or materials used to convey or allow the flow of electric current. Good electric
conductor materials are Silver, Copper, Aluminum and many more.
• Insulators are substances or material that resist the flow of electric current. Some various kinds of insulators are
Rubber, Porcelain, Varnish and many more.
• Resistance is due to the friction between the flow of current, and conductors as well as the insulator.

Conductor Insulator

• Insulation is rated by voltage from 300 to 15000 volts.

• Ordinary conductor wires for buildings are normally rated at 300 or 600 volts.

Wires and Cables

• Wires- electrical conductors 8 mm^2 (AWG No. 8) and smaller in sizes.

• Cables – larger than wires
Wires and Cables can be:
a) Stranded wire- consist of a group of wires twisted to form a metallic string.
Cord- insulated stranded wire
Mil- expressed in American Wire Gauge (AWG) which is equal to 1/1000 of an inch was
used to describe a wire diameter.
Mm^2- wires and cables are expressed in square millimeter for SI Unit.
b) Solid wire- consist of one piece of wiring breadboards.
 Formula

Circular mil= d2 Square mil= 3.1416 r2

Conversion Factor

Square mil = Square inch x 0.000001

Square inch = Square mil x 1,000,000

Square mil = Circular mil x 0.7854

Circular mil = Square mil x 1.273

Millimeter = Inches x 25.4

Square millimeter = Circular mil x 0.0005067

2-2 Different Types of Cables

• Armored Cable (AC)- fabricated assembly of insulated conductors enclosed in flexible metal sheath
• Factory assembly cable of one or more conductors
o Metal Clad Cable (MC)- each individually insulated and enclosed in metallic sheath of interlocking tape of
a smooth or corrugated tube.
o Mineral Insulated Cable- with highly compressed refractory mineral insulation enclosed in a liquid and gas
tight continuous copper sheath.
• Factory assembly cable of two or more insulated conductors
o Non-metallic Sheathed Cable (NM)- having a moisture resistant, flame retardant, and non-metallic material
outer sheath.
o Shielded Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable (SNM)- an extruded core of moisture resistant and flame retardant
material covered within overlapping spiral metal tape.
o Power and Control Tray Cable (TC)- with or without associated bare or covered grounding under metallic
sheath.
 • Underground Feeder and Branch Circuit (UF)- is a moisture resistant cable used for underground connections.
• Service Entrance Cable- type of SE and USE. A single or multi-conductor provided with or without an overall
covering primarily used for service wire.
• Flat Cable Assemblies (FC)- an assembly of parallel conductor formed integrally with an insulating material web
• Flat Conductor Cable (FCC)- consists of three or more flat copper conductor placed edge separated and enclosed
within an insulating assembly.
• Medium Voltage Cable (MV Cable)- a single or multi-conductor solid dielectric insulated cable rater 2,000 volts or
higher.

2-3 Ampacity of Electrical Conductors

Ampacity – the ability of the wire or conductor to carry current without overheating. If more than 3 conductors are
inserted into a conduit, the temperature also increases.

Voltage drops

in wire = Circuit current x Resistance of wire

Power loss in wire = Circuit current x Voltage drop

Power loss formula:

𝑷 = 𝑰 × (𝑰 × 𝑹)

𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹

A small diameter can safely carry more current proportion to its weight. The use of copper wire is most preferred.

"Conductor size shall have sufficient ampacity to carry load. They shall have adequate mechanical strength and shall not be
less than the rating of the branch circuit and not less than the maximum load to be served”
2-4 Raceway

Raceways are channels of wiring accessories so designed for holding wires, cables or busbars that are either made of
metal, plastic, or any insulating mediums.

1. The conduits

2. The connectors and other accessories

2-5 Conduit

Conduit pipe is the most common electrical raceways used in all types of construction. Classified into (1) metallic
and (2) Non-metallic.

Classification with respect to its make

1. Rigid Metal

2. Flexible metal

3. Rigid non-metal

4. Flexible nom-metal

Connector (splicing sleeve) is a metal sleeve usually made of copper that is slipped over to the butted ends of conductors in
making joints.
2-6 Outlet and Receptacles

An outlet is apoint in the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization equipment. Any point that
supplies electric load. It consists of a small netal or non-metal box into which a raceway and or cables end.

Kinds of outlet:

1. Convinence outlet

2. Lighting Outlet

3. Receptacles Outlet

Convinence outlet is adevice that by insertion into a receptacles establishes connection between the conductor of flexible cord
and the comductors connected permanently into the receptacles.
Wall outlet commonly known as convenience outlet.
Lighting Outlet is an outlet intended for direct connection to lamp holder, lighting fixture, or a pendant cord, terminating in a
lamp holder.

Receptacle Outlet is an outlet where one or more receptacles are installed. Aside from the outlets, there are also other wiring
accessories such as:

1. Junction box

2. Receptacles

3. Pull box

4. Switches

Junction box is not an outlet. Do not allow electrical contractor to count wall switches and junction box as outlets.

An outlet refers only to the box itself, excluding the items.

The Pull Box is a box with a black cover that inserted in more runs or raceways to facilitate pulling-in the conductors.

Receptacles are contact device installed at the outlet for connection of a single attachment plug. It is included in the general
classification of wiring devices.

Any number of receptacles mounted together in one or more coupled boxes is classified as one outlet. The lower the number
of outlets the lower the cost.

A switch is a device that open or closed the circuit in an electric circuit.

 Topic 3 – The Branch Circuit
3-1 Introduction to Branch Circuit
Electrical Circuit refers to the complete path traversed by an electric circuit. In short, it is the entire house wiring installation.
Branch Circuit is defined by the National Electrical Code (NEC) as: “the circuit conductors between the final over current
protective device and the outlets”.
Branch Circuit comprises the following:
1. The source of voltage
2. The wiring and
3. The load

Good circuitry design is based on the following considerations:

1. Flexibility of the Circuit means that the installation can accommodate all probable pattern arrangements and location
of the load for expansion, or future development.

2. Reliability and Efficiency of Service means to have a continuous service and supply of power that are all dependent
on the wiring system.
Reliability of electric power in a facility is determined by two factors:
1. The utility services
2. Building electrical system

3. Safety means that independent service can be used in lieu of emergency equipment as back up for normal services.
For reliability of the circuitry, the following principle should be considered.
1. To provide double emergency power equipment at selected weak points in the system.
2. That the electrical service and the building distribution system must act together so that the power can reach
the desired points of service.
3. Critical loads within the facility must be pinpointed to determine the best way to serve them by providing a
reliable power either from the outside source, or by standby power package for them.
4. The system design must readily detect any equipment failure and to be corrected automatically.

4. Economy refers to the initial cost as well as the operating costs. These two cost-factors stand in inverse relationship
to one another. Over design is as bad as under design. It is wasteful both on initial and operating costs.

The Effect of Acquiring Low-Cost Equipment

1. High energy cost
2. Higher maintenance cost
3. Shorter life

5. Energy Consideration is a complex one considering the following factors:

1. Energy laws and codes
2. Budget
3. Energy conservation technique
4. Energy control

6. Space Allocation must consider the following:

1. Easy maintenance
 2. Ventilation
3. Expandability
4. Centrality
5. Limitation of access

The National Electrical Code defines the different types of branch circuit as follow:
1. General purpose branch circuit supplies outlets for lighting and appliances, including convenience receptacles.

2. Appliance branch circuit supplies outlets intended for feeding appliances. Fixed lighting however, is not supplied.

3. Individual branch circuit is designed to supply a single specific item.

3-2 Circuiting Guidelines

Rules and Guidelines promulgated by National Electrical Code (NEC) for flexibility, economical and convenient way of
installing a circuitry.
1. The code requires sufficient circuitry to supply residential load of 30 watts per square meter in buildings excluding
porches, garages and basements.
2. The requirement of 30 watts per square meter is up to 80 sq. m. for 20 amperes for a 20 amperes circuit (2,400 watts)
or 60 sq. m. for 15 amperes circuit (1,800 watts).
3. Good practice suggests that the load should not exceed 1,600 watts for a 20 amperes circuit and 1,200 watts for a 15
amperes circuit. Thus:
a) Observe a minimum loaf of 1,200 watts on a 15 amperes circuit with a maximum area if 40 square meters.
b) A maximum load of 1,600 watts on a 20 amperes circuit with a maximum area of 53 square meters.
 4. The code requires a minimum of 20 amperes appliance branch circuit to feed all small appliance outlets in the kitchen,
pantry dining and family room.
5. The general-purpose branch circuit, shall be rated at 20 amperes circuit, wired with No. 12 AWG being the minimum
size of conductor wire required for all convenience outlet.
6. Circuit load on a 15-ampere circuit shall be limited to the values given in the Table 3-1 and Table 3-2.
7. Plug outlets or convenience receptacles shall be counted in computing the load if it is not included in the load for
general lighting circuit. To find number of outlets for 9 and 12 amperes loading on a 15 and 20 amperes circuit
respectively, we have:
9
a) For 15-amp circuit: = 6 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠
1.5
12
b) For 20-amp circuit: = 8 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠
1.5
8. Convenience receptacles should be planned properly, so that in case of failure by any one of the circuitry, the entire
area will not be deprived of power supply. In terms of reliability of service, each area should be provided alternately
with different circuits.
9. All kitchen outlets should be fed from at least two of these circuits.
10. The code further stipulated that; “all receptacles are potential appliance outlet and at least two circuits shall be supplied
to serve them.”
11. Certain outlets in the room should be designed as appliance outlet like:
a) All kitchen receptacles
b) Dining room receptacles
c) One in the living room
12. The code requires that, “at least one 20 amperes circuit supply the laundry outlets.”
13. If air conditioner is anticipated, provide a separate circuit for this particular appliance.

Other Good Practices in Circuiting

1. Lighting and receptacles should not be combined in a single circuit.

2. Avoid connecting all building lights on a single circuit.
 3. Lighting and receptacles should be supplied with current from at least two circuits so that, if a single line is out, the
entire area is not deprived of power.
4. Do not allow combination switch and receptacle outlets.
5. Provide at least one receptacle in the bathroom, and one outside the house. Both must be Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupter (GFCI) type.
6. Provide switch control for closet lights. Pull chain switch is nuisance.
7. Convenience outlet though counted as part of the general lighting load shall be limited to 6 convenience outlets on a
15 amperes circuit and 8 convenience outlets on a 20 amperes circuit.
8. The code requires that, at least one 20 amperes circuit supply shall be installed to the laundry outlets.
9. Convenience outlet shall be laid out in such a manner that no point on a wall is more than 2.00 meters from an outlet.
Use a grounding type receptacle only.
3-3 Protection of the Branch Circuit
Causes of Over Current
1. Overload in the equipment or conductors
2. Short circuit or ground fault

The over current protective devices are installed in circuits to protect the following:

1. The wiring
2. The transformer
3. The lights
4. Appliances and other equipment

On the Protection of Conductors, the National Electrical Code provides that: “Conductors shall be protected against over current
in accordance with their ampacities."
Over Current is any current in excess of the rated capacity of the he equipment or the rated ampacity of the conductor.
Application of Over-current Protection is also Governed by the Following Rules:
1. That the over-current protection devices should be installed on the line or supply side of the equipment being protected.
2. The over-current protective devices shall be placed in all underground conductors of the protected circuits.
3. All equipment should be protected in accordance with its current carrying capacity.
4. That, the over-current protective devices should be readily assembled and protected from physical damages and away
from easily ignited materials.
5. Conductor’s size should not be reduced in a circuit or tap unless the smallest wire is protected by the circuit over
current devices.
3-4 Fuse, Breaker, and Panel Board

An overcurrent protection device (OCPD) is a device that are meant to protect against the potentially dangerous effects of
overcurrent’s. There are two main categories of OCPD:
1. Fuse
- an OCPD with a circuit opening with a circuit opening fusible element which opens (break) when there is an
overcurrent in the circuit
- it is a one-time protective device
- consists of a fusible wire that easily melt at low temperature classified into two types:
a. cartridge type – enclosed in an insulating fiber tube
b. plug fuse type – enclosed in a porcelain cap
2. Circuit Breaker
- designed to function as a switch
- equipped with an automatic tripping device to protect the branch circuit from overload and ground fault. (Trip or
Tripping refers to the cutting-off or disconnection of the current supply.)
- it also acts as a circuit switch as it can be manually tripped

The panel board is a cabinet or cutout box installed in or against a wall or partition, which houses the protective devices. If
the devices are of fuses, it is called fuse panel and if the devices are circuit breakers, it is called breaker panel.

Switchboard and Switchgear

- are free standing assemblies of switches, fuses, and circuit breakers that provide switching and feeder protection
to a number of circuits connected to the main source.
- it distributes large amount of power into small packages

3-5 Lamp Control and the Master Switch

Lamps are controlled by a switch from a certain location illustrated as follows:

Two Electrocoloir Switch Arrangement
Three Circuit Electrocoloir Switch Arrangement
3-6 Emergency Electric Supply System

The National Electrical Code requires an entirely separate emergency standby electric supply system on commercial and
industrial establishments. Emergency Standby System replaces normal power supply in case of utility power outage.
1. Battery Supplied
- storage batteries are connected to a converter to activate immediately in case of power outage to supply current
to standby emergency lights
2. Current Supply by Generator
- where emergency loads are large enough that batteries could not be economically feasible, and where 8 to 15
seconds starting time is tolerable, a generator set is employed
 Topic 4 – Electrical Circuit in Building

4-1 Service Entrance

- is defined as that portion of the supply conductors which extends from the street main duct or transformer to the
service or switchboard of the building supply.
- The National Electrical Code (NBC) defined service entrance as: “The conductor and equipment for delivering energy
from the electricity supply system to the wiring system of the premises served. “

Service Entrance is either:

1. Overhead service

2. Underground service

Overhead Service

- is the common type of service wire installed by electric power supply companies for industrial, commercial and
residential houses

Underground Service

- consists of a race· way (conduit) extending from the building to the property line where it is tapped to the main.
 Most of buildings Service Entrances are connected to the secondary line low voltage below 600 volts. The Service
entrance can be 2, 3, or 4 wires including a grounded neutral wire. Service entrance may be 2 wires of 120/240 volts or 4 wires
with 120/208 or 277/480 volts for larger installation. In each case, the size of the service wire Varies from 60, 100 or 200
amperes depending upon the demand load, but generally, the 2-wire service entrance does not exceed 60 amperes.

4-2 Electric Service Metering

- is generally installed outside the building at the property line wall, or electric post for ready access to the meter reader,
making it more difficult to tamper or to install jumpers.
- For multi-door services such as apartments and commercial establishments, the use of a master metering is preferred.
- A battery of meters is installed in a central meter room or reserved space, to facilitate the meter reading and making
it a one stop affair.

FIGURE.4.1 METERING FOR MULTI-OCCUPANCY BUILDING

ONE LANE DIAGRAM

 FIGURE 4-4 COMBINATION METER AND SERVICE CABINET FOR OVERHEAD OR UNDERGROUND
SERVICE

The Feeder

The National Electrical Code define Feeder as;

"All circuit conductors between the service equipment or the generator switchboard of an isolated plant, and the final branch
circuit over current device."

Feeder is installed under the following considerations:

1. On large installation, each floor is provided with one feeder.

2. In small installation, 1 or 2 feeders is satisfactory.

3. Feeder for electrical motor shall be independent and totally separated from the light circuits.

4. Feeder& requiring more than 50mm (2') diameter conduit pipe should not be used.

5. Feeders shall be sub-divided if there are several bends or offsets on the line. A 50mm conduit pipe is the largest diameter
that could be economically used.

6. Feeders radiating from the distribution panel shall be provided each with a properly rated switch and circuit breaker.

7. Good practice dictates that, feeders and main shall be installed inside a conduit pipe as it carries high voltage that requires
special protection.

The Main

- is a feeder interior wiring extending from the service switch, generator bus, or converter bus, to the main distribution
center or electric service equipment
Location of the Service Equipment

1. The Service Equipment should be centrally located to shorten all home runs. Branch circuit run in excess of 30 meters
will have an excessive voltage drop.
2. Accessible and convenient to approach.
3. ln residential houses, it is located near the heaviest load center such as the kitchen and the laundry area.

FIGURE 4-5 MAIN AND SUB-FEEDER

 FIGURE 4-6 TYPICAL POWER RISER DIAGRAM

4-3 Single and Three Phase Electricity

- The Three Phase AC electricity, is a Triple Circuit.

- . is used in building where the load exceeds 50 Kva., or where it is required for bigger load such as motors and
machineries.
- A Single Phase alternating current AC) can either be 2 or 3 wires, However, a 3 phase AC has 3 or 4 wires consisting
of 3 hot legs designated as A, B and C plus a neutral wire designated with letter N.

Advantages of the Three Phase System

1. The 120 volt is for lighting and receptacles outlet only.

2. The 240 volt is for bigger loads
3. Voltage drop is lower.
4. Smaller wire is used.

The 3-Phase Conductor Wires are Color Coded

a. Neutral………………………………………….White or gray color

b. First Hot line A………………………………….Black color
c. Second Hot line B………………………………..Red color
System and Utilization Voltage

Electric Motors are rated at Utilization Voltage. Transformer is rated at 240/480 volt and an electric motor is 230/460 volts
respectively, and to indicate that a motor is rated at 480 volts is not correct. 'Motors for 208- and 240-volts systems are rated
at 200 and 230 volt and s0 on. They cannot be used interchangeably without serious effect on the motor performance. Thus,
when specifying transformer, use the system voltage. For electric motors use utilization voltage. The 4% utilizations voltage
drop is within the normal motor tolerance.
4-4 Grounding and Grounding Fault

Ground is defined as zero voltage in the National Electrical Code (NEC). Grounding the circuit ensures that there is
always a zero-voltage point in the system The grounded line of a circuit should not be damaged or fused to maintain a stable
and uninterrupted connection to the ground. All voltage in the system is automatically referenced when a ground is formed.

Grounding Could be Accompanied by:

1. Connecting to a buried cold-water main
2. Connecting to a ground rod
3. Connecting to a buried ground plate

The code requires that, “All new installations shall use grounded outlet such as; GFI and GFCI devices on all appliance
circuits more practically on outdoors and bathroom locations of outlets.”

A ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is a safety

device that is meant to break the circuit whenever the
incoming and outgoing currents are out of balance.

Reasons for Grounding the Circuit System

1. To prevent a sustained contact between the low voltage secondary line and the high voltage primarily line in case of
insulation fire.
2. To prevent single grounds from being unnoticed or detected until a second ground occurs which could totally disable
the secondary line
3. To facilitate in locating the ground faults
4. To protect against a short sudden rush of electric current in the circuit
5. To establish a neutral at zero potential not to be interrupted by switches or other devices
6. To connect the service entrance to ground only at one point and to use colored wires for easy identification
4-5 Circuit Safe Load

Branch Circuit is the technical term for the House Wiring Installation. House wiring varies in sizes depending upon
the kind of load it is to serve. Load refers to the electricity drawn or consumed by lighting fixtures, appliances, equipment etc.

The technologist's difficulty is determining the types of wire to be used, their sizes, and other accessories needed for
installation. The National Electrical Code, on the other hand, provides specific regulations that address these issues:
1. According to the Code, electrical circuitry wiring must be of the types RHW, T, THW, TW, THWN, XHHW in a
raceway or cables, as shown in Table 2-5.
2. That a single device on a 15-amp circuit should not draw more than 12 amps.
3. That a single device on a 20-amp circuit should not draw more than 16 amps.
4. Any fixed appliance must not draw more than 7.5 amperes on a 15 amperes circuit and 10 amperes on a 20 amperes
circuit if a branch circuit is paired with lighting or portable appliances.
5. A single appliance cannot draw more than 24 amps on a 30 amps circuit.
6. A heavy lamp holder must be rated at least 750 watts.
7. That fixed lighting in dwellings must not be powered by a circuit rated at 30, 40, or 50 amps.
8. When loads are connected for a long time, the actual load must not exceed 80% of the fuse rating. Electric motors, air
conditioners, and other continuous-loading machines are referred to as "long period of time."
9. All load calculations must assume a continuous type load at 125 percent of the actual load.
10. A single receptacle on a branch circuit must have a rating equal to or greater than the circuit.
11. Receptacles feeding portable and or steady appliance shall be limited to loads of 80% of their rating, that is:
a. 12 amperes for a 15 amperes receptacle
b. 16 amperes for a 20 amperes receptacle
c. 24 amperes for a 30 amperes receptacle
12. The number of outlets in a circuit shall be limited to:
6 outlets on a 15 amperes circuit
8 outlets on a 20 amperes circuit
4-6 Sizing the Conductor Wires and the Over Current Protective Devices

The size of branch circuit wires, housing conduits, and overcurrent protective devices or fuses will be determined by
the load they will serve. A sketch plan of the convenience outlets, lightings and their switches should be prepared. The expected
load is calculated, and the number of circuits required for lights, outlets, appliances, and other items are determined.

All receptacles’ outlets of 20 amperes or less rating in one family and multi-family dwelling and in guest rooms of
hotels and motels except those connected to the receptacle circuits specified in Sec 3.3.13 (b) of the Code shall be considered
as outlets for general illumination and no additional load calculations shall be required for such outlets.
Example:
A single-family dwelling is to be circuited with the following requirements as shown in the figure below. Determine
the following:
a. Size of the branch circuit wire for lighting outlets.
b. Size of the conduit pipes
c. Size or rating of the fuse protective device
Solution:
A. Circuit-1 for Lighting Load
1. From Figure 4-14, determine the number of lighting outlets. By direct counting, there are 8 light outlets.
The National Electrical Code provides that:
"100 watts shall be the maximum load for each house hold lighting outlet."
Adopting the 100 watts per lighting outlet we have:
8 outlets x 100 = 800 watts
2. Determine the Total Current load
800 watts / 230 volts = 3.48 amperes
3. Determine the Size of Conductor wire for Circuit -1. Refer to Table 2-5 or Table 4-2. Use 2 pieces 2.0 mm² or No.14
TW copper wire having an ampacity of 15 amperes that is much larger than the 3.48 amperes computed maximum
load.
4. Determine the Size of the Conduit Pipe. Refer to Table 2-9. The smallest diameter of a conduit pipe that could
accommodate up to 3 pieces of No. 14 TW conductor wire is 13 mm diameter. Therefore, specify 13 mm di ammeter
conduit pipe
5. Determine the Size or Rating of the fuse protective device, Refer to Table 4-1. Use 15 amperes fuse.

The National Electrical Code provides that:

“Ampacity of the connected load shall not exceed 80% of the amperage capacity of the conductor and the fuse.”

In Table 2-5 and 4-2, the maximum ampacity load of a 2.0 𝑚𝑚2 or No. 14 AWG copper wire is 15 amperes. 80% of
15 amperes is 12, the maximum allowable load of the circuit sufficient enough to carry the 3.48 amperes computed load for a
maximum 100 watts per light outlet. Therefore, the use of 2.0 𝑚𝑚2 or No. 14 TW wire is safe.
B. Circuit-2 For Small Appliance Load
The National Electrical Code provides that:
"For each single receptacle shall be considered at no less than 180 watts rating."
It simply means that, each convenience outlet, is considered to have a maximum load of not less than 180 watts per
plug or gang. Thus:
1. From Figure 4-15, there are 6 convenience receptacles for small appliance load. Considering that there are two plug
per outlet, the total number of plugs will be:
6 outlets x 2 plug = 12 pieces
2. Solve for the Total Estimated Load.
12 x 180 watts per outlet 2,160 watts
3. Determine the Maximum Expected Current Load.
2.160 watts / 230 watts = 9.39 amperes
4. Determine the Size of the Conductor Wire. Refer to Table 4-2. For 9.39 amperes, use 2 pieces 3.5 mm² or No. 12 TW
copper wire for Circuit No 2.
5. Determine the Size of the Conduit Pipe for the 2-No. 12 TW wire, refer to Table 2-9. Use 13 mm conduit pipe.
6. Determine the Over Current fuse Protection. Refer to Table 4-1. Under the column of fuse & breaker rating, the 20
amperes fuse can safely carry a maximum load of 16 amperes the 80% of 20 amperes load permitted by the National
Electrical Code on No.12 circuit wire.
Comment:
1. On convenience outlet receptacle, the National Electrical Code provides that, "Each single receptacle shall be
considered at no less than 180 watts rating."
2. Examining the values given on Table 4-2, the 2,0 mm² or No.14 AWG, TW copper wire has an allowable ampacity
rating of 15 amperes. Granting that only 80% of these 15 amperes is considered the derated value, still 12 amperes is
very much larger than the 9.36 amperes computed as maximum load for the 6-convenience outlet. Why specify a
bigger 3.5 mm² or No. 12 AWG conduct tor wire?
3. Although the 2.0 mm² or No. 14 AWG wire conductor could safety carry the 9.36 amperes computed load, considering
its 15 amperes ampacity rating, yet, we cannot do so because the Code specifically mandated the use of a 3.5 mm² or
No. 12 AWG copper wire as the minimum size for all types of convenience outlet wiring except, for an appliance with
limited load wherein a 2.0 mm² or No.14 AWG wire is permitted.

C. Circuit - 3. for Other Loads

1. Examining Figure 4-15, other loads are:
1 - unit electric stove at 1.1 kw 1,100 watts
1 - unit water heater at 2.5 kw = 2,500 watts
Total load......3,600 watts
2. Compute for the current load. Divide:
3.600 watts / 230 volts = 15.65 amperes
3. Determine the size of the service conductor wire. Refer to Table 2-5 or 4-2.
4. For the 15.65 amperes load, use 2 pieces 3.5 mm² or No. 12 AWG, TW copper wire.
5. Determine the Size of the Conduit Pipe (if required). Refer to Table 2-9. Two pieces No. 12 AWG wire be
accommodated comfortably in a.13 mm diameter conduit pipe. Specify 13 mm diameter conduit pipe.
6. Determine the Size or Rating of the Over-current Protection. Refer to Table 4-1. For the 15.65 amperes load use 20
amperes fuse rating.
Comment:
The fuse rating is 20 amperes. Granting that it will be derated at 80% x 20, the 16 amperes derated value is still higher
than the computed load of 15.65 amperes. Therefore, the 20 amperes fuse over current protection is accepted.
 Topic 5 - Electrical Lighting Material

5-1 Incandescent lamp is known to be the oldest and simplest form of bulb technology. This
bulb works through the principle of incandescence, which means the light is produced by heat. It
is very sensitive to voltage changes where it can affect its life span. It simply means that this type
of lamp/bulb is a poor choice with regards to energy conversation since it creates poor and low
level of lighting.

Incandescent lamp has its own advantages and disadvantages

Advantages:

1. It is Cheap
2. Instant start and re-start
3. Simple inexpensive dimming
4. Simple and compact installation without any accessories
5. High power factor
6. Can be focused
7. Its life is independent of the number of starts
8. Good color

Disadvantages:

1. Low efficacy
2. Shorter life
3. Sensitive and critical to voltage changes or fluctuation
4. High maintenance cost
5. More heat is produced than light

Because of its poor energy characteristics, it must be limited to the following applications:

1. Infrequent use
2. Where low-cost dimming is necessary
3. In focusing fixtures
4. Where minimum initial cost is required
Parts of Incandescent Lamp

Incandescent lamp is made of different sizes, shapes, and forms. Its base is also made of different types and designs.

Types of Incandescent Lamp

Types of Incandescent lamp base

Reflector Spot and Flood lamp

5-2 Fluorescent Lamp

Fluorescent lamp was known to be the best, and widely used lamp. Ballast is needed in its circuit which is made of
coil in order to control the current in the circuit, whenever it is not controlled, that will open the fuse or circuit breaker. Its
efficacy is higher and has a longer life span than the incandescent lamp. The number of times the lamp is switched on and off
can affect its life span.

Cathode fluorescent lamp is the most common type that is composed

of a cylindrical glass tube that is sealed at both ends, which is a cathode that
provide the electrons to start and maintain the mercury arc. It contains a
combination of inert gas (generally argon) and a low-pressure mercury vapor.
 • Pre-Heat Lamp
Preheated design is the original fluorescent lamp which uses a separate starter. The starter energizes the cathode when the
circuit is closed and after 2 to 5 seconds of delay it initiates a high voltage arc across the lamp causing it to start.
• Rapid Start Lamp
The primary difference of rapid start lamp and pre heat lamp is the circuitry that eliminates the delay inherent in preheat circuit
by continuously keeping the cathode energized.
• Instant Start fluorescent lamp
Slim Lamp is considered to be the best among the other instant start fluorescent lamps. It consists of one pin for each end that
serves as a switch to break the ballast circuit when the tube is removed. This type of lamp is a hot cathode and is more expensive
and less efficient compared to the rapid start type.
 • Cold Cathode Tube
Compared to the hot cathode lamp, this type of lamp has a very long-life span and a lower overall efficacy. Its life span doesn’t
depend on the number of switching. Usually used where a long continuous burning is required.

Characteristics and Operation of Fluorescent Lamp

1. Life Span- depends on the burning hours per start
2. Lumen Output- decrease rapidly during the first 100 hours of burning
3. Efficacy- measure of the lumens per watt produced by the lamp. It depends on the operating current and the phosphors
utilized. The warm white lamp is more efficient than the white, cool white, daylight and colored lamps.

5-3 Mercury Lamp

Mercury lamp is a combination of, the arc discharge characteristics of a fluorescent lamp and the compact focusable
shape of an incandescent lamp.
Five Parts known as the H38 MP 100DX which simply means;
1. H- Me1cury lamp
2. 38-Ballast number MP
3. Lamp Physical characteristics
4. 100- Lamp wattage
5. DX-Indicates phosphors, glass coating or coloring
 TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION OF A CLEAR MERCURY VAPOR LAMP

Special Features of Mercury Lamp

1. It is available in wide variety of shape, size and color with rating from 50. to 150 watts.
2. It requires ballast that could be mounted away from the lamp.
3. Because of its high efficiency, mercury lamp is a good replacement for incandescent lamp in the conservation of
energy
4. Dimming of mercury lamp is possible with a dimming ballast.
5. Clear lamp bas the best lumen maintenance followed by the color improve and phosphors coated units.

The Ballast
Ballast is necessary to start the lamp and thereafter, to control the arc. The basic ballast is a simple reactor that controls
the arc after the discharge has been initiated. The lamp requires 3 to 6 minutes after switch on to reach the full output.
• Reactor Ballast - low power factor and does not require voltage regulation. This is only used where line voltage
fluctuation does not exceed plus or minus 5%.
• Auto transformer Ballast - ·reactor unit with transformer to match line voltage to lamp voltage. It has a low power
factor and non-regulating.
• High power Factor Auto Transformer Ballast – Same as type 2 but have additional capacitor
• Constant Wattage Auto Transformer Ballast – also called Lead Circuit Ballast, regulating high power factor to unit
that maintains lamp voltage making wattage and lumen output constant. The lamp wattage is from 5% - 10% voltage
change.

Dimming Ballast
Dimming of mercury lamp is possible by using a dimmer ballast and a solid-state dimming control available for 400-
700 and 1000 Watts.
 MERCURY VAPOR LAMP DATA

Special Type of Mercury Lamp

• Self Ballast Lamp – Unballasted, small size mercury lamp. Its advantages are Lower in cost, good color, longer life,
more attractive, High efficiency, and lower energy cost.

5-4 Metal Halide Lamp

Is a mercury lamp with addition of halides like thallium, Indium, or Sodium which increases efficacy, and has a
warmer mercury light
• The color depends on the amount of iodized-halide salt in the arc. Its performance is extremely sensitive to voltage,
temperature and burning position.
 • Strike time is shorter than that of the mercury lamp from 2 to 3 minutes.
• The re-strike time is up to 10 minutes making little inconvenience in indoor areas that needs immediate light.
Brief Comparison of Mercury lamp and Metal Halide lamp

5-5 High Pressure Sodium Lamp

It was first developed by the General Electric Co. (GE). Its trade name is Lucalux, Ceramulux and Analox. Also, one
of the latest developments in the High Intensity Discharge Lamps (HID).

• The efficacy and ballast losses, is almost 100 lumens per watt
• Yellowish color similar to a low wattage incandescent lamp
• Smaller in size, high output and longer life it provides.

HIGH PRESSURES SODIUM LAMP has:

LAMP EFFICACY - 85 to 140 lpw
LIFE SPAN - 16,000 to 24,000 hrs.
LUMEN MAINTENANCE - 80 to 90%
WARM UP TIME - 3 to 4 minutes
RE-STRIKE TIME - 1/2 to 1 1/2 minutes

LUMALUX & UNALUX COATED LAMPS

- used in open bottom fixtures where glare is a problem.
- special ballast is required
- operate on existing Mercury lag type auto transformer ballast (240–277-volt reactors)
- will operate on most mercury series circuits.

5-6 Low Pressure Sodium Lamp

• also known as SOX.
• produces light of sodium characteristics monochromatic deep yellow color.
• widely used in streets, area lighting and for emergency/after hours indoor lighting.
• high efficacy of 150 lumens per watt including ballast loss.
• has 100% lumen maintenance
• long life for 18,000 hours or more
CHOICE OF LIGHT SOURCE
Cost Study should be based on:
1. Annual and life cycle of lamp
2. Impact on the heating/cooling system
3. Quantity of lumens produced
4. Re-lamping which includes labor
5. Capital Investment

5-7 Lighting Fixtures

 Topic 6 – Principles of Illumination

6-1 Estimating Illumination and Brightness

Illumination is the intensity of light per unit area.

BUILDING LIGHTING

• Illumination in terms of lux

• CU (coefficient of utilization)
• MF (maintenance factor)

Lux Required

Use Required (lux)

Industrial Areas 100 -150
Commercial Areas 80-120
Conventional 300

Street Lighting

Usual Road width to Outreach Relation

Road Width Outreach

1.5 m to 3.0m 0.6m
3.0m to 9.15m 1.6m
9.15m to 15.25m 3.0m

Determining Illumination Required

E illumination in lux
Al average lumens (20,500 lum, 11500 lum, 5400)
6 – 2 Coefficient of Utilization Maintenance Factor
Basic Lux Requirement for Occupancy of Buildings