A Practical Course in

Advanced Structural Design

 A Practical Course in
Advanced Structural Design

Tim Huff, P.E., Ph.D.

First edition published 2021 by
CRC Press
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and by
CRC Press
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© 2021 Tim Huff

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Names: Huff, Tim, author.

Title: A practical course in advanced structural design / Tim Huff, P.E.,
Ph.D.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifers: LCCN 2020046722 (print) | LCCN 2020046723 (ebook) | ISBN
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
About the Author ......................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................. xiii

Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1

Chapter 2 Analysis Techniques for the Structural Engineer ................................3

2.1 First-Order Elastic Structural Analysis .....................................3
2.2 Second-Order Elastic Structural Analysis ................................9
2.3 Second-Order Inelastic Structural Analysis............................ 12
2.4 Linear Elastic Response Spectrum Analysis........................... 14
2.5 Response History Analysis...................................................... 22
2.6 Site Response Analysis............................................................28
2.7 Substitute Structure Method for Inelastic
Response Spectrum Analysis .................................................. 32

Chapter 3 Building Design.................................................................................. 37

3.1 Composite Beam Design ......................................................... 37
3.2 Direct Analysis and Design..................................................... 48
3.3 Plastic Analysis and Design .................................................... 50
3.4 Lateral Force Resisting Systems ............................................. 52
3.5 Connection Design .................................................................. 70
3.6 Computer Modeling of Buildings............................................ 73
3.7 Vertical Seismic Load Distribution ......................................... 75
3.8 Horizontal Seismic Load Distribution .................................... 83
3.9 Moment Resisting Column Bases............................................ 86
3.10 Concrete Moment Frames ....................................................... 91
3.11 Concrete Shear Walls ..............................................................96

Chapter 4 Bridge Design.....................................................................................99

4.1 Bridge Loads ...........................................................................99
4.2 Limit States and Load Combinations .................................... 100
4.2.1 TU Loading on Bridges............................................ 101
4.2.2 BR Forces ................................................................. 106
4.2.3 CE Forces ................................................................. 108
4.2.4 WS Forces ................................................................ 111
4.2.5 EQ Effects ................................................................ 114

v
vi Contents

4.3 Prestressed Concrete Superstructures ................................... 118

4.4 Steel Girder Superstructures ................................................. 129
4.4.1 Field Splice Design................................................... 132
4.4.2 Fatigue Design.......................................................... 140
4.4.3 Stability Design ........................................................ 143
4.4.4 Flexural Resistance of I-girders ............................... 149
4.4.5 Shear Resistance of Steel I-girders .......................... 155
4.5 Reinforced Concrete Substructures....................................... 156
4.6 Foundation Systems............................................................... 160
4.7 Seismic Analysis and Design of Bridges –
Pushover Analysis ................................................................. 165
4.8 Seismic Isolation of Bridges.................................................. 172
4.9 Computer Modeling of Bridges ............................................. 183

Chapter 5 Design Ground Motions for Earthquake

Engineering of Structures ................................................................ 187
5.1 Site Characterization ............................................................. 187
5.2 Ground Motion Directionality............................................... 191
5.3 Statistical Considerations ...................................................... 196
5.4 Ground Motion Response Spectra......................................... 198
5.5 Ground Motion Parameters ................................................... 211
5.6 Ground Motion Models ......................................................... 216
5.7 ASCE 7-16 Design Ground Motions ..................................... 218
5.8 ASCE 43-05 and ASCE 4-16 Design Ground Motions......... 228
5.9 AASHTO Design Ground Motions....................................... 231
5.10 Ground Motion Selection and Modifcation.......................... 233
5.11 Ground Motion Databases..................................................... 255
5.12 Ground Motion Baseline Adjustment and Filtering .............. 257
5.13 Incremental Dynamic Analysis ............................................. 261

Chapter 6 Problems for Solution....................................................................... 265

Problem 2.1 ......................................................................................265
Problem 2.2 ......................................................................................265
Problem 2.3 ......................................................................................266
Problem 2.4 ......................................................................................267
Problem 2.5 ......................................................................................267
Problem 2.6 ......................................................................................268
Problem 3.1 ......................................................................................268
Problem 3.2 ...................................................................................... 269
Problem 3.3 ......................................................................................270
Problem 3.4 ......................................................................................271
Problem 3.5 ......................................................................................275
Problem 3.6 ......................................................................................276
Contents vii

Problem 3.7 ......................................................................................276

Problem 3.8 ......................................................................................277
Problem 3.9 ......................................................................................278
Problem 4.1 ......................................................................................279
Problem 4.2 ......................................................................................279
Problem 4.3 ......................................................................................280
Problem 4.4 ......................................................................................280
Problem 4.5 ......................................................................................281
Problem 4.6 ......................................................................................282
Problem 4.7 ......................................................................................283
Problem 4.8 ......................................................................................284
Problem 5.1 ......................................................................................284
Problem 5.2 ......................................................................................284
Problem 5.3 ......................................................................................285
Problem 5.4 ......................................................................................286

Appendix A: Hand Calculations for Example 2.3-1......................................... 287

Appendix B: Hand Calculations for Example 3.3-1 ......................................... 293

Appendix C: Hand Calculations for Example 3.5-2 ......................................... 295

Appendix D: Hand Calculations for Example 3.5-3......................................... 297

Appendix E: Hand Calculations for Example 4.2-1 ......................................... 303

Appendix F: Hand Calculations for Example 3.9-1.......................................... 305

Bibliography .........................................................................................................307

Index...................................................................................................................... 317
Preface
This book is written from the perspective of a practicing engineer with 35 years of
experience now working in the academic world to pass on lessons learned over the
course of a structural engineering career. The topics covered in this book will enable
the beginning structural engineer to gain an advanced understanding prior to enter-
ing the workforce.
The textbook will also be of use to practicing engineers, as the topics covered
are based on theory but are encountered frequently in practice. Practical example
problems are provided throughout the textbook.
Having worked in both building design and bridge design, as well as other areas
of structural design, the author has attempted to include topics which may receive
little or no attention in a typical undergraduate curriculum, but which beginning
engineers are often asked to address early in their careers.

ix
About the Author
Tim Huff has 35 years of experience as a practicing structural engineer. Huff has
worked on building and bridge projects in the United States and has contributed to
projects in India, Ethiopia, Brazil, the Philippines, and Haiti as a volunteer struc-
tural engineer with Engineering Ministries International. He is a faculty member
of the Civil & Environmental Engineering Department at Tennessee Technological
University in Cookeville, where he resides with his beautiful and talented wife,
Monica, an artist and teacher.

xi
Acknowledgments
For my family of students, I am grateful. You have taught me a lot. For the family
of my childhood, I am blessed. Mom and Dad, Troy and Holli – I love you very
much, and you are a huge part of the inspiration for all my endeavours. For Majo and
Esteban – I fnd you to be exceptional, resilient, and full of joy in most any circum-
stance. I will keep working on that myself. Finally, I thank my beautiful, only wife,
Monica, for your love and support and a nudge to get this done. Your art and teaching
leave me speechless most of the time.

For the reader, I hope you will fnd this a useful tool, and . . .
“The LORD bless you and keep you;
The LORD make his face shine upon you,
And be gracious to you.
The LORD lift up his countenance upon you,
And give you Peace.” – Numbers 6:24–26, New King James Bible

“What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is
the explanation; go and learn.” – Hillel the Elder

“If you don’t know where you’re going, you’ll end up somewhere else.” – Yogi Berra

xiii
 1 Introduction

This text is intended for a senior level course for civil engineering students whose
focus is structural engineering. The material may also be useful for graduate level
courses and as a reference for practicing structural engineers. First courses in struc-
tural analysis, structural steel design, and reinforced concrete design should be con-
sidered prerequisites to the material covered here.
The basis of this book is course notes developed by the author for courses in
advanced structural design, bridge design, and earthquake engineering at Tennessee
State University and Tennessee Technological University after 35 years of structural
engineering practice.
The material in this book may be studied most effectively with several tools in
hand. These are freely available.

1. AISC 360-16 Specifcation for Structural Steel Buildings

2. AISC 341-16 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings
3. AISC 358-16 Prequalifed Connections for Special and Intermediate Steel
Moment Frames for Seismic Applications
4. SeismoStruct Educational Version – Nonlinear Static & Dynamic Structural
Analysis
5. SeismoMatch Educational Version – Spectral Matching in the Time Domain
6. SeismoArtif Educational Version – Spectral Matching in the Frequency
Domain
7. IES VisualAnalysis Educational Version – Structural Design Software
8. SigmaSpectra – Ground Motion Scaling and Selection Tool

The AISC Standards may be downloaded from aisc.org. The SeismoSoft applica-
tions are available from seismosoft.com. IES VisualAnalysis Educational can be
downloaded from iesweb.com/edu. SigmaSpectra, by Albert Kottke, is available at
GitHub.
The book is not intended to be a comprehensive treatment of any single subject
in the feld of structural engineering, but to familiarize and summarize for the struc-
tural engineering advanced student as well as the practicing engineer, a variety of
topics.
While it is most often necessary to use software in modern structural design, the
engineer should have the ability to perform sanity checks on software results, and to
estimate values for design parameters using hand calculations and simplifcations.
The material presented here will be of assistance in completing such tasks.
Topics from both building and bridge design are included and serve to enhance an
undergraduate curriculum. Examples are included throughout each chapter.

1
2 A Practical Course in Advanced Structural Design

Chapter 2 presents a discussion of various types of structural analysis includ-

ing linear elastic versus nonlinear analysis, frst-order versus second-order analy-
sis, and response spectrum analysis versus response history analysis. The chapter
also includes a brief discussion on seismic site response analysis. Finally, a detailed
presentation of the substitute structure method for inelastic seismic response is
presented.
Chapter 3 presents topics unique to the design of buildings. Composite beam
design is discussed, followed by an outline and examples of the AISC direct analy-
sis method for stability. Plastic analysis techniques, important in seismic and blast-
resistant design, are covered, as are requirements from design specifcations related
to plastic design, also known as inelastic design. Various lateral force resisting sys-
tems and design philosophies are covered prior to connection design in steel. Issues
related to computer modeling of buildings, vertical and horizontal seismic load dis-
tribution, and the design of moment resistant column bases fnish out Chapter 3.
Bridge loads, limit states, and load combinations are discussed in detail in Chapter
4, followed by a presentation of issues related to both prestressed concrete and struc-
tural steel superstructures for bridges. Substructures and foundation systems com-
monly used in bridges are covered in Chapter 4. Earthquake effects on bridges, in
terms of seismic design philosophies, seismic isolation, and pushover analysis tech-
niques, are followed by a brief treatment on the computer modeling of bridges.
Chapter 5 is a description of earthquake loading as applied to structures, whether
buildings, bridges, or other. Baseline adjustment and fltering of ground motion, as
well as the computation of various ground motion parameters and response spectra,
are included. Requirements found in various ASCE design specifcations are pre-
sented, along with a discussion on the importance of ground motion directionality
and statistical considerations. Ground motion databases available to the engineer
and scientist are identifed followed by material on ground motion models, ground
motion selection, and ground motion modifcation for structural analysis.
Chapter 6 provides the reader with example problems to solve for a clearer under-
standing of the design concepts presented in the book.
The appendices to the book include hand calculations corresponding to several
examples presented. These hand calculations are better presented as appendices to
retain the fow of the material presented in the main body.
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