At this point, you are now ready to take the written work for Learning Plan 1.

Place your
answers on a whole sheet of paper. 
 
Directions: (1) Analyze and interpret what is being shown in the graph. (2) Answer what is
being asked in each of the following questions by referring to the attached article. (20
points)
 
1.  Based from the graph, it shows that the electricity consumption of the different
sectors in the Philippines is increasing year after year for two decades. 1993 has the
lowest electricity consumption while 2012 has the highest electricity consumption.
Throughout two decades, industrial sector has the highest amount of electicity
consumption among the three sectors while commercial has the lowest amount of
consumption. The residential sector remained the median among the three sectors on
electicity consumption. However, the residential sector accumulated the highest
energy consumption among the three sectors in the following years: 2002, 2003, 2004,
2005, 2009, and 2010.
 
 
2.  
ABSTRACT

Aguillon, J. &Romano, P(2012). SMOKECHECK: A study on the effects of NCR male high
school students’ exposure to and recall of anti-smoking advertisements to their
perceptions of and attitudes towards smoking, Unpublished Thesis, University of the
Philippines College of Mass Communication. 
The study aims to determine the effects of the extent of exposure to anti-smoking
advertisements and the recall of National Capital Region (NCR) male high school
students to their perceptions of and attitudes toward smoking. Male students were
chosen because the Health Belief Model (HBM), Mere Exposure Theory, and
Availability Heuristics Principle were used for the theoretical framework of the study. 
A survey was conducted randomly among 400 NCR male high school students. The
researchers also conducted two Focus Group Discussions divided to smokers and
nonsmokers. The 2007 Global Youth Tobacco Survey estimates that there are 17% or 4
million Filipino youths with ages 13-15 years who are smoking. Of these early starters, 2.8
million are boys and 1.2 million are girls, thus majority are male in the high school level. 
Results found out that three in ten NCR male high school students had tried smoking at
ages 12 to 14 years.  There was a high general perceived susceptibility and severity of
having smoking-related diseases among the NCR male high school students. The general
attitude of the students toward smoking was either positive or negative (neutral). The
study also found out that there was a weak correlation between the NCR male high
school students’ exposure to and recall of anti-smoking advertisements and their
perceptions of and attitudes towards smoking.  
 
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study 

Many Filipinos die due to smoking-related diseases. On a daily basis, 240 Filipinos die
because of these smoking-related diseases such as heart failure, stroke, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease and many cancers. This accounts for 87,600
deaths due to smoking-related diseases in the country every year (WHO, 2009b).  
Direct and indirect exposures to cigarette smoking cause these diseases. Direct exposure or
first- hand is the actual smoking, while indirect exposure may be second hand or inhaling
the smoke when a person smokes near and third-hand smoke or exposure to chemicals that
remain after the cigarette is put out (Apelberg, 2007). 
In connection with these dangers of smoking, there are increasing numbers of Filipino
smokers and an alarming number of youth smokers.  Republic Act of 9211(as cited in
Department of Education [DepEd],2011), or the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003, specifies
the smoking prohibition in public places: 
    Section 5. Smoking in Public Places - Smoking shall be absolutely prohibited in  the
following public places: a. Centers of youth activity such as playschools, preparatory 
schools, elementary schools, high schools, colleges and universities, youth hostels, and 
recreational facilities for persons under eighteen (18) years old (p.1). Thus, this law of the 
country protects specifically the youth from being exposed  to smoking. 
                The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (2007) estimates that there are 17% or 4
million Filipino youths with ages 13-15 years who are smoking. Of these early starters,
2.8 million are boys and 1.2 million are girls. 
With these alarming statistics, a number of anti-smoking campaigns are being implemented
around the country. The Department of Education (DepEd) through their program Oplan
BalikEskwela integrates anti-smoking campaign in schools for the protection of the students
against the hazards of smoking. The main goal of the campaign is to ensure the
implementation of the antismoking policies in schools (DepEd , 2011). Aside from the efforts
of DepEd, the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) has also launched its anti-
smoking campaign in the National Capital Region (NCR). The MMDA enforcers have started
to reprimand those who are smoking in public places (Aning, 2011). MMDA’s vision of
having a smoke-free Manila is the main reason why this study is made in NCR. 
When it comes to advertisements, according to Bovee (1992), "Advertising is the
nonpersonal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in
nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various
media." (p.7).The three major functions of advertisements are to disseminate
information, to provide incentives to viewers for them to engage in action, and to provide
constant reminders and reinforcements to generate the desired behavior the advertiser
wants from them (Puranik, 2011). There are forms of advertising which are mainly connected
through the use of media; they are print (newspapers, magazines, and brochures), broadcast
(TV, movies), oral (radio), and online (Gentry, 2010).   Most of the anti-smoking
advertisements are in the form of advocacy advertising. 
Advocacy advertising aims to influence public’s attitudes toward a particular issue
(Shivani, 2009). Anti-smoking advertisements are tools to disseminate information
about the dangers of smoking. They also aim to increase nonsmoking intentions
(Pechmann, Goldberg, & Reibling, 2003). In contrast, most smoking advertisements which
sell cigarette products to people are in the form of product advertising. Product
advertising’s main purpose is to promote certain products (Shivani, 2009).  
  Anti-smoking advertisements as well as other Information, Education and
Communication (IEC) health programs against smoking can greatly diminish the
prevalence of smoking in the country especially among the youth sector. Efforts to
strengthen these health promotions by further studies related to anti-smoking
advertisements are a must hence this study aims to contribute to those anti-smoking
efforts. 
 
B. Statement of the Research Problem and Objectives 
Because of the prevalence of smoking in the youth sector nowadays, it is important to
know their exposure to the current anti-smoking advertisements that help minimize
the number of youth who are smoking. Hence the research problem and objectives
will be:
 
1.  Research Problem: 
1.)         How do the extent of exposure to and recall of anti-smoking advertisements of NCR
male high school students affect their perceptions of and attitudes toward smoking? 
 
2.  General Objectives: 
1.)         To determine the extent of exposure to and recall of anti-smoking advertisements
of  NCR male high school students.
2.)         To determine how the anti-smoking advertisements affect the NCR male high
school  students’ perceptions of and attitudes toward smoking.
 
3.  Specific objectives: 
1. To determine the socio-demographic profile of NCR male high school students 

2.  To determine the NCR male high school students sources of information and cues to 
action about anti-smoking  
3.  To identify the different forms of anti-smoking advertisements that they were exposed 
to 
4.  To determine their extent of exposure to and recall of anti-smoking advertisements  
5. To determine their knowledge, perceptions and attitudes toward smoking: 
a.                   law (RA 9211 which absolutely prohibits smoking in schools) 
b.                   dangers (perceived  susceptibility, severity and threats of first-hand, second-
hand and third-hand smoke)
c.                   ads and promotions 
d.                   cessation (perceived benefits, perceived barriers and likelihood of not
smoking) 
6.               To determine if their perceptions and attitudes toward smoking vary according
to their:
a.   extent of exposure to anti-smoking advertisements 
b.  extent of exposure to other sources of information about smoking 
7.               To determine if there is a significant relationship between the messages they
recall  from anti-smoking advertisements and their perceptions and attitudes about
smoking 
 
GYTS (2007) data that in the Philippines, majority of the youths received teachings about the
dangers of smoking in their schools.
GYTS (2007), regarding the exposure of Filipino youths to anti-smoking advertisements
there was a decreased percentage of students who had seen anti-smoking media messages.
The present findings seem to be consistent with other research which found that the
enforcement made by the Philippine local government officials of the National Tobacco
Laws and the WHOFCTC was “poor” (GYTS,  2007)
These findings further support the study of Hammond (et al., 2003) that showed most
smokers perceive themselves having lesser risk than other smokers. 
the youths were exposed to smoking promotion and advertisements where smoking was
portrayed as glamorous, social and normative (GYTS, 2007).
Particularly, current smokers perceived smoking as having positive attributes while the non-
smokers perceived smoking as having negative characteristics (Taylor, Ross, Goldsmith,
Zanna &Lock, 1998; Shervington, 1994).
Moreover, current smokers’ perceived susceptibilities of having smoking-related diseases
were lesser than the nonsmokers and former smokers even though the perceived
seriousness of all the groups was almost the same (Klesges, Somes, Pascale, Klesges,
Murphy&Williams, 1988;Taylor, Ross, Goldsmith, Zanna&Lock,1998; Shervington,1994).
It was in agreement with the Philippine GYTS (2007) study that Filipino youth were not
exposed to anti-smoking messages.
Pictorial warning labels could easily be recognized even by children.
C. Significance of the Study 
The main rationale of this study is to contribute to the efforts of Information Education
and Communication health campaigns on smoking by providing data on the extent of
exposure to antismoking advertisements and recall of the NCR male high school
students.  
Hence this study is helpful to those government agencies like the DepEd and MMDA; and
Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) who are promoting anti-smoking among the
Filipino youths today. 
 

Discussion

Numerous studies had been made about smoking. According to WHO (2006), there are
many reviews of tobacco related studies. With these numerous topics about smoking, the
researchers decided to examine deeply the issues about youth smoking in reference to how
the youth were influenced by advertisements. To be more specific, antismoking
advertisements would be the primary focus. The study aims to know how the extent of
exposure to and recall of these anti-smoking ads affect the perceptions and attitudes
of the youth about smoking. 
Starting with the methods used, a survey was randomly conducted to 10 schools in Metro
Manila. A total of 400 male high school students from the National Capital Region were
selected as respondents for the survey. To dig more information, two Focus Group
Discussions were made in two schools from the ten schools that were originally chosen
as samples. With this methodology, we could verify the data we obtained. The respondents
were mostly 14 years old and their age range was 13 – 16 as expected for high school
students. Because of the little data that these students gave about their families’ monthly
income, the researchers concluded that majority of them belonged to middle to upper class
families. In case of smoking prevalence, more than half of the respondents admitted
that they did not smoke. To those who smoke, the researchers asked the age when they
started to smoke. As seen in Table 3, the ages that most of the respondents had
smoked were 12 and 13 years. The researchers wanted to verify if there were smokers who
had quitted smoking so they asked about the students’ consumption of cigarette brand.
There was a probability that some of the smokers had quit smoking already. 
In terms of their other sources of information about smoking and cues to action, the
school was cited as their top source of information followed by their families and
churches. As compared with their exposure, the family became the source they were most
exposed to, the schools’ antismoking campaigns and church. This finding indicated that
school was where the students acquired more information about anti-smoking. The
family might be the one they were most exposed to but smoking was not always
discussed inside their home. The study indicated that family, school and the church
were the respondents’ sources of information about smoking. This asserts the GYTS
(2007) data that in the Philippines, majority of the youths received teachings about the
dangers of smoking in their schools.
The respondents’ exposure of anti-smoking advertisement proved that they were able
to identify ads that informed about smoking. The study pointed out Health Care facilities
to be the place where the respondents noticed anti-smoking advertisements most. This
means that hospitals and health clinics were supposed to be conducive for health and
wellness. The same with their exposure, health care facilities were ranked as the top.
This seemed to be confusing if it could mean that respondents went there every day.
Regarding the results from the FGD, smokers pointed that they had not seen
antismoking advertisements. They admitted that their school did not have anti-
smoking campaigns. They only knew the No Smoking Signs that could be found in
jeepneys. Antismoking advertisements could only be found in public places where
smoking was strictly prohibited. In case of the nonsmokers, they were more attentive
to anti-smoking ads. They even knew a TV Channel that aired anti-smoking
advertisements. According to Philippine GYTS (2007), regarding the exposure of Filipino
youths to anti-smoking advertisements there was a decreased percentage of students who
had seen anti-smoking media messages. The finding of this study verifies the data of
Philippine GYTS. 
By means of recall, surprisingly 90% of the students were able to recall a characteristic
of the anti-smoking advertisement. The most common message was “Cigarette
Smoking was dangerous to your health” and “No Smoking” signs. From the FGD, the
participants saw these messages mostly in cigarette packs and in TV. Prior studies had
noted the importance of pictures or cigarette warning labels in cigarette packs.
(Hammond, Fong, McNeill, Borland & Cummings, 2006). Picture warning labels on tobacco
products increase knowledge about tobacco consumption risks, reduce adolescents’
intentions to smoke, and motivate smokers to quit. These labels counter the tobacco
industry advertisements.  The present study shows that pictorial warning labels were
implanted with the minds of those who had seen them. Pictorial warning labels could
easily be recognized even by children. (White,Webster & Wakefield, 2008, Hammond,
2008). 
For the knowledge about smoking, the researchers found that the respondents were
aware of the places where cigarettes were sold. Almost 61 % also admit that cigarettes
were sold near their schools. The study found that the students did not know what RA
9211 was or the legal name of the 2003 Regulation Act of the Philippines. As seen in
Table 11, 63% did not know RA 9211. The present findings seem to be consistent with
other research which found that the enforcement made by the Philippine local government
officials of the National Tobacco Laws and the WHOFCTC was “poor” (GYTS,  2007)  But in
spite of this the respondents were aware of what a smoking law should consist. In the case
of their knowledge on dangers of the types of smoking, the study found that the
respondents had a high awareness of these types. The same with the FGD, when the
nonsmokers answered they might get sick due to secondhand smoking or when
inhaling the smoke from a nearby smoker. 
Their perception about vulnerability of having smoking related diseases was
consistent on both the survey results and FGD. They knew that they were vulnerable to
the dangers of smoking. They associated smoking to lung diseases that were deadly.  At the
rate of severity, the respondents perceived it to be high. The smoker group from the FGD
believed that there was a high severity of smoking related diseases but it would only
affect those who smoked heavily. These findings further support the study of Hammond
(et al., 2003) that showed most smokers perceive themselves having lesser risk than other
smokers. 
Exposure to smoking ads had produced an interesting result. The participants in FGD
were more exposed with smoking ads and promotions. They could give detailed
characteristics of those ads. Marlboro was the top or most common cigarette brand. The
survey results showed that respondents had seen smoking scenes in TV programs and some
were aware of the activities sponsored by the tobacco companies. This study confirms that
the youths were exposed to smoking promotion and advertisements where smoking
was portrayed as glamorous, social and normative (GYTS, 2007). 
The nonsmokers hold firm in their control to not smoke. In FGD, the nonsmoker group
gave a zero probability that they would smoke in the near future. The study found out
that majority of the respondents had a high self-efficacy that they would not smoke or they
would quit smoking. In case of their perceived benefits of not smoking, both survey
and FGD gave similar results: healthy body, clean environment and good appearance.
Having a clean environment was cited to be the top priority (91%). For the benefits of
smoking, the smokers were able to give answers that associated with maturity and
manhood. The nonsmokers were not able to immediately gave an answer so they replied
according to what they thought was the reason. This means that smokers and
nonsmokers had their own perception of smoking. There are several possible
explanations for this result. Particularly, current smokers perceived smoking as having
positive attributes while the non-smokers perceived smoking as having negative
characteristics (Taylor, Ross, Goldsmith, Zanna &Lock, 1998; Shervington, 1994). Moreover,
current smokers’ perceived susceptibilities of having smoking-related diseases were
lesser than the nonsmokers and former smokers even though the perceived seriousness
of all the groups was  almost the same (Klesges, Somes, Pascale, Klesges,
Murphy&Williams, 1988;Taylor, Ross, Goldsmith, Zanna&Lock,1998; Shervington,1994). 
The attitude also varies especially with the smokers and nonsmokers. Because majority of
the respondents were nonsmokers, they perceived smoking should be regulated and
smoking law should be implemented. In the FGD, the smokers had more positive
attitude toward smoking and they believed that their vulnerability of smoking
dangers would be lessen if they would be more careful. It was important that smokers
understand the risks as well as the severity of smoking in order to motivate them to
quit smoking (Environics Research Group, 1999). 
For their perceived barriers to not smoke, family, peers, and the environment were
those who could influence them to smoke. The availability and affordability of cigarette
sticks could attract the public to purchase cigarettes. Because of this when asked by the
facilitator, the smokers suggested that cigarettes should not be sold to reduce the
number of smokers. The nonsmokers suggested on the other hand to improved anti-
smoking advertisements and distributed it in the whole country. They also added that
a strict smoking law should be implemented.   
The study found a weak correlation between exposure (both to antismoking
advertisements and other sources of information about smoking) to the perceptions
and attitudes of the respondents toward smoking. It was the same with the extent of
recall and the perception and attitude toward smoking. These findings were rather
disappointing. It was in agreement with the Philippine GYTS (2007) study that Filipino youth
were not exposed to anti-smoking messages. Anti-smoking advertisements had little to no
effect to the public especially the youth. The smoker group commented that anti-smoking
ads were useless and nonsense because of the prevalence of cigarette selling. This
finding has important implications for developing improved anti-smoking ads and
campaigns. This finding provides some support for the premise that RA 9211 should be
strictly implemented.  Another reason for this weak correlation that was computed using the
Pearson-r test was the proposition of the Mere Exposure Theory.  The theory states
that the attitude change caused by the frequent exposure to stimulus is a positive one
however too much repetition of exposure to that stimulus can reduce the effects to
the preference of a person toward that stimulus (Izard, Kagan,& Zajonc,1984). For this
study, the stimulus is the anti-smoking advertisements. The students’ too much repetitive
exposure to anti-smoking ads may weaken the effect of the ads to the students’ attitudes
toward and perceptions of smoking. This was supported by the results of the FGDs that
most of the antismoking ads that the students saw had little effects on their
perceptions of smoking. The students also said that they saw more smoking ads than
antismoking ads. They suggested that the anti-smoking ads should be more graphical,
colorful, and many in order for these ads to have a great effect on them.
 
By referring to the article above, answer the following questions:

What are the research questions and hypotheses of the study?

Research Questions:
The study aims to determine the effects of the extent of exposure to anti-smoking
advertisements and the recall of National Capital Region (NCR) male high school students to
their perceptions of and attitudes toward smoking.
1.  Research Problem: 
1.)         How do the extent of exposure to and recall of anti-smoking advertisements
of NCR male high school students affect their perceptions of and attitudes toward
smoking? 
2.  General Objectives: 
1.)         To determine the extent of exposure to and recall of anti-smoking
advertisements of  NCR male high school students.
 2.)         To determine how the anti-smoking advertisements affect the NCR male
high school  students’ perceptions of and attitudes toward smoking.
3.  Specific objectives: 
1. To determine the socio-demographic profile of NCR male high school students 

2.  To determine the NCR male high school students sources of information and cues
to  action about anti-smoking  
3.  To identify the different forms of anti-smoking advertisements that they were
exposed to 
4.  To determine their extent of exposure to and recall of anti-smoking
advertisements  
5. To determine their knowledge, perceptions and attitudes toward smoking: 
a. law (RA 9211 which absolutely prohibits smoking in schools) 
b. dangers (perceived  susceptibility, severity and threats of first-hand,
second-hand and third-hand smoke)
c. ads and promotions 
d. cessation (perceived benefits, perceived barriers and likelihood of not
smoking) 
6. To determine if their perceptions and attitudes toward smoking vary according to
their:
a.   extent of exposure to anti-smoking advertisements 
b.  extent of exposure to other sources of information about smoking 
7.               To determine if there is a significant relationship between the messages
they recall  from anti-smoking advertisements and their perceptions and attitudes
about smoking 

What are the variables used in the study? How are these variables
measured?
The variables used in the study are anti-smoking advertisments, attitude/perception of
NCR male students toward smoking, and knowledge about smoking.

Describe the descriptive statistics used in presenting and analyzing

the data.
The study used Pearson’s correlational test as the tool for the descriptive statistics used
in the study. Pearson’s correlational coefficient test measures the statistical relationship
or connection between two continuous variables. It is sasid to be the best method to be
use for mearuing the relationship between variables of interest. The correlational result
may be get from this method are; positive relationship, negative relationship, and
neutral.
Directions: Your task is to identify the Data  Result and Findings. Draw
Conclusions  and  make Recommendations based on the attached article in Learning Plan
1.  Use the template below in doing the task. Write your answers on a one whole sheet of
paper. Follow the guidelines and see the example given in the lesson proper section of this
learning plan. (20pts)
 
          Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations      
Introduction: The study was conducted to determine the effects of the extent of
exposure to anti-smoking advertisements and the recall of National Capital Region
(NCR) male high school students to their perceptions of and attitudes toward
smoking. 400 male respondents from 10 schools were selected as the sample of the
study. The study implied survey for randomly selected respondents and
questionnaires for focus group discussion of two groups smokers, and non smokers as
research instruments for data collection.

             
Summary

         
1. 
    2.
    3.
In case of smoking prevalence, more than half of the respondents admitted that they
did not smoke. As seen in Table 3, the ages that most of the respondents had smoked
were 12 and 13 years. In terms of their other sources of information about smoking
and cues to action, the school was cited as their top source of information followed by
their families and churches. This finding indicated that school was where the students
acquired more information about anti-smoking. The family might be the one they
were most exposed to but smoking was not always discussed inside their home. The
study indicated that family, school and the church were the respondents’ sources of
information about smoking. By means of recall, surprisingly 90% of the students were
able to recall a characteristic of the anti-smoking advertisement. The most common
message was “Cigarette Smoking was dangerous to your health” and “No Smoking”
signs. From the FGD, the participants saw these messages mostly in cigarette packs
and in TV. Prior studies had noted the importance of pictures or cigarette warning
labels in cigarette packs. For the knowledge about smoking, the researchers found that
the respondents were aware of the places where cigarettes were sold. Almost 61 % also
admit that cigarettes were sold near their schools. The study found that the students
did not know what RA 9211 was or the legal name of the 2003 Regulation Act of the
Philippines. As seen in Table 11, 63% did not know RA 9211. Their perception about
vulnerability of having smoking related diseases was consistent on both the survey
results and FGD. They knew that they were vulnerable to the dangers of smoking. They
associated smoking to lung diseases that were deadly.  At the rate of severity, the
respondents perceived it to be high. The smoker group from the FGD believed that there
was a high severity of smoking related diseases but it would only affect those who
smoked heavily. In case of their perceived benefits of not smoking, both survey and
FGD gave similar results: healthy body, clean environment and good appearance.
Having a clean environment was cited to be the top priority (91%). For the benefits of
smoking, the smokers were able to give answers that associated with maturity and
manhood. Because majority of the respondents were nonsmokers, they perceived
smoking should be regulated and smoking law should be implemented. In the FGD,
the smokers had more positive attitude toward smoking and they believed that their
vulnerability of smoking dangers would be lessen if they would be more careful. For
their perceived barriers to not smoke, family, peers, and the environment were those
who could influence them to smoke. The availability and affordability of cigarette sticks
could attract the public to purchase cigarettes. Because of this when asked by the
facilitator, the smokers suggested that cigarettes should not be sold to reduce the
number of smokers. The nonsmokers suggested on the other hand to improved anti-
smoking advertisements and distributed it in the whole country. They also added that
a strict smoking law should be implemented.    . The smoker group commented that
anti-smoking ads were useless and nonsense because of the prevalence of cigarette
selling

This was supported by the results of the FGDs that most of the antismoking ads that
the students saw had little effects on their perceptions of smoking. The students also
said that they saw more smoking ads than antismoking ads. They suggested that the
anti-smoking ads should be more graphical, colorful, and many in order for these ads
to have a great effect on them.

The study found a weak correlation between exposure (both to antismoking

advertisements and other sources of information about smoking) to the perceptions
and attitudes of the respondents toward smoking. It was the same with the extent of
recall and the perception and attitude toward smoking.

This means that hospitals and health clinics were supposed to be conducive for health
and wellness. The same with their exposure, health care facilities were ranked as the
top. This seemed to be confusing if it could mean that respondents went there every
day. Regarding the results from the FGD, smokers pointed that they had not seen
antismoking advertisements. They admitted that their school did not have anti-
smoking campaigns. They only knew the No Smoking Signs that could be found in
jeepneys. Antismoking advertisements could only be found in public places where
smoking was strictly prohibited. In case of the nonsmokers, they were more attentive
to anti-smoking ads. They even knew a TV Channel that aired anti-smoking
advertisements.
         Conclusion
         1
         2. 
         3.

         Recommendation
         4.
         
5.
         6.
Directions: Identify the citation style (Chicago Manual of Style, MLA, APA or ASA) used in the
following researches below. (20 points)
Title of Check copy of research from: Citation
Research format used in
writing the
bibliography
of the study
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Stakeholder participation in agricultural policy
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Policy lessons [Link] sest
from the udies_e/case36_e.htm 

Philippines”
Briones, R. M. (2013). Role of mineral fertilizers in APA
transforming philippine a griculture. Philippine
institute for development studies research paper
[Draft]. 
David, C., Intal, P., & Balisacan, A., (2007) APA
Distortions to agricultural incentives in the Philippines.
World bank . Retrieved from
[Link]
ER
ESEARCH/Resources/5448241146153362267
/Philippines_0308rev.pdf
2. SmokeCheck Aning,J.(2011).Volunteers to advise APA
: A Study on [Link] August
the Effects of
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Students’ ent/content/article/10/86
news-articles-on-mmda-anti-smoking-drive

Exposure to Averbach, A.R., Lam, D., Lam, L.P., APA

and Recall of
Sharfstein, J., Cohen, B., & Koh, H. (2002).      Smoking
Anti-Smoking behaviors and attitudes among male restaurant
workers in Boston’s sChinatown: A pilot study. Tobacco
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to Their
Perceptions of
and Attitudes
toward
Smoking
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JAMA,281(11),1019-21.
3. “Epizootics See Reynaldo Ileto, ‘Cholera and the Origins of the
129
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and the American Sanitary Order in the Philippines’, in Manual of
colonial Discrepant Histories: Translocal Essays on Filipino Style
legacies of the Cultures, ed. Vicente L. Rafael (Manila: Anvil
United States Publishing,  1995), 51–81.130
in Philippine
Veterinary
science”

Warwick Anderson, ‘“Where Every Prospect Pleases MLA

and Only Man is Vile”: Laboratory Medicine  as
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Essays on Filipino Cultures, ed. Rafael, 100.
4. “Students, Adeniyi, M A and Kolawole, V A. (2015). The influence APA
Peer Pressure of peer pressure   adolescents’social behaviour.
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in School”
Boehnke, K.(2008). Peer pressure: a cause of scholastic APA
underachievement? a cross-cultural study of
mathematical  achievement among german, canadian,
and israeli middle school students. Soc Psychol Educ
11, 149-160.  DOI: 10.1007/s11218-007-9041-z 
Bonein, A. and Denant-Boement ,L. (2013). Self-control, APA
commitment and  peer pressure: a laboratory
experiment. Center for Research in Economics and
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Carman, K. and Zhang, L. (2012). Classroom peer APA
effects and academic achievement:
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