The First Law of Thermodynamics:

Closed System

Dr. Fadhli Bin Syahrial

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,UTeM
At the end of this chapter students should be able to:
 Define heat and work and relationship between them.
 State the concept of the first law of thermodynamics.
 Develop equations related to the first law of
thermodynamics.
 Solve the problems related to first law of
thermodynamics for closed system.

2
 Energy is neither
created nor destroyed
Macroscopic forms of energy:
• Kinetic energy, KE: Those a system possesses as a
whole with respect to some outside
The energy that a reference frame, such as kinetic
and potential energies.
system possesses as a
result of its motion
relative to some Microscopic forms of energy:
reference frame. Those related to the molecular
structure of a system and the
degree of the molecular activity.

• Potential energy, PE:

The energy that a
system possesses as a
result of its elevation The macroscopic energy of an
in a gravitational field. object changes with velocity and
elevation.
Closed System First Law

A closed system moving relative to a reference plane is shown below

where z is the elevation of the center of mass above the reference plane
and V is the velocity of the center of mass.

Closed

V
Heat System
Work
z

Reference Plane, z = 0

For the closed system shown above, the conservation of energy principle
or the first law of thermodynamics is expressed as

4
 Ein  Eout  Esystem

According to classical thermodynamics, we consider the energy added to

be net heat transfer to the closed system and the energy leaving the
closed system to be net work done by the closed system. So

Qnet  Wnet  Esystem

Where
Qnet  Qin  Qout
Wnet  (Wout  Win )other  Wb
2
Wb   PdV
1

Normally the stored energy, or total energy, of a system is expressed as

the sum of three separate energies. The total energy of the system,
Esystem, is given as
E = Internal energy + Kinetic energy + Potential energy
E = U + KE + PE
5
Recall that U is the sum of the energy contained within the molecules of
the system other than the kinetic and potential energies of the system as a
whole and is called the internal energy. The internal energy U is
dependent on the state of the system and the mass of the system.

The change in stored energy for the system is

E  U  KE  PE

Now the conservation of energy principle, or the first law of

thermodynamics for closed systems, is written as

Qnet  Wnet  U  KE  PE

Or

Qnet  Wnet  U
6
The only two forms of energy interactions associated with
a closed system are heat transfer and work.
The difference between heat transfer and work: An
energy interaction is heat transfer if its driving force is a
temperature difference. Otherwise it is work.

System

Q W
 WORK - energy transferred with force acting
through a distance.
 A rising piston, a rotating shaft, an electric wire
crossing the system boundaries are all associated with
work interactions
• Formal sign convention: Q > 0 : heat transfer TO the system

Heat transfer to a system & Q < 0 : heat transfer FROM the system

work done by a system are Q = 0 : Adiabatic

positive; heat transfer from W < 0 : work done ON the system

a system and work done on W > 0 : work done BY the system

a system are negative.

• Alternative to sign convention
is to use the subscripts in
and out to indicate direction

Specifying the directions of heat and work.

W = Fd
 N m = J usually we’ll use kJ

w = W/m
 kJ/kg

 W
 kJ/sec
 kW
Power is the work done per unit time
(kW)
 
 Electrical Work, W electrical  VI

 Mechanical Work, W = FS
 Spring
 Shaft
 Gravitational
 Acceleration
 MOVING BOUNDARY
 • Associated with elongation and contraction of
springs.
When the length of the spring changes by
a differential amount dx under the influence of a force F,
the work done is
Substituting and integrating yield

For linear elastic springs, the displacement x is

proportional to the force applied x1 and x2: the initial and the final
displacements

k: spring constant (kN/m) Elongation of a spring under

the influence of a force.

The displacement
of a linear spring
doubles when the
force is doubled.
 • An applied torque is acting & the shaft turns in
response
A force F acting through a
moment arm r generates a
torque T

This force acts through a distance s

Shaft work

The power transmitted through the shaft is the

shaft work done per unit time

Energy transmission through rotating shafts is Shaft work is proportional to the torque
commonly encountered in practice. applied and the number of revolutions of
the shaft.
 The area under the
curve is the work

The work depends on the process path

 Constant volume
 Constant pressure
 Isothermal
 Polytropic
P
1 2
Wb   PdV  ?
1
2
V

Example 1
A rigid tank contain air at 400kPa and
150OC. As a result of heat transfer to the
surrounding the temperature and pressure
inside the tank drop to 65OC and 200kPa,
respectively. Determine the work done
during this process.
P 1

1 2
Wb   PdV  0
1
2
V

Solution:
V is constant so…work=0
 P 1 2

W
V

Wb   PdV  P  dV  PV2  V1 
2 2

1 1
Example 2
A frictionless piston cylinder device
contain 5kg of steam at 400kPa and
100OC. At constant pressure, heat is now
transferred to the steam until the
temperature reaches 150oC. The mass is
constant, determine the work done by the
steam during this process
 Solution…
PdV  P  dV  PV2  V1   mP(v 2  v1)
2 2
Wb  1 1

1. From the question we know that :-

1. State1:- P1=400kPa, T1= 100OC

From table a-4 @ P1=400kPa, Tsat=143.61OC

From table a-5 @ T1-100OC, Psat=101.42kPa

So we know that P1 > Psat & T1 < Tsat

We can conclude that state 1 is in compress liquid region

2. State2:- P2=400kPa, T2 = 150OC

From table a-4 @ P1=400kPa, Tsat=143.61OC

From table a-5 @ T1-150OC, Psat=476.16kPa

So we know that P2 < Psat & T2 >Tsat

We can conclude that state 2 is in superheated vapor region

In order to find specific volume for;-

State 1: compressed liquid

refer table A-4 @A-7 ,@ T1=100OC

v1=vf= 0.001043 m3/kg (why vf? What about vg?)

State2: superheated vapor

refer table A-6 @ P2=400kPa, T2 = 150OC
v2= v = 0.47088 m3/kg

PdV  P  dV  PV2  V1   mP(v 2  v1)

2 2
Wb  1 1

Wb =5kg x 400kPa x ( 0.47088-0.001043) m3/kg x 1kJ/1 kPa.m3

= 939.674kJ
 mRT
P
P 1 V

2 2 mRT
2 Wb   PdV   dV
1 1 V
V  V2 
 mRT ln  
 V1 
Example 3
A piston cylinder device initially contain
0.5 m3 of air at 120kPa and 90OC. The air
is now compressed to 0.1 m3 at constant
temperature. Determine the work done
during this process.
Solution…
P 1
Assumed as ideal gas… WHY?

mRT
2 P
V
V

2 mRT 2
Wb   PdV   dV
1 1 V
 mRT (ln V2  ln V1 )
 V2 
 mRT ln 
V 

 1 
2. From the question we know that

State 1 : P1=120kPa, T1=90OC and V1=0.5 m3

State 2 : T2=90OC and V2=0.1 m3
2
W  1
PdV

Ideal gas law: P  mRT

V
2 mRT  V2 
W  1 V
dV  mRT (ln V2  ln V1 )  mRT ln 
V 
 1 


3. In this question, mass is unknown.

From ideal gas law…. PV=mRT = constant

Where P1V1= mRT, P2V2= mRT

 V2 
Wb  P1V1 ln 
V 

 1 
 0. 1 
Wb  120(0.5) ln 
 0.5  Ans:-96.56 kJ
P 1 PV  constant
n

2 2 dV
2 Wb   PdV   Const n
1 1 V
P2V2  P1V1
V  , n 1
1 n
 V2 
 PV ln  , n  1
 V1 
PV  C
n

C
P  n  CV n

V
2 2
Wb   PdV   CV dV n
1 1
 n 1 2
V V2 n 1  V1 n 1 
Wb  C  C 
 n 1
1
  n 1 
 CV CV
Wb  C V  
 n 1  n 1
2 V 1
2
 n 1
  V2n
V1
  n 1 
But…  n 1
C C
P2  n And… P1  n
V2 V1
So…

Wb  P2V2  P1V1
 n 1
So far, we have not assumed an ideal
gas in this derivation, if we do, then…

PV  mRT
mRT2  mRT1
Wb 
1 n
mRT2  T1 
Wb 
1 n
• Work
• Heat
System

Q W

34
 Heatis defined as the form of energy that is
transferred between two systems by virtue of
a temperature difference.
A process with no heat transfer is adiabatic
 Greek → not to be passed

35
36
• Q
– Total heat transferred
– kJ or BTU
• q
– Heat/mass
– kJ/kg or BTU/lbm

• Q
– Rate of heat transfer
– kJ/sec = kW

38
39
 Conduction
 Transfer of heat as a result of interactions
between particles
 Convection
 Heat transfer between a solid surface and a gas or
liquid that is in motion
 Radiation
 Does not require an intervening medium

40
 dT
Qcond   A kt
dx
Integrating gives
Thermal
Conductivity

 T
Qcond  kA
x

41
Material Thermal Conductivity
W/(m K)
Diamond 2300
Copper 401
Iron 80
Glass 1.4
Water 0.613
Air 0.026

43
 A plane wall constructed of solid iron with thermal
conductivity 70 W/moC, thickness 50 mm and with surface
area 1 m by 1 m, temperature 150 oC on one side and 80 oC
on the other.

Solution…
q = k A dT / s

Conductive heat transfer can be calculated as:

q = 70 (W/moC) 1 (m) 1 (m) (150 (oC) - 80 (oC)) / 0.05 (m)
= 98,000 (W)
= 98 (kW)

44
Convection heat transfer is the mode of energy transfer between
a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion
and involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid
motion.

45
 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient

Q conv  h A (Ts  Tf )

46
 Typical h W/(m2 K)
Free convection – gas 2 - 25

Free convection – liquid 50 - 1000

Forced convection – gas 25 – 250

Forced convection – 50 – 20,000

liquid
Boiling and 2500 – 100,000
Condensation

47
 A fluid flows over a plane surface 1 m by 1 m with a
bulk temperature of 50oC. The temperature of the
surface is 20oC. The convective heat transfer
coefficient is 2,000 W/m2oC.

Solution…
q = hc A dT

q = 2,000 (W/m2oC) (1 (m) 1 (m)) (50 (oC) - 20 (oC))

= 60,000 (W)
= 60 (kW)

50
Radiation is energy transfer from the surface of one
body to the surface of another due to
electromagnetic radiation.

51
Q rad   AT  T 

4 4
s surr

52
Occurs in any transparent
medium (solid or fluid) but may
also even occur across vacuum
(as when the Sun heats the
Earth).

Radiation is the transfer of

energy through space by means
of electromagnetic waves in
much the same way as
electromagnetic light waves
transfer light.

The same laws that govern the

transfer of light govern the
radiant transfer of heat

53
 Also called the heat capacity
 Specific
heat at constant volume, cv: The
energy required to raise the temperature of the
unit mass of a substance by one degree as the
volume is maintained constant.
 Specificheat at constant pressure, cp: The
energy required to raise the temperature of the
unit mass of a substance by one degree as the
pressure is maintained constant.
 Units => kJ/(kg 0C) or kJ/(kg K)

55
  u 
Cv   
 T  v

E=U+KE +PE
E  U
Constant-volume specific
dE  dU  mCvdT heats cv (values are for
helium gas).

•Cv is related to the changes in internal energy.

56
 Ittakes more energy to warm up a constant
pressure system, because the system
boundaries expand
 You need to provide the energy to
 increase the internal energy
 do the work required to move the system
boundary

57
  h 
h includes the

Cp   
internal energy and

 T 
the work required to
p expand the system
boundaries

•Cp is related to the changes in

enthalpy.
Cp is always bigger than Cv
Cp = Cv + R constant-pressure
specific heats cp
(values are for helium
gas).
58
 Draw a picture
 List the given data
 Identify the goal (What do you want to solve for)
 List the equations you know
 Draw a Process Diagram (if necessary)
 Solve for the unknowns

Let’s do some of the example problems

THANK YOU…
See u in chapter 4..