INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES RESEARCH

(Formerly Tamil Nadu Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences)

Vol. 47 January - February 2018 No. 1

Review article
1. INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM – A REVIEW 1189
M. Babu

Full length articles

2. EFFECT OF INCORPORATION OF FINGER MILLET (ELEUSINE CORACANA) 1199
AS A THICKENING AGENT IN CHICKEN SOUP
R.Abinayaselvi, D.Santhi, A.Kalaikannan and K.Nandhini

3. Pearl millet (Pennisetum Glaucum) as filler in chicken cutlet 1207

K.Nandhini, A.Kalaikannan, D.Santhi and R.Abinayaselvi
4. EFFECT OF INCORPORATION OF FERMENTED BAMBOO SHOOT, BEET ROOT 1216
AND CABBAGE ON THE QUALITIES OF CHICKEN NUGGETS UNDER
FROZEN STORAGE
S. Doley, K. Kikhi, A.Sen, S. Ghatak, S. Kumar and G. Khargharia

5. EFFECT OF AGE ON CARCASS, MEAT QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND 1226

NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF NANDANAM TURKEY-II MEAT
R. Ilavarasan, Robinson J.J. Abraham, V. Appa Rao, V. Pandiyan,
S. Wilfred Ruban and P. Nalini

Short Communications
6. IMPROVING SHELF LIFE AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF WET DISTILLER’S GRAIN 1236
R.Balamurugan, C.Valli and V. Balakrishnan

7. VIRTUAL EVALUATION OF ANAEMIA – SIMPLE TECHNIQUE 1244

K. Rajamanickam,a, V. Leela, K. Loganathasamy, Bhaskaran Ravi Latha,
M. Balagangatharathilagar, S. Vairamuthu
8. Tube Cystostomy for surgical management of obstructive 1249
urolithiasis in sheep and goats
Pandiyan, Mala Shammi, Ravi Sundar George and S.Vairamuthu
 Review article
INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM – A REVIEW
M. Babu
Director of Research (Rtd.)
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Science University, Chennai - 600 051
The history tells us that since human following impacts are really challenging to
settlement and civilization both agriculture reverse them.
and animal husbandry have transformed in
tune with the growing population and its • Overuse of natural resources
challenging needs. The transformation was • Forest cover area is fat declining
remarkable during the past decades. High
yielding varieties in agriculture, fodder crops, • Ground water table is so deep
cross breeding in livestock hybridization • Increased soil salinity
in poultry, farm mechanisation, increased
fertiliser and pesticides use, specialised • Agriculture land is utilized for other
farming practices and government policies purposes resulting in reduction in
that favoured maximising production. cultivable land area
In general, modern agriculture begins in • Population growth and their food
research station, where researchers utilise demand
all the required resources or inputs and
• Earth warming due to more green
achieve maximum efficiency. But many
house gases
rural resource poor households are unable
to adopt such package of practices due to • Air, water and land contamination
non availability of inputs, high cost and not • Disruption of forest animals habitat
able to get in time. However, in livestock
production, the modern technologies are • Increasing resistance of pathogens to
adopted first in private firms mainly due conventional medicines
to huge financial support from agencies. • Increase in occupational hazards
Modern, adoptable technologies though
have improved production and productivity • Genetic diversity erosion
to meet the growing demand, there have
To add with the above worrisome
been worry about ecological and social
facts, population explosion, increasing
disturbance through environmental
heads of livestock and more intense poultry
pollution and their impact on society. This
farming started imposing great pressure
is happening all over the world. The world
on available natural resources. So, it is big
is worried about the adverse effects due to
challenge the whole world is facing. Hence,
high input livestock and agriculture system
a perfect vision is the need of the hour to
more in commercial farming. Some of the
address these threatening challenges. The

Ind. J. Vet. & Anim. Sci. Res., 47 (1) 1189-1198, Jan - Feb, 2018 1189
 M. Babu

expected strategy should be holistic and the demonstration mode. Research on integrated
science and the stakeholders should partner farming systems was conducted from
to complement each other to restore the 1987 onwards at TamilNadu Agricultural
depleting ecosystem and natural resources. University, involving different components
(Jayanthi and Balusamy 2017). A few IFS
The farming system has revolutionized models has already been established in
indigenous farming system in few countries, Instructional Livestock Farm Complex,
notably in sub tropical and tropical Madhavaram and Post Graduate Research
regions. Low or minimal input system Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam,
in farming could be achieved through TANUVAS.
multiple cropping with diversified activities
including dairy cows,sheep, goat, piggery, Farming system
poultry, fodder, mushroom cultivation, bee
keeping, agroforestry, fishery, sericulture A farming system is a collection
production. The production must be of distinct functional units such as crop,
maximized from limited resources such as livestock, processing, investments and
land, water, labour and energy. Farming marketing activities which interact because
system is viewed as whole farm with the of the joint use of inputs they receive from
integration of crops, animals, soil, other the environment which have the common
inputs and environmental influence wherein objective of satisfying the farmers’ (decision
the farm family attempts to produce outputs makers) aims. The definition of the borders
within the limitations of its capability and of the options depends on circumstances;
resources and the socio-cultural setting. often it includes not only the farm (economic
The combination of livestock and crop enterprise) but also the household (farm –
activities had helped farmers in the past, household system). (Ruthenberg 1971).
almost all over the world, to use the manure
Farming system is as the way in which
as fertilizer for crops, and the crop residues
farm resources are allocated subject to the
as feed for livestock. So, reusing the waste
needs and priorities of the farmer in his
as input was started long ago. But, there
local circumstances. The farming system
had been losses in the use of farm practices.
is more risky than any other systems and
Sustainable farming system based on
specifically refers to a crop combination or
science by integrating agricultural systems
enterprise mix in which the products and
that would address the aspirations of the
byproducts of one enterprise serve as input
farmers and the concerns of the society
for the production of other enterprises.
were developed by researchers. Studies on
(Collinson 1979)
farming systems in Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, was commenced in 1976. In the Characterizing farming systems is
mid-eighties, farming system development exceedingly difficult due to the complexity
at Agricultural University was approached and heterogeneity of the components
in three dimensions viz., education, involved. Farming system methods are
research and extension. Initially, integrated compatible with traditional research
farming system was conducted as study cum

1190 Ind. J. Vet. & Anim. Sci. Res., 47 (1) 1189-1198, Jan - Feb, 2018
 Integrated farming system – a review

approaches and have evolved as a means bases with high environmental quality.
for involving farmers and farm families (Palaniappan 1992)
in setting research priorities and in
identifying appropriate paths to agricultural These definitions though
development. Specifically, farming system comprehensive, leave one or the other aspect
views the whole farm as a system and untouched, call for rephrasing for extensive
focuses on interdependencies between the communicability, usage and applicability
system components and their interaction and hence the following is a comprehensive
with physical, biological and socioeconomic definition.
factors where more commonality would
be found within the system than between “Farming system represents an
systems. Therefore, farming system is part appropriate combination of farm enterprises
of larger systems and that would be divided viz.,cropping systems, horticulture,
into many sub-sub systems. (Shaner et al. livestock, fishery, forestry, poultry and the
1982) means available to the farmer to raise them
for profitability. It interacts adequately
Farming is the process of harnessing with environment without dislocating the
solar energy in the form of economic plant ecological and socio-economic balance on
and animal products, and ‘System’ implies one hand and attempts to meet the national
a set of inter related practices/processes goals on the other. The farming system in
organized into a functional entity, i.e. an its real sense will help in different ways
arrangement of components or parts that to lift the economy of agriculture, animal
interact according to some process and husbandry and standard of living of the
transforms inputs into outputs. Faming farmers of the country as a whole”.
system is a decision making units comprising
farm household, cropping and livestock Integrated Farming System (IFS)
systems that transform land, capital and is an age old concept adopted by our
labour into products for consumption and elders, forgotten for a long period,
sale. (Fresco and Westphal 1988) getting encouragement in recent times
is a welcoming trend in Agriculture and
Farming system is a mix of farm Livestock farming. In simple definition IFS
enterprises such as crop, livestock, is a diversification of farming strategy so
aquaculture, agro-forestry and fruit crops as to use or reuse the waste of one strategy
to which farm family allocates its resources for another with the objective of additional
in order to efficiently manage the existing remuneration and preserving ecosystem.
environment for the attainment of family Diversification is an agricultural and
goal in other words. (Pandey et al. 1992) or livestock farming strategy to reduce
economic risk on the farm. The need of
Farming system is an integrated IFS is for household food/ food security
resource management strategy for obtaining at household level, nutritional security
economic and sustained crop and livestock for the society, creating rural employment
production and preserving the resource opportunities and sustainability of

Ind. J. Vet. & Anim. Sci. Res., 47 (1) 1189-1198, Jan - Feb, 2018 1191
 M. Babu

Production Systems. IFS can be broadly production to production with processing

defined as commodity diversification in to and value addition.
multi enterprise linkage. Generally IFS is
practiced as synergy through land-based Farming system and its basic
enterprises like livestock and fishery, features
poultry, etc. It also includes capturing
Basic features of farming system is
the new market opportunities through
depicted in a diagrammatic representation
enterprise including post harvest / value
for quick and easy understanding. It
addition, from Low value to High value
revolves around the environment, resources
crops, from Water Loving crop to Water
with objectives with different components
Saving crop, from Single crop to Multiple
with possible constraints and interactions.
/ Mixed crop and in livestock farming it is
IFS deals in general with livestock, crops
integrating of livestock with poultry, fish,
and family.
horticultrure and agroforestry including

BASIC FEATURES OF FARMING SYSTEM Farming System

FODDER
ENVIRONMENT
CROPS Livestock
MANURE, POWER

COMPONENTS

A B OBJECTIVES
RESOURCES CONSTRAINTS INTERACTIONS
C

FAMILY

Current status farm bio-resources, malnourishment and

knowledge and skill gap in stakeholders.
Fragmented holdings and lack of
capital investment by livestock farmers, IFS goals
seasonal income and employment, risk
of failures, single commodity farming, Maximization of productivity,
limited scope in horizontal expansion and generation of steady and stable income,
deterioration of resource base mainly cost educed use of inputs / resources. The
of inputs and high labour cost. cumulative income from each farming
system will be more when all the farming
Farming issues is integtrated since the byproduct/waste of
one is used / recycled for another in IFS.
Risk in single farming or commodity
approach, underemployment in some cases, Choice and type of IFS
Lack of quality feed and fodder for livestock,
loss in soil fertility, under utilization of Depends on demand of the farm
produce in the locality, farmers preference,

1192 Ind. J. Vet. & Anim. Sci. Res., 47 (1) 1189-1198, Jan - Feb, 2018
 Integrated farming system – a review

size of the farm, climatic conditions, 1. Productivity

knowledge, skill and technology, soil type,
resource mobilizing power, credit facility, A. Crop: Economic yield, Fodder yield,
socio-economic status, storage, transport Residue addition
and marketing and customs, sentiments and
B. Livestock and other enterprises :
beliefs.
Productive parameters (short term) &
Steps in Integrated Farming reproductive parameters (long term), Milk,
System Research (FSR) meat, egg yield & manure output.

• Farm selection: to identify specific C. Manure quantification : Crop residues

farming situation. and manures
• Selection of villages and farmers:
Select villages in each farming D. Soil nutrient analysis : Soil physical
situation comprising arginal/small properties (Soil type, pH, EC, bulk density,
and medium/large farmers. Selection porosity), pre and post harvest analysis for
of village and farmers should be at organic carbon and major nutrients & soil
random so as to represent all farming microbial population at rhizosphere region
community of the target area. (initial and final stages).
• Diagnosis of constraints in increasing 2. Economic analysis for crop, livestock
farm productivity: Carry out survey and other enterprises : Total cost, gross
through rapid rural appraisal. Prepare return, Net return, per day return and cost
an inventory of farm resources benefit ratio
and support services. Identify the
production constraints. 3. Employment for family members:
• Research design and technology Number of man hours spent for crop,
generation and adoption. livestock and other enterprises.
• Technology transfer and diffusion
of improved farming systems within 4. Nutrient recyling and its potential:
recommended domain. Nutrient content and nutrient addition

• Impact of technology of improved 5. Energy : Energy output, input and energy

farming system: Productivity, efficiency
Economic return, Energy input-
output, Employment, Equity (gender 6. Water budgeting : Water requirement
issue) and Environment. for crop production, livestock, for allied
activities, otal water requirement and water
Integrated farming system
use efficiency
monitoring indicators
Monitoring indicators and integrated 7. Nutritive value : Protein, carbohydrate
farming system evaluation methodology and fat.
developed by Jayanthi (1995).

Ind. J. Vet. & Anim. Sci. Res., 47 (1) 1189-1198, Jan - Feb, 2018 1193
 M. Babu

Integrated farming system Sheep unit

evaluation
The flock in most cases is nomadic
Productivity : To estimate the productivity and hence integration scope is very limited.
of a component and compare with the crop However, lambs fattening may be tried
component expressed in terms of equivalent along with flock for additional revenue.
crop yield. Further the production estimation
itself varies among the interlinked allied Goat unit
component in integrated farming system.
In rural villages few goat is managed
by mostly women with a little or zero
Eg. Rice based farming systems.
resource. Some farmer rear them in raised
Productivity of allied components has to
platform with metal mesh. Desi chicken
be worked out based on their economic
can be reared underneath the floor, in the
products.
ground by providing cheap mesh all sides
Example: Fish yield (kg per unit area), and by rearing them with little resource
poultry layer: total number of eggs per year, and grazing would yield an additional
mushroom yield: kg per year, milk yield: profit from this chicken unit. One such
Litre per year, kids/lambs per year. IFS is available at Instructional Livestock
Farm Complex, Madhavaram, Tamilnadu
Productivity in-terms of grain yield, in Veterinary and Animal Science University,
livestock and poultry need to be recorded Chennai.
and profit calculated.
Piggery unit
Feasible IFS components The pig sty wash water including
Dairy unit dung and urine can be used for raising
fodder crop, vegetables, fruits, agroforestry
The animal shed washing water models for additional revenue generation.
along with urine can be drained for fodder One such IFS model is created at Post
plots, agriculture, horticulture crop and for Graduate Research Institute in Animal
agroforestry models. The dung obviously, Sciences, Piggery unit viz.Pig cum Horti-
the best organic fertiliser can be used for Silvi-Pasture cum Fish culture unit. The
agriculture, horticulture crops, vegetable present practices of releasing waste water
gardens, panchakavya preparation, biogas in open lead to lots of environmental issues
and many more application. The dairy unit including health risk due to contamination
can also be aimed for producing quality of soil, plant and animals. The research on
heifer calf unit, production and selling use of treated water from piggery farm on
fodder and fodder seeds, preparation and Horti cum fodder production, fish farming
marketing of milk products. The campus and recycling of water for cleaning the pig
can also be used as a resource platform for shed has not been studied so far.
knowledge infusion and skill development.

1194 Ind. J. Vet. & Anim. Sci. Res., 47 (1) 1189-1198, Jan - Feb, 2018
 Integrated farming system – a review

Horti component : Guava, Lemon, Goose Berry, Coconut and Tamarind.

Coconut and Tamarind will be used as a border component.
Silvi Component : Leucaena leucocephala (Subabul) and Gliricidia sepium /
Sesbania sesban as border component
Pasture Component : Desmanthus virgatus and Styloxanthus hamata

Fish Component : Mirgal, Rogu and Katla

In the five acres of land utilized for • Establishment of agroforestry model

this IFS model, 200 each of guava,lemon and fishery unit to compliment
and goose berry; 50 each coconut and income from piggery unit throughout
tamarind; Desmanthus virgatus and the year
Stylosanthus hamata each in 2.5 ac.;
• Agro-ecological equilibrium through
Leucaena leucocephala (Subabul) 100,
natural cropping system management
Gliricidia sepium / Sesbania sesban
100 Nos. and fresh water fish 500 each of • A sustainable model for the utilization
Mirgal,Rogu and Katla. Harvesting / seed of waste/barren land – water – labour
collection from established pastures and resource for adoption by the farmers
arvesting and sale of fishes commences • Reduction in green house emission
from 2nd year onwards. From fourth
year revenue generation in horticulture • Augmentation of the system’s
component. This type of IFS becomes self productivity
sustainable in five years period. • Carbon sequestration through agro-
forestry model
Poultry
• Greater dividends than a single
Desi chicken farmers can diversify enterprise for the family
their activity by establishing a small
chicken incubator to hatch a few dozen • Food security to the farming
eggs to boost their revenue by producing community even in extreme condition
more chicken and eggs. Also in the rural • Popularization of Organic farming
backyard chicken rearing can be diversified practices
in to a few guinea fowl, turkey, pigeons
• Soil conservation
and fancy bird rearing. All these diversified
units would yield additional returns. Duck IFS in wet land agriculture
cum fish farming wherever possible.
Farming components such as cropping,
Advantages of this IFS fishery, poultry, love birds, duck, goat,
pig, fodder and mushroom are possible in
• Effective water recycling through
wetland.
waste water treatment plant

Ind. J. Vet. & Anim. Sci. Res., 47 (1) 1189-1198, Jan - Feb, 2018 1195
 M. Babu

IFS in irrigated land IFS in Rainfed lands

agriculture
Farming segments such as cropping,
Cropping, dairy cows and buffaloes,
biogas, fingerlings production, mushroom goat, agroforestry, horticulture, silviculture,
cultivation, homestead garden, silviculture love birds, rabbit, farm pond and pisciculture
and sericulture are the potential components may be considered for integration.
for desired integration.

IFS beneficiaries of TNAU

Name and Address of the Area covered
Sl.No. Inputs supplied
IFS beneficiaries ( acres)
01 Thiru.G.Gnanasekaran 1.05
S/o GurusamyChettiar
No. 53/54, Middle Street,
Pethapuram village A. Goat and
Ettayapuram post, Crop Component
Thoothukudi district 1. Goats (10 female + 1 Male)
2. Fodder Seeds
02 Thiru R.Radhakrishnan 1.01 3. KKM1 Grass slips
3/80,Jegaveerapandiyapuram B. Poultry unit
Melacheithalai post 1. Desi chicks (30 Numbers)
Kurukkusalai (via) 2. Feeder (2 Nos)
Thoothukudi district 3. Drinker (2 Nos)
C. Vermi compost unit
1. Vermi-bag (3 Nos)
03 Thiru P.Periyasamy 1.06
2. Vermi worms (2000 Nos)
S/o V.perumal
3. Basins and Casuarina poles
2/11, East street
Aandaan Nagar
MelaKoottudankaadu post
Pudukkottai
Thoothukudi district

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