PUNJAB COLLEGES LAHORE

MATHEMATICS(Smart Syllabus) Lecture No. 5

PART-II Topic: Introduction to Analytical Geometry

Exercise No. 4.5

Example 1 (Textbook Page # 226):- Find an equation of each of the lines represented by
20x2 + 17xy  24y2 = 0.

Solution:-

Given that: y
This is quadratic in x , so:
20x2 + 17xy  24y2 = 0
y 17  (17)2  4(24)(20)
24y2 + 17xy + 20x2 = 0
x = 2(24)
Dividing both sides by x2:
y 17  289 + 1920
y2
xy x2
x = 48
24 2 + 17 2 + 20 2 = 0
x x x
y 17  2209
y
2
y x = 48
24  x  + 17  x  + 20 = 0
   
y 17  47
x = 48 =

y 17 + 47 y 17  47
x = 48 ; x = 48

y 30 y 64
x = 48 ; x = 48

y 5 y 4
x = 8 ; x = 3

8y = 5x ; 3y = 4x

5x + 8y = 0 ; 4x  3y = 0
Example 3 (Textbook Page # 228):- Find a joint equation of the straight lines through the origin
perpendicular to the lines represented by x2 + xy  6y2 = 0.

Solution: Given that: x2 + xy  6y2 = 0  x2 + 3xy  2xy  6y2 = 0

x(x + 3y)  2y(x + 3y) = 0  (x + 3y)(x  2y) = 0

Either x + 3y = 0 or x  2y = 0

3y = x or 2y = x
1 1
y = 3x  (1) y = 2x  (2)

The equations of lines through the origin perpendicular to eq. (1) and eq. (2) are:

y = 3x y = 2x

3x  y = 0 2x + y = 0

 [3x  y][2x + y] = 0

6x2 + 3xy  2xy  y2 = 0  6x2 + xy  y2 = 0

Find the lines represented by each of the following and also find measure of the
angle between them (Problems 1-6):

Question No. 2:- 3x2 + 7xy + 2y2 = 0

Solution:- Given that: 3x2 + 7xy + 2y2 = 0

7
Here, we can take: a = 3, b = 2 & 2h = 7  h = 2

2 h2  ab 25
 tan = a+b
2 4
tan  = 5
2
7
2  2   (3)(2) 5
  2.2
= 3+2 = 5
49
4 6
2 5
= 5 = 1
= 5
= Tan1 1 = 79.5
 Now,

3x2 + 7xy + 2y2 = 0 y

This is quadratic in x , so:
2y2 + 7xy + 3x2 = 0
Dividing both sides by x2: y 7  (7)2  4(2)(3)
x = 2(2)
2y2 7xy 3x2
+ 2 + 2 = 0 7  49  24
x2 x x
= 4
2
y y
2 x  + 7 x  + 3 = 0 7  25 7  5
    = = 4
4

y 7 + 5 y 7  5
x = 4 ; x = 4

y 2 y 12
x = 4 ; x = 4

y 1 y
x = 2 ; x = 3

2y = x ; y = 3x
x + 2y = 0 ; 3x + y = 0

Question No. 4:- 2x2 + 3xy  5y2 = 0

Solution:- Given that: 2x2 + 3xy  5y2 = 0
3
Here, we can take: a = 2, b = 5 & 2h = 3  h = 2

2 h2  ab 49 7
 tan = a+b
2. 4 2.2
tan  = =
3 3
2
3
2  2   (2)(5) 7
  tan =
tan  = 3
2 + (5)
2 7
3  tan  = 3
2  2  + 10
 
tan  =
25 7
tan (180  ) = 3
9
2 4 + 10 7
tan  = 180   = tan1  3 
3  
180   = 66.80
9 + 40
2 4  = 180  66.80 = 113.2
tan  =
3
 Now,

2x2 + 3xy  5y2 = 0 y

This is quadratic in x , so:
5y2 + 3xy + 2x2 = 0

Dividing both sides by x2: y 3  (3)2  4(5)(2)

x = 2(5)
5y2 3xy 2x2
 2 + 2 + 2 = 0 3  9 + 40
x x x =
10
2
y y
5 x  + 3  x  + 2 = 0 3  49 3  7
    = =
10 10

y 3 + 7 y 3  7
x = 10 ; x = 10

y 4 y 10
=
x 10 ; x = 10

y 2 y
=
x 5 ; x = 1

5y = 2x ; y = x

2x + 5y = 0 ; xy = 0

Question No. 6:- x2 + 2xy sec  + y2 = 0

Solution:- Given that: x2 + 2xy sec  + y2 = 0
Here, we can take: a = 1, b = 1 , & 2h = 2 sec   h = sec 

2 h2  ab 2 (sec )2  (1)(1) 2 sec2   1

tan  = a+b = 1+1 = 2

= sec2   1 = tan2 

tan  = tan    = 

x2 + 2xy sec  + y2 = 0  y2 + 2xy sec  + x2 = 0

Dividing both sides by x2:

2
y2 2xy sec  x2 y y
+ + 2 = 0   x  + 2 x  sec  + 1 = 0
x2 x2 x    
 y
This is quadratic in x , so

y 2 sec   (2 sec )2  4(1)(1)

x = 2(1)

2 sec   4 sec2   4 2 sec   2 sec2   1

= 2 = 2

2(sec   tan2 )
= 2 = sec   tan 

1 sin  1  sin 
=   =
cos  cos  cos 

y 1 + sin  y 1  sin 
x = cos  , x = cos 

y cos  = x(1 + sin ) , y cos  = x(1  sin )

y cos  = x(1  sin ) , y cos  = x(1 + sin )

x(1  sin ) + y cos  = 0 , x(1 + sin ) + y cos  = 0

Question No. 7:- Find a joint equation of the lines through the origin and perpendicular to
the lines x2  2xy tan   y2 = 0.

Solution: Given that: x2  2xy tan   y2 = 0

y2  2xy tan  + x2 = 0  y2 + 2xy tan   x2 = 0

Dividing both sides by x2:

2
y2 2xy tan  x2 y y
+  2 = 0   x  + 2 x  tan   1 = 0
x2 x2 x    

y
This is quadratic in x , so

y 2 tan   (2 tan )2  4(1)(1)

x = 2(1)

2 tan   4 tan2  + 4 2 tan   2 tan2  + 1

= 2 = 2

2 (tan   tan2  + 1)
= 2 = tan   1 + tan2  = tan   sec 
 y y
x =  tan  + sec  , x =  tan   sec 

y = (sec   tan )x  (1) ,

y = (tan   sec )x = (tan  + sec x)x  (2)

The pair of lines through the origin and perpendicular to eq. (1) and eq. (2) are:

1 1
y = x , y = x
sec   tan  tan  + sec 

(sec   tan ) y = x , (sec  + tan ) y = x

x + (sec   tan )y = 0 , x  (sec  + tan ) y = 0

[x + (sec   tan )y][x  (sec  + tan )y] = 0

x2 + (sec   tan )xy  (sec  + tan )xy  (sec2   tan2 )y2 = 0

x2 + (sec   tan   sec   tan )xy  y2 = 0

x2  2xy tan   y2 = 0

Question No. 8:- Find a joint equation of the lines through the origin and perpendicular to
the lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0.

Solution:- Given that: ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0  by2 + 2hxy + ax2 = 0

Dividing both sides by x2:

2
by2 2hxy ax2 y y
+ 2 + 2 = 0  b x  + 2h x  + a = 0
x2 x x    

y
This is quadratic in x , so

y 2h  (2h)2  4(b)(a) 2h  4h2  4ab 2h  2 h2  ab

x = 2(b) = 2b = 2b

2(h  h2  ab) h  h2  ab
= 2b = b

y h + h2  ab y h  h2  ab
x = b , x = b

h + h2  ab
So, y = b x  (1)
 h  h2  ab h+ h2  ab
y = b x =  b x  (2)

The pair of lines through the origin and perpendicular to eq. (1) and eq. (2) are:

b b
y = x , y = x
h + h2  ab h+ h2  ab

b
y+ x = 0 , y x = 0
h + h  ab
2
h+ h2  ab

 b  b 
Now, y + xy + x = 0
 h + h  ab  h  ab 
2 2
h+

bxy bxy  bx  bx 
y2 +  +  =0
h + h  ab h + h  ab h + h  abh + h  ab
2 2 2 2

 1 1  b2x2
y2 + bxy    + 2 = 0
h + h2  ab h + h2  ab ( h2  ab)  h2

h + h2  ab  h  h2  ab b2x2

y + bxy 
2
+ = 0
 (
2
h2  ab)  h2  h2  ab  h2
 

 2h  b2x2
y + bxy  2
2
2 + = 0
h  ab  h  ab

2h b2x2 2hbxy b2x2

y2 + bxy   = 0  y2 + ab  ab = 0
ab ab

2hxy bx2
y2 + a  a = 0  ay2 + 2hxy  bx2 = 0

bx2  2hxy + ay2 = 0