MECHATRONICS

OP-AMP AS SIGNAL CONDITIONER

PUSHPARAJ MANI PATHAK

MECHANICAL & INDUSTRIAL ENGINEEING, IIT ROORKEE

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 Mechatronic system components
ACTUATORS SENSORS
▪ Solenoids, voice coils ▪switches
INPUT SIGNAL
▪ DC motors ▪Potentiometer, Thermocouple CONDITIONING AND
▪ Stepper motors ▪Photoelectrics, Accelerometer INTERFACING
▪ Servo motors ▪Digital encoder ▪ Discrete circuits ▪ Filters
▪Hydraulics, Pneumatics ▪Strain gauge, MEMs ▪ Amplifiers ▪ A/D, D/D

OUTPUT SIGNAL
DIGITAL CONTROL ARCHITECTURES
GRAPHICAL CONDITIONING &
DISPLAYS ▪Logic circuits ▪Control algorithms
INTERFACING
▪LEDs, LCD, CRT ▪Microcontroller ▪communication
▪D/A, D/D ▪Power transistors
▪Digital display ▪Sequencing & Timing ▪SBC, PLC
▪Amplifiers ▪Power op amps
▪Logic & Arithmetic ▪A/D, D/D
▪PWM

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An Adder Circuit

• An adder circuit is used to

add two analogue signals.
• Here the input signal to be
added are supplied to the
inverting input of op-amp.
• A portion of the output is
fed back to inverting
input.
• At C
• 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼out = 0
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
• 1 + 2 + out = 0
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
• 𝑉out = − 𝑉 + 𝑉
𝑅1 1 𝑅2 2
• If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅𝑓
• 𝑉out = − 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
• So, the output signal is the Equivalent circuit of an adder
sum of the two input signals
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Subtraction Circuits

• The subtraction circuit is

used to subtract two
analog signals.
• Voltage at C = 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉2 − 𝐼𝑅1
𝑉2
• 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉2 − 𝑅
𝑅1 +𝑅𝑓 1

𝑅𝑓
• 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉2
𝑅1 +𝑅𝑓
• Also 𝐼1 + 𝐼out = 0
• 𝐼1 = −𝐼out
𝑉1 −𝑉𝐶 𝑉out −𝑉𝐶
• =−
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓

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 𝑉1 −𝑉𝐶 𝑉out −𝑉𝐶
• =−
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑓
• 𝑉out = − 𝑉1 − 𝑉𝐶 + 𝑉𝐶
𝑅1
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 +𝑅1
• 𝑉out = − 𝑉 + 𝑉𝐶
𝑅1 1 𝑅1
𝑅𝑓
• Since 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉2
𝑅1 +𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑓
• 𝑉out = 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝑅1

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Ideal Integrator

• We can get the integrating

amplifier if we replace the
feedback resistor of the
inverting op-amp circuit by a
capacitor.
𝑄
• Voltage across capacitor 𝑉 =
𝐶
𝑑𝑉out 1 𝑑𝑄
• So =
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑓 𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑉out 1 𝑑𝑄
• =
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑓 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉out 𝐼out
• =
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑓
1 𝑡
• 𝑉out (𝑡) = ‫𝐼 ׬‬ 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
𝐶𝑓 0 out
• 𝐼1 + 𝐼out = 0, so 𝐼out = −𝐼1
𝑉1
• 𝐼1 =
𝑅1
1 𝑡
• 𝑉out 𝑡 = − ‫׬‬ 𝑉 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
𝐶𝑓 𝑅1 0 1

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Differentiator Circuit

• We can get the

differentiator circuit if we
replace the input resistor of
the inverting op-amp circuit
by a capacitor.
 𝑑𝑉1 𝐼1
• =
𝑑𝑡 𝐶1
• 𝐼1 = −𝐼out ;
𝑉out
• 𝐼out =
𝑅𝑓

• 𝑉out = −𝑅𝑓 𝐼1
𝑑𝑉1
• 𝑉out = −𝑅𝑓 𝐶1
𝑑𝑡

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Sample and Hold Circuit

• This device is used in

analogue to digital (A/D)
conversion.
• Here a signal value must be
established while it is
converted to digital
representation.
• When switch is closed
𝑉out (𝑡) = 𝑉2 (𝑡)
• When switch is open capacitor 𝐶ℎ
holds the i/p voltage
corresponding to last sampled
value, since negligible current is
drawn by the follower. So
• 𝑉out (𝑡 − 𝑡sampled ) =
𝑉2 (𝑡sampled )
• Where 𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑 is the time when
the switch was last opened.
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• Sample and hold amplifiers
are used to hold an
instantaneous value of
analogue voltage until an
A/D converter is ready to
convert it to digital.

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Comparator

• A comparator compares two

voltage signals, i.e., it shows
which of the two voltage signal
is larger.
• An op-amp with no feedback
can be used as a comparator,
i.e., in open loop configuration.
• One of the voltage is applied to
inverting input and other is applied to
non inverting input.
• If 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 , no signal (o/p) Output
• If 𝑉1 > 𝑉2 , o/p jumps to -10 V 10 V
Saturation
• If 𝑉2 > 𝑉1 o/p jumps to +10 V
• Comparators can be used to Input
determine when a voltage exceeds a 𝑉1 > 𝑉2 𝑉2 > 𝑉1
certain level, the output then being Saturation
used to initiate some action. 10 V
 𝑉1
- 𝑉out
𝑉2 +

-
• Application
• In CD player to check the focus of Beam in
focus
laser light on CD.
• Laser beam in focus – same voltage Photodiodes
Beam out
𝑉1 , 𝑉2 of focus
• Beam out of focus: 𝑉out observed.

Focusing system for

a CD player
Filtering
• It is process of removing a certain
band of frequencies from a signal
and permitting others to be
transmitted. Passive filters

• Passive filters: a filter made up

using only resistors, capacitors
and inductors.
• Active filters: Filter that also
involves an operational amplifier. Active filters
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 Transmitted
Pass band

Signal
• Passive filters have the disadvantage that
the current that is drawn by the item
Frequency
that follows can change the frequency
Low-pass filter
characteristic of the filter. This problem
does not occur with an active filter.

Transmitted
• Low-pass: blocks high frequencies,

Signal
allowing low frequencies through Pass band
• High-pass: blocks low frequencies,
allowing high frequencies through. Frequency
High-pass filter
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 Transmitted
Pass band

Signal
• Band-pass : blocks all
frequencies except those within Frequency
a certain range Band-pass
• Band-stop: blocks only the

Transmitted
frequencies within a certain
Pass band

Signal
range, allowing all others to
pass through Frequency
Band-stop
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Low pass passive filter High pass passive filter

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Parameters Specified in Op Amp Data Sheets

• Input Parameters
– Input Voltage: maximum i/p voltage that can be applied
between either i/p and ground.
– I/p Offset Voltage: the voltage that must be applied to one
of the i/p terminals, with the other i/p being at 0 V, to give
a 0 o/p voltage.
– Input Bias Current: the average of the currents flowing into
both i/p when the o/p voltage is 0.

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– Input Offset Current: It is the difference between the i/p
currents when the output voltage is 0.
– Input Voltage Range: This is the range of allowable
common mode i/p voltage, where the same voltage is
placed on both i/p.
– Input Resistance: It is the resistance “looking into” either
i/p with the other i/p grounded.

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• Output Parameters
– Output Resistance: It is the internal resistance of the op
amp’s output circuit.
– Output Short Circuit Current: It is the maximum output
current that the op amp can deliver to a load.
– Output Voltage Swing: It is the maximum peak-to-peak
output voltage that the op amp can supply without
saturating or clipping.

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• Dynamic Parameters
– Open Loop Voltage Gain: It is the ratio of the o/p to the
differential i/p voltage of the op amp without external
feedback.
– Large Signal Voltage Gain: It is the ratio of the maximum
voltage swing to the change in the input voltage required to
drive the output from 0 to a specified voltage.
– Slew Rate: It is the time rate of change of the output voltage,
assuming a step input, with the op amp circuit having a
voltage gain of 1.
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• Other Parameters
– Maximum Supply Voltage: It is the maximum positive and
negative voltage permitted to power the op amp.
– Supply Current: It is the current that the op amp draws from
the power supply.
– Common Mode Rejection Ratio: It is the ratio of the
difference mode gain (the o/p gain corresponding to the
difference between the i/p) to the common mode gain (the
o/p gain occurring when the same voltage is applied to both
i/p), usually expressed in decibels (dB).
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– Channel Separation: When there is more than one op amp
in a single package, a certain amount of cross-talk is
present. That is, a signal applied to the input of one op
amp produces a finite output signal in the second op amp,
even though there is no direct connection.

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References

• W. Bolton, Mechatronics: Electronic Control Systems in

Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (6th Edition), Pearson,
2015
• R. Merzouki, A. K. Samantaray, P. M. Pathak, B. Ould
Bouamama, Intelligent Mechatronic Systems: Modeling,
Control and Diagnosis, ISBN 978-1-4471-4627-8, 2013,
Springer, London
• D.G. Alciatore and Michael B. Histand, Introduction to
Mechatronics, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2012.
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Thank You

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