AQA A LEVEL SOCIOLOGY BOOK TWO

The Napier Press

CRIME AND
DEVIANCE
WORKBOOK
Topic 1 Functionalist, strain and subcultural
theories 1
Topic 2 Interactionism and labelling theory 11
Topic 3 Class, power and crime 20
Topic 4 Realist theories of crime 31
Topic 5 Gender, crime and justice 39
Topic 6 Ethnicity, crime and justice 50
Topic 7 Crime and the media 59
Topic 8 Globalisation, green crime, human
rights & state crime 70
Topic 9 Control, punishment and victims 86

© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-6-7 The Napier Press Crime and Deviance Workbook
TOPIC 1 Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories
Learning Objectives

Topic 1
After studying this Topic, you should:
Understand the functionalist perspective on crime, including the
functions of crime.
Understand the concept of strain and its role in explaining deviance.

Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories

Be able to explain the differences bewteen different strain and
subcultural theories.
Be able to evaluate functionalist, strain and subcultural theories of crime
and deviance.

Getting Started (page 70)

Write your answers to the Getting Started activity here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

What will you examine in this Topic? (page 71)

1
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Durkheim’s functionalist theory (pages 71-72)

Topic 1
1. Define value consensus.

Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories

2. Define culture.

3. Summarise the two key mechanisms that society uses to achieve solidarity:
a. socialisation

b. social control

The inevitability of crime (page 71)

1. Briefly explain two reasons why crime is found in all societies.

a.

b.

2. According to Durkheim, why are modern societies likely to experience crime?

2
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The positive functions of crime (pages 71-72)

Topic 1
1. Briefly explain Durkheim’s two important positive functions of crime:
a. boundary maintenance

Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories

b. adaption and change

2. Briefly outline the functions of crime according to the following sociologists:

a. Davis

b. Polsky

c. A.K. Cohen

d. Erikson

3. Why is functionalism useful for understanding crime and deviance?

Activity: Research The positive functions of crime (page 72)

B. Write your summary paragraph here.

3
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Criticisms (page 72)

Topic 1
1. Briefly outline three criticisms of the functionalist theory of crime and deviance.
a.

Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories

b.

c.

Merton’s strain theory (pages 72-74)

1. According to strain theories, why do people engage in deviant behaviour?

2. Briefly outline the two elements that Merton’s explanation combines:

a. structural factors

b. cultural factors

3. According to Merton, what two factors cause strain for individuals?

a.

b.

The American dream (page 73)

1. How are Americans meant to pursue their goals?

2. What might prevent some groups from achieving their goals?

3. Briefly explain the strain to anomie.

4. Why is there pressure to deviate in American culture?

4
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Deviant adaptations to strain (page 73)

Topic 1
Briefly outline Merton’s five adaptations to strain:
1. Conformity

Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories

2. Innovation

3. Ritualism

4. Retreatism

5. Rebellion

Evaluation of Merton (page 74)

1. Briefly outline two patterns of crime that Merton explains.

a.

b.

2. Briefly outline five criticisms of Merton’s theory.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

5
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Activity: Media Why do people commit crime? (page 74)

Topic 1
A. Write your answers here.
1.

Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Subcultural strain theories (pages 74-76)

1. Define subculture.

2. What do subcultures offer their members?

3. In what sense are subcultures functional for their members?

6
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A.K. Cohen: status frustration (pages 74-75)

Topic 1
1. According to Cohen, why is crime a lower-class phenomenon?

2. What two criticisms does Cohen make of Merton?

Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories

a.

b.

3. According to Cohen, why do working-class boys face anomie?

4. What are the values of the subcultures that Cohen describes and how do they compare
with society’s values?

5. How does the subculture offer an alternative status hierarchy?

6. Give one criticism of Cohen’s view.

Cloward and Ohlin: three subcultures (pages 74-75)

1. What do Cloward and Ohlin attempt to explain?

2. Briefly outline Cloward and Ohlin’s three types of deviant subculture.

a. Criminal subcultures

b. Conflict subcultures

c. Retreatist subcultures

7
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Analysis and Evaluation (page 75)

Topic 1
Write your answer here.

Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories

Box 2.1 The Chicago School (page 75)

Briefly outline the work of the Chicago School.

1. Cultural transmission theory

2. Differential association theory

3. Social disorganisation theory.

Evaluation of Cloward and Ohlin (pages 75-76)

1. What types of crime are not covered by Cloward and Ohlin’s theory?

2. Along with Merton and Cohen, what do Cloward and Ohlin fail to consider?

3. What problem does South identify with Cloward and Ohlin’s types of subculture?

4. Why are strain theories criticised for being reactive?

5. Briefly outline what Miller means by independent subcultures.

6. According to Matza, how do members of subcultures behave?

8
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Recent strain theories (page 76)

Topic 1
1. What other goals might young people pursue?

Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories

2. Why might middle-class youths be delinquent?

3. Briefly explain Messner and Rosenfeld’s institutional anomie theory. In what way is it similar
to Merton’s theory?

4. What evidence do Downes and Hansen offer in support of Messner and Rosenfeld?

5. According to Savelsberg, why was there a rise in crime in post-communist societies in

Eastern Europe?

9
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 QuickCheck Questions (page 77)

Topic 1
Write your answers below.
1.

Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Now answer the Questions to try on page 77 of your textbook.

10
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TOPIC 2 Interactionism and labelling theory
Learning Objectives

Topic 2
After studying this Topic, you should:
Understand why interactionists regard crime and deviance, and official
statistics on crime, suicide and mental illness, as socially constructed.
Understand the labelling process and its consequences for those who

Interactionism and labelling theory

are labelled.
Be able evaluate the strengths and limitations of labelling theory in
explaining crime and deviance.

Getting Started (page 78)

Write your answers to the Getting Started activity here.

1.

2.

3.

What will you examine in this Topic? (page 79)

The social construction of crime (pages 79-81)

1. What are labelling theorists interested in?

2. According to labelling theorists, what makes an act deviant?

3. Define moral entrepreneurs.

11
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 Topic 2
4. According to Becker, what are the two effects of a new law?
a.

b.

Interactionism and labelling theory

5. Briefly describe one example of the creation and impact of a new law.

Who gets labelled (pages 79-80)

1. Briefly outline the factors that determine whether a person is arrested, charged and
convicted.
a.

b.

c.

2. According to Piliavin and Briar, what affects police decisions to arrest a youth?

3. Briefly explain what Cicourel means by typifications.

4. Why do officers’ typifications result in a class bias?

5. Give an example of how bias is reinforced by other agents of social control.

6. Briefly explain why Cicourel claims that justice is negotiated.

7. According to Cicourel, why should we use official crime statistics as a topic rather than
as a resource?

12
© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-6-7 The Napier Press Crime and Deviance Workbook
Activity: Discussion The negotiation of justice (page 80)

Topic 2
Write your summary paragraph here.

Interactionism and labelling theory

The social construction of crime statistics (page 80)

1. Briefly explain why interactionists see official crime statistics as socially constructed.

2. According to interactionists, what do the statistics tell us?

3. Explain what is meant by the dark figure of crime.

4. Which other two types of statistics do sociologists use to study crime?

The effects of labelling (pages 81-82)

Primary and secondary deviance (page 81)

1. What does Lemert mean by primary deviance?

2. Briefly explain the following key concepts:

a. Master status

b. Self-concept

c. Self-fulfilling prophecy

13
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d. Secondary deviance

Topic 2
Interactionism and labelling theory
e. Deviant career

f. Deviant subculture

g. Control culture

Application (page 81)

Write your answer here.

Deviance amplification spiral (pages 81-82)

1. Briefly explain the deviance amplification spiral. Use Cohen’s example to help you.

2. Why can folk devils be thought of as the opposite of the dark figure of crime?

14
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Labelling and criminal justice policy (page 82)

Topic 2
1. According to Triplett, how have attempts to control and punish young offenders had the
opposite effect?

Interactionism and labelling theory

2. Why is labelling theory important when considering criminal justice policy? Give an example.

3. Define Braithwaite’s two types of shaming.

a. Disintegrative shaming

b. Reintegrative shaming

4. According to Braithwaite, which of these two types leads to lower crime rates and why?

Activity: Webquest Reintegrative shaming (page 82)

A. Write your answers here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

15
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11.

Topic 2
Write your summary paragraph here.

Interactionism and labelling theory

Mental illness and suicide: the sociology of deviance (pages 83-84)

1. Why did Durkheim study suicide?

2. Why do interactionists reject Durkheim’s approach?

Douglas: the meaning of suicide (page 83)

1. According to Douglas, what interactions and negotiations might take place in order for a
death to be officially labelled as suicide?

2. Why might relatives try to cover up a suicide?

3. Why might a coroner be reluctant to label a death as suicide?

4. What methods does Douglas suggest should be used to study suicide?

16
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Atkinson: coroners’ commonsense knowledge (page 83)

Topic 2
1. What does Atkinson focus on in his work on suicide?

Interactionism and labelling theory

2. How can Atkinson’s work be criticised?

Mental illness (pages 83-84)

a. According to interactionists, what do official statistics on mental illness show?

b. Briefly explain how Lemert sees paranoia as a self-fulfilling prophecy and therefore the
patient’s master status.

c. How is this confirmed by Rosenhan’s study?

Institutionalisation (page 84)

1. Briefly explain what Goffman means by mortification of the self.

2. Give an example of a degradation ritual.

3. Identify two reactions that an inmate might have, according to Goffman.

a.

b.

17
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4. How does Braginski et al’s work support Goffman’s ideas?

Topic 2
Interactionism and labelling theory
Evaluation of labelling theory (page 84)

1. Briefly explain the positive aspects of labelling theory.

2. Briefly outline the seven criticisms of labelling theory.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

18
© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-6-7 The Napier Press Crime and Deviance Workbook
 QuickCheck Questions (page 85)

Topic 2
Write your answers below.
1.

Interactionism and labelling theory

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Now answer the Questions to try on page 85 of your textbook.

19
© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-6-7 The Napier Press Crime and Deviance Workbook
TOPIC 3 Class, power and crime
Learning Objectives

Topic 3
After studying this Topic, you should:
Understand why Marxists see crime as inevitable in capitalist society.
Understand Marxist and neo-Marxist approaches to crime and deviance,
and the similiarities and differences between them.

Class, power and crime

Be able to evaluate the strengths and limitations of Marxist and neo-
Marxist approaches to crime and deviance.
Understand the nature and extent of white collar and corporate crime,
and be able to evaluate sociological explanations of it.

Getting Started (page 86)

Write your answers to the Getting Started activity here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Explaining class differences in crime (page 87)

1. Briefly re-cap the theories covered in Topic 1 and 2. (page 87)

a. Functionalism

b. Strain theory

20
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 Topic 3
c. Subcultural theories

Class, power and crime

d. Labelling theory

Marxism, class and crime (pages 88-89)

1. In what way do Marxists agree with labelling theory?

2. In what way do Marxists criticise labelling theory?

3. Briefly explain how Marxists view capitalist society.

Criminogenic capitalism (page 88)

1. Explain what is meant by criminogenic.

2. Briefly outline three ways in which capitalism may lead to working-class crime.
a

b.

c.

21
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3. According to Gordon, why is crime found in all social classes in capitalist society?

Topic 3
Class, power and crime
The state and law making (page 88)

1. According to Marxists, whose interests do law making and law enforcement serve?.

2. Use the example of East African colonies to explain the Marxist view of law.

3. According to Snider, what laws is the state reluctant to pass?

Selective enforcement (page 88)

1. According to Marxists, who is criminalised by the justice system?

Application (page 88)

Write your answer here.

Ideological functions of crime and law (page 89)

1. According to Pearce, why are some laws passed that seem to benefit the working class?

22
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2. Why are some laws not rigorously enforced? Give an example.

Topic 3
Class, power and crime
3. What is the impact of selective law enforcement?

4. How do the media and criminologists contribute to the portrayal of criminals?

Activity: Webquest Corporate manslaughter (page 89)

A. Write your answers here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

23
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15.

Topic 3
16.

17.

Class, power and crime

18.

B. Write your answers here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Write your summary from section C here.

Evaluation of Marxism (page 89)

1. Briefly explain the positive aspects of Marxist theory.

2. Briefly outline the five criticisms of Marxist theory.

a.

b.

c.

24
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d.

Topic 3
e.

Class, power and crime

Neo-Marxism: critical criminology (pages 89-90)

1. Briefly outline three ways in which Taylor et al agree with Marxists.

a.

b.

c.

2. According to Taylor et al, in what way is Marxism deterministic?

3. Briefly explain what is meant by a voluntaristic view.

A fully social theory of deviance (page 90)

1. Briefly outline the two main sources of this theory.

a.

b.

2. Briefly outline the six aspects of a fully social theory of deviance.

a.

b.

25
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c.

Topic 3
d.

Class, power and crime

e.

f.

Application (page 90)

Write your answer here.

Evaluation of critical criminology (page 90)

1. In what way do the following perspectives criticise critical criminology:

a. feminists

b. left realists

2. Briefly outline Walton and Young’s defence of ‘The New Criminology’.

Crimes of the powerful (pages 91-94)

1. According to Reiman and Leighton, how are crimes committed by higher classes treated in
comparison to ‘street’ crimes?

26
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White collar and corporate crime (pages 91-92)

Topic 3
1. What did Sutherland aim to do by focusing on ‘white collar crime’?

Class, power and crime

2. Explain the differences between occupational crime and corporate crime.

3. Give an example of something which is a harm but which does not break the criminal law.

4. In what way is Pearce and Tombs’ definition of white collar crime different from Sutherland’s?

5. According to Tombs, why does corporate crime do more harm than street crime?

6. Briefly outline the following corporate crimes:

a. Financial crime

b. Crimes against consumers

c. Crimes against employees.

d. Crimes against the environment

e. State-corporate crime

7. Use one example to explain how those in high-status professions are able to use their
position to commit crime.

27
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The invisibility of corporate crime (pages 92-93)

Topic 3
1. Briefly outline the following reasons for the invisibility of crimes of the powerful:
a. The media

Class, power and crime

b. Lack of political will

c. The crimes are often complex

d. De-labelling

e. Under-reporting

2. Briefly outline why corporate crime may have become more visible since 2008.

Explanations of corporate crime (pages 93-94)

1. Briefly summarise each of the following explanations of corporate crime:

a. Strain theory

b. Differential association

c. Labelling theory

28
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d. Marxism

Topic 3
Class, power and crime
Evaluation (page 94)

1. Why can it be argued that strain theory and Marxism over-predict the amount of business
crime?

b. Give an example of crime that is not carried out for the pursuit of profit.

c. Give an example of how it may be more profitable for a company to be law-abiding.

Activity: Webquest Corporate crime (page 94)

A. Write your summary below.

29
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 QuickCheck Questions (page 95)

Topic 3
Write your answers below.
1.

Class, power and crime

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Now answer the Questions to try on page 95 of your textbook. 30

© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-6-7 The Napier Press Crime and Deviance Workbook
TOPIC 4 Realist theories of crime
Learning Objectives

Topic 4
After studying this Topic, you should:
Understand the difference between realist and other approaches to crime.
Know the main features of right and left realist approaches to crime and
understand their political context and similarities and differences

Realist theories of crime

between them.
Be able to evaluate the strengths and limitations of right and left realist
approaches to crime.

Getting Started (page 96)

Write your answers to the Getting Started activity here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

How do realist approaches differ from other theories of crime? (page 97)

Right realism (pages 97-99)

1. Why do right realists see crime as a problem?

2. Why do right realists criticise other views on crime?

31
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The causes of crime (pages 97-98)

Topic 4
1. Briefly outline the three factors that cause crime, according to right realists.
a. Biological differences

Realist theories of crime

b. Socialisation and the underclass

c. Rational choice theory

2. Give three criticisms of the right realist explanation of the cause of crime.
a.

b.

c.

Analysis and Evaluation (page 98)

Write your answer here.

32
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Tackling crime (pages 98-99)

Topic 4
1. What is the main focus of the right realist view on how to tackle crime?

Realist theories of crime

2. According to right realists, what should crime prevention aim to do?

3. According to Wilson and Kelling, how should crime be prevented in neighbourhoods?

4. According to Young, why was the supposed ‘success’ of zero tolerance actually a myth?

5. Briefly outline four other criticisms of zero tolerance.

a.

b.

c.

d.

Left realism (pages 99-102)

1. In what way is left realism like Marxism?

2. Briefly explain how left realism differs from Marxism.

Taking crime seriously (page 99)

1. Briefly outline how left realists see the following perspectives as not taking crime seriously:
a. Marxism

33
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b. Neo-Marxism

Topic 4
c. Labelling theory

Realist theories of crime

2. Briefly explain what Young means by the aetiological crisis.

3. What do local victim surveys show about the scale of crime?

4. What is the impact of a greater fear of crime?

5. Why might victims be reluctant to report crime?

The causes of crime (pages 99-100)

1. Briefly outline Lea and Young’s three related causes of crime:

a. Relative deprivation

b. Subculture

c. Marginalisation

34
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Late modernity, exclusion and crime (pages 100-101)

Topic 4
1. According to Young, what are the features of late modern society?

Realist theories of crime

2. Why does Young see the 1950s and 1960s as a ‘Golden Age’?

3. Briefly outline the changes to society since the 1970s.

4. Why has there been an increase in the sense of relative deprivation in society?

5. Briefly outline the contrast between cultural inclusion and economic exclusion identified by
Young.
a.

b.

c.

6. In what way is Young’s view of cultural inclusion and economical exclusion similar to Merton’s
notion of anomie?

7. Give an example to illustrate why there is a great trend towards relative deprivation in late
modernity.

8. Briefly outline how the amount and types of crime are changing in late modern society.

9. Briefly outline the changes to the reactions to crime in late modern society.

10. Why is a fall in the crime rate a problem for realist theories?

11. In what sense has the government created a new ‘crime’ wave?

35
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Activity: Research Causes of and solutions to crime (page 101)

Topic 4
Write your conclusions from section 4 here.

Realist theories of crime

Tackling crime (pages 101-102)

1. Why do left realists criticise the military style of policing?

2. What do left realists propose as an alternative form of policing?

3. Briefly explain what is meant by a multi-agency approach to crime.

4. According to left realists, what are the causes of crime and what solutions do they offer?

5. Briefly outline two examples of policies that were influenced by left realism.

6. Briefly outline five criticisms of left realism.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

36
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Application (page 102)

Topic 4
Write your answer here.

Realist theories of crime

Comparing left and right realism (pages 102)

7. In what ways are left realism and right realism similar?

8. Briefly outline the differences between left realism and right realism.

Activity: Discussion Left versus right (page 102)

Write your summary from section C here.

37
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 QuickCheck Questions (page 103)

Topic 4
Write your answers below.
1.

Realist theories of crime

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Now answer the Questions to try on page 103 of your textbook.

38
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TOPIC 5 Gender, crime and justice
Learning Objectives

Topic 5
After studying this Topic, you should:
Know the main gender differences in recorded patterns of offending.
Understand and be able to evaluate the debates about the treatment of

men and women in the criminal justice system.

Gender, crime and justice

Be able to evaluate explanations of the relationship between women and
crime, and between men and crime.

Getting Started (page 104)

Write your answers to the Getting Started activity here.

1.

2.
a

b.

3.

Gender patterns in crime (page 105)

1. Briefly outline four patterns of crime in relation to gender:

a.

b.

d.

Analysis and Evaluation (page 105)

Write your answer here.

39
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Do women commit more crime? (page 105)

Topic 5
1. Briefly outline two arguments put forward to suggest that statistics underestimate the amount
of female crime.
a.

Gender, crime and justice

b.

The chivalry thesis (pages 105-106)

1. Briefly outline what is meant by the chivalry thesis.

2. How do self-report studies support the chivalry thesis?

3. Briefly outline three ways in which official statistics support the chivalry thesis.
a.

b.

Evidence against the chivalry thesis (page 106)

1. Identify three statistics that can be used as evidence against the chivalry thesis.
a.

b.

c.

2. How do self-report studies provide evidence against the chivalry thesis?

40
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3. Briefly explain how the under-reporting of the following crimes provides evidence against the

Topic 5
chivalry thesis:
a. male crimes against women

Gender, crime and justice

b. crimes of the powerful

4. What reason might there be for women being treated more leniently by the criminal justice
system?

Bias against women (page 106)

1. Briefly explain two ways in which the courts may treat women more harshly, according to
Heidensohn.
a.

b.

2. According to Carlen, why are women more likely to be jailed?

3. According to Walklate, what do women have to prove in rape trials?

4. According to Adler, why might some women not be believed in court?

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Application (page 106)

Topic 5
Write your answer here.
a.

Gender, crime and justice

b.

Explaining female crime (pages 107-111)

Functionalist sex role theory (page 107)

1. Give an example to explain how gender role socialisation may explain gender differences in
crime.

2. According to Parsons, how do gender roles in the nuclear family help to explain gender
differences in crime?

3. According to Cohen, what is the effect of the lack of a male role model on boys?

4. According to the New Right, what is the effect on boys of living in a matrifocal lone parent
family?

5. Briefly explain Walklate’s criticism of sex role theory.

Heidensohn: patriarchal control (page 107)

1. According to Heidensohn, what is striking about women’s behaviour?

42
© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-6-7 The Napier Press Crime and Deviance Workbook
2. Briefly explain how control at home reduces women’s opportunities to offend.

Topic 5
3. According to Dobash and Dobash, how are men able to control women in the home?

Gender, crime and justice

4. Briefly explain what is meant by ‘bedroom culture’ and how this affects opportunities for
deviance.

5. Briefly outline how the following control women in public places:

a. The threat of violence

b. Media reporting

c. Definitions of respectability

d. In school

6. Briefly explain how the following factors control women’s behaviour and opportunity to
commit crime in work:
a. Sexual harassment

b. The ‘glass ceiling’

Carlen: class and gender deals (pages 108-109)

1. According to Hirschi, how are humans controlled?

2. Briefly explain how the following ‘deals’ lead working-class women to conform:
a. The class deal

b. The gender deal

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© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-6-7 The Napier Press Crime and Deviance Workbook
3. Give three examples of ways in which the women in Carlen’s study had failed to achieve the

Topic 5
class deal.

Gender, crime and justice

4. Give three examples of ways in which these women had not achieved the gender deal.

5. What was Carlen’s conclusion about the women in her study?

6. Briefly outline a criticism of control theory and feminism.

The liberation thesis (pages 109)

1. According to Adler, what will be the impact on female crime rates of women being liberated
from patriarchy?

2. According to Adler, given the changing structure of society, what will be the changes to the
types of crime committed by women?

3. Give three points of evidence in support of Alder’s thesis.

4. Briefly outline four criticisms of Alder’s thesis.

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© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-6-7 The Napier Press Crime and Deviance Workbook
Activity: Discussion Female crime: explanations on trial (page 109)

Topic 5
Write your summary evaluation from section 5 here.

Gender, crime and justice

Females and violent crime (pages 109-110)

1. What do the statistics appear to suggest about females and violent crime?

2. What is meant by net widening?

3. According to Chesney-Lind, why has there been a rise in females’ violent crime?

4. According to Sharpe and Gelsthorpe, what is the pattern of females’ violent crimes in the UK?

5. Briefly explain what Young means by ‘defining deviance up’.

6. According to Burman and Batchelor, what is the role of the media in the criminlisation of
females?

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Gender and victimisation (pages 110-111)

Topic 5
1. What do the homicide victim statistics show about differences between male and female
victims?

Gender, crime and justice

2. Briefly outline four gender differences between men and women’s likelihood of being a victim
of violence.
a.

b.

c.

d.

3. Why is it difficult to determine whether it is men or women who are more likely to be victims of
violent crime?

Why do men commit crime (pages 111-112)

Masculinity and crime (page 111)

1. According to Messerschmidt, what is masculinity?

2. Define hegemonic masculinity.

3. Briefly explain what is meant by subordinated masculinities.

4. Briefly outline how each of the following groups use rule breaking to demonstrate masculinity:
a. White middle-class youths

b. White working-class youths

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© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-6-7 The Napier Press Crime and Deviance Workbook
c. Black lower working-class youths

Topic 5
5. Briefly outline three criticisms of Messerschmidt.

Gender, crime and justice

Winlow: postmodernity, masculinity and crime (page 112)

1. Briefly outline the impact on jobs of a move from modern to postmodern society.

2. According to Winlow, how are bouncers able to demonstrate their masculinity?

3. Briefly explain how the subculture in Sunderland has moved from a violent subculture to a
professional criminal subculture?

4. Briefly explain what Winlow means by ‘bodily capital’.

5. What is the importance of Winlow’s study?

Activity: Media Violence, media and masculinity (page 112)

A. Write your answers here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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7.

Topic 5
8.

9.

Gender, crime and justice

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15

16.

17.

B. Write your explanation here.

QuickCheck Questions (page 113)

Write your answers below.

1.

2.

3.

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© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-6-7 The Napier Press Crime and Deviance Workbook
 4.

Topic 5
5.

Gender, crime and justice

6.

7.

8.

9.

10

Now answer the Questions to try on page 113 of your textbook.

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© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-6-7 The Napier Press Crime and Deviance Workbook
TOPIC 6 Ethnicity, crime and justice
Learning Objectives

Topic 6
After studying this Topic, you should:
Know the patterns of ethnicity and criminalisation as shown by different
sources of data.
Understand the relationship between the criminal justice process and

Ethnicity, crime and justice

ethnicity.

Be able to evaluate sociological explanations of the relationship between
ethnicity, offending and criminalisation.
Understand the relationship between ethnicity, racism and victimisation.

Getting Started (page 114)

Write your answers to the Getting Started activity here.

1a.

1b.

2a.

2b.

What will you examine in this Topic? (page 115)

Ethnicity and criminalisation (pages 115-117)

1. Why might official statistics not be a good measure of how much crime different ethnic groups
actually commit?

Alternative sources of statistics (page 115-116)

1. What do victim surveys tell us about ethnicity and offending?

50
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2. Briefly outline four limitations of victim surveys.

Topic 6
a.

b.

Ethnicity, crime and justice

c.

d.

3. Why might victim surveys be unrepresentative?

4. According to Sharp and Budd, which ethnic groups are most likely to admit to offending?

5. How do the findings of self-report studies challenge stereotypes about ethnicity and
offending?

6. How do the various forms of data on offending contradict each other?

Ethnicity, racism and the criminal justice system (pages 116-117)

Briefly explain and give examples of how ethnic minorities are treaded differently in the following
stages of the criminal justice system:
a. Policing

b. Stop and search

c. Arrests and cautions

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d. Prosecution and trial

Topic 6
e. Pre-sentence reports

Ethnicity, crime and justice

f. Prison

Activity: Media Ethnicity and criminal justice in America (page 117)

A. Write your answers here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15

16.
52
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17.

Topic 6
18.

Ethnicity, crime and justice

B. Write your summary here.

Explaining the differences in offending (pages 117-119)

1. Why did black criminality come to be seen as a problem in the 1970s?

2. Why did Asian criminality come to public attention in the 1990s?

Left realism (page 118)

1. According to left realists, what are the three factors that contribute to crime and how do these
affect ethnic minorities?

2. According to Lea and Young, why does police racism not fully explain the differences in crime
statistics between different ethnic groups?

3. According to Lea and Young, what can be concluded from official crime statistics?

4. Briefly explain a criticism of Lea and Young’s views on police racism.

Application (page 118)

Write your answers here.

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Neo-Marxism (pages 118-119)

Topic 6
1. According to Gilroy, why is black criminality a myth?

2. According to Gilroy, how should ethnic minority crime be viewed?

Ethnicity, crime and justice

3. Briefly explain how ethnic minority crime may be a reaction to racism.

4. Briefly outline Lea and Young’s three criticisms of Gilroy.

a.

b.

c.

5. According to Hall et al, what were the social conditions of the 1970s and how did these cause
a need for greater social control by the ruling class?

6. How did the moral panic about the black mugger serve the interests of the ruling class?

7. What other reason do Hall et al give for black males committing crime, apart from moral panic
and policing?

8. Briefly outline three criticisms of Hall et al.

a.

b.

c.

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9. According to FitzGerald et al, how does neighbourhood help to explain crime among black

Topic 6
youths?

Ethnicity, crime and justice

10. According to Sharp and Budd, why do some ethnic groups face a greater chance of getting
caught for crimes?

Activity: Media Urban riots and race (page 119)

A1.

A2.

A3.

A4.

A5.

A6.

B1.

B2.

B3.

B4.

B5.

B6.

C1.

C2.

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D1.

Topic 6
D2.

Ethnicity, crime and justice

D3.

D4.

D5.

D6.

D7.

D8.

D9.

D10.

E. Write your answer here.

Ethnicity and victimisation (page 120)

1. Define racist victimisation.

2. Briefly outline the two sources of information on racist victimisation.

a.

b.

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Extent and risk of victimisation (page 120)

Topic 6
1. Which ethnic group is at greatest risk of being a victim of any crime?

2. What factors, other than ethnicity, may account for high proportions of minority ethnic groups

Ethnicity, crime and justice

being victims of crimes?

3. According to Sampson and Phillips, what information is missing from statistics in relation to
racist victimisation?

Responses to victimisation (page 120)

1. Briefly outline some of the responses of ethnic minorities to victimisation.

2. How do racist attitudes affect the treatment of ethnic minority victims by the police?

QuickCheck Questions (page 121)

Write your answers below.

1.

2.

3.

4.

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 5.

Topic 6
6.

Ethnicity, crime and justice

7.

8.

Now answer the Questions to try on page 121 of your textbook.

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© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-6-7 The Napier Press Crime and Deviance Workbook
TOPIC 7 Crime and the media
Learning Objectives

Topic 7
After studying this Topic, you should:
Know the patterns of media representations of crime and how these differ
from the picture of crime in official statistics.
Understand and be able to evaluate different views about the media as a

Crime and the media

cause of crime and fear of crime.
Know and be able to evaluate views of the media’s role in the creation of

moral panics.
Understand the relationships between the new information media and
crime and social control.

Getting Started (page 122)

Write your answers to the Getting Started activity here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

What will you examine in this Topic? (page 123)

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Media representations of crime (pages 123-124)

Topic 7
1. Briefly outline the six ways in which the media give a distorted image of crime.
a.

b.

Crime and the media

c.

d.

e.

f.

2. According to Schlesinger and Tumber, how did the portrayal of crime change between the
1960s and the 1990s? What caused this change?

3. According to Soothill and Walby, how do the media give a distorted view of sex crimes?

New values and crime coverage (pages 123-124)

1. Briefly explain what is meant by news being a social construction.

2. Briefly explain how news values are used to manufacture the news.

3. Briefly outline some of the key news values.

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Fictional representations of crime (page124)

Topic 7
1. According to Surette, what is meant by the ‘law of opposites’?

2. Give four examples of how fictional representations of crime differ from official statistics.

Crime and the media

a.

b.

c.

d.

3. Briefly outline three recent trends in fictional representation of crime.

a.

b.

c.

The media as a cause of crime (pages 124-126)

1. Briefly outline eight ways in which the media might cause crime and deviance.
a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

2. According to Schramm et al (and other studies), what is the impact on children of exposure to
media violence?

3. According to Livingstone, why are people still preoccupied with the effects of the media on
children?

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Fear of crime (page 125)

Topic 7
1. How might media representations of crime affect people’s fear of crime?

Crime and the media

2. Briefly outline the findings of the following studies on the link between media use and fear of
crime:
a Gerbner et al

b. Schlesinger and Tumber

3. According to Greer and Reiner, why should an interpretivist approach be used when
investigating the effects of the media?

The media, relative deprivation and crime (page 125)

1. According to left realists, how do the media encourage feelings of relative deprivation?

2. How do the media representations of ‘normal’ life illustrate Merton’s view of the cause of
crime?

Cultural criminology, the media and crime (pages 125-126)

1. According to cultural criminology, how do the media turn crime into a commodity?

2. According to Hayward and Young, what is the impact of a media-saturated society on crime?
Use an example to explain your answer.

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3. Using examples, briefly explain how corporations and advertisers use the media images of

Topic 7
crime to sell products.

Crime and the media

4. Using examples, briefly explain what is meant by ‘brandalism’.

5. How are brands used as tools of classification?

Activity: Media Counter-culture and commodification (page 126)

A. Write your answers here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

63
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B. Write your summary paragraph here.

Topic 7
Crime and the media
Moral panics (pages 126-128)

1. Briefly explain what is meant by a moral panic.

2. Briefly outline the three stages of a moral panic.

a.

b.

c.

Mods and rockers (pages 126-127)

1. Briefly describe the following groups:

a. Mods

b. Rockers

2. Briefly outline the following elements of media reporting of the mods and rockers identified by
Cohen.
a. Exaggeration and distortion

b. Prediction

c. Symbolisation

64
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3. According to Cohen, how did the media’s portrayal of events create a deviance amplification

Topic 7
spiral?

4. In what ways did the media further amplify deviance?

Crime and the media

5. According to Cohen, why are media definitions crucial in a moral panic?

6. What does Cohen highlight about the nature of post-war British society?

7. According to Cohen, why do moral panics occur at times of social change?

8. How might functionalists explain moral panics?

9. How do Hall et al explain moral panics from a neo-Marxist perspective?

Criticisms of the idea of moral panics (pages 127)

1. Briefly outline two criticisms of the concept of moral panics.

a.

b.

2. According to McRobbie and Thornton, why might moral panics have less of an impact in late
modernity?

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Activity: Media Moral Panics (page 128)

Topic 7
A1.

A2.

Crime and the media

A3.

A4.

A5.

A6.

A7.

A8.

A9.

A10.

A11.

A12.

A13.

A14

A15.

A16.

A17.

B1.

B2.

B3.

B4.

B5.

B6.

66
© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-6-7 The Napier Press Crime and Deviance Workbook
B7.

Topic 7
B8.

B9.

Crime and the media

B10.

C1.

C2.

C3.

C4.

C5.

C6.

C7.

C8.

C9.

C10.

D. Write your summary here.

Cyber-crime (page 128)

1. According to Thomas and Loader, what is cyber-crime?

67
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2. Briefly explain the following categories of cyber-crime:

Topic 7
a. Cyber-trespass

Crime and the media

b. Cyber-deception and theft

c. Cyber-pornography

d. Cyber-violence

3. Why is it difficult to police cyber-crime?

4. According to Jewkes, how does technology help the detection of cyber-crime?

QuickCheck Questions (page 129)

Write your answers below.

1.

2.

68
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 3.

Topic 7
Crime and the media
4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Now answer the Questions to try on page 129 of your textbook.

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© 2016 Napier Press. All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-9934235-6-7 The Napier Press Crime and Deviance Workbook
TOPIC 8 Globalisation, green crime,
human rights & state crime

Topic 8
Learning Objectives
After studying this Topic, you should:
Understand the ways in which globalisation and crime are related and be

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime

able to evaluate explanations of this relationship.
Understand the different types of green crime and be able to evaluate

sociological explanations of environmental harm.
Understand the relationship between state crimes and human rights and
be able to evaluate definitions and explanations of such crimes.

Getting Started (page 130)

Write your answers to the Getting Started activity here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

What will you examine in this Topic? (page 131)

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Crime and globalisation (pages 131-133)

Topic 8
1. Define globalisation.

2. List some of the causes of globalisation.

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime

The global criminal economy (page 131)

1. According to Held, what causes the spread of transnational organised crime?

2. According to Castells, what is the value of the global criminal economy?

3. Briefly outline six examples of global crime.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

4. Which countries make up the demand side of the global criminal economy?

5. Use an example to highlight how the supply side of global crime is linked to the globalisation
process.

Global risk consciousness (page 132)

1. Use an example to explain what is meant by ‘risk consciousness’.

71
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2. What is the role of the media in creating fears?

Topic 8
Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime
3. What has been the result of risk consciousness of immigration in the UK and Europe?

Globalisation, capitalism and crime (page132)

1. According to Taylor, how has globalisation led to changes in the patterns and extent of crime?

2. Briefly explain how globalisation changes patterns of work.

3. What is the impact of marketisation on lifestyles?

4. Briefly explain how the impacts of globalisation encourage the poor to turn to crime.

5. Briefly explain how globalisation creates opportunities for crime for elite groups.

6. Briefly outline one criticism of Taylor’s perspective on globalisation and crime.

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Analysis and Evaluation (page 132)

Topic 8
Write your answer here.

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime

Crimes of globalisation (page 132)

1. Briefly explain how the IMF and the World Bank contribute to what Rothe and Friedrich call
‘crimes of globalisation’.

2. According to Cain, how do the IMF and World Bank cause widespread social harms?

Patterns of criminal organisation (pages 133)

1. According to Hobbs and Dunningham, how is crime organised and how does this link to
changes brought about by globalisation?

2. Briefly explain what Hobbs and Dunningham mean by crime being a ‘glocal’ system.

3. Which organisations does Glenny refer to as McMafia?

4. According to Glenny, what are the origins of transnational organised crime?

73
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5. Briefly explain how the collapse of communism enabled Russian ‘oligarchs’ to emerge.

Topic 8
Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime
6. Why did Russia’s capitalists need help from mafias?

5. How were mafias in Russia organised?

Activity: Media Global crime networks (page 133)

A. Write your answers here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

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16.

Topic 8
17.

18.

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

Green crime (pages 133-136)

1. Define green crime.

2. How can green crime be linked to globalisation? Give an example.

‘Global risk society’ and the environment (page 134)

1. Briefly explain what Beck means by manufactured risks.

2. Use the example of Mozambique to explain the global nature of human-made risk.

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Box 2.2 The Bhopal disaster (page 134)

Topic 8
Briefly outline how the following explain the Bhopal disaster:
a. Traditional criminology

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime

b. Green criminology

Green criminology (pages 134-135)

1. Briefly explain how traditional criminology would view green crimes.

2. Give a criticism of traditional criminology in relation to green crimes.

3. According to White, what is the proper subject of criminology?

4. Briefly explain what is meant by transgressive criminology.

5. Define zemiology.

6. According to green criminologists, what is the problem of using a legal definition when
studying green crime?

7. Briefly explain the similarity between green criminology and Marxism.

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8. Briefly outline the following views of harm:

Topic 8
a. Anthropocentric

b. Ecocentric

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime

Application (page 135)

Write your answers here.

a.

b.

Types of green crimes (pages 135-136)

1. Briefly outline the following examples of primary green crime:

a. Crimes of air pollution

b. Crimes of deforestation

c. Crimes of species decline and animal abuse

d. Crimes of water polution

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2. Briefly outline the following examples of secondary green crime:

Topic 8
a. State violence against oppositional groups

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime

b. Hazardous waste and organised crime

c. Environmental discrimination

3. What is the main criticism of green criminology?

State crimes (pages 136-140)

1. How do Green and Ward define state crime?

2. Briefly outline the scale of state crime.

3. Why does the role of the state in law-making mean it can conceal crimes?

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Case studies of state crime (pages 136-137)

Topic 8
1. Briefly outline McLaughlin’s four categories of state crime.
a.

b.

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime

c.

d.

2. Briefly explain why the state-led genocide occurred in Rwanda.

3. Briefly explain why the Challenger space shuttle disaster is an example of state-initiated
crime.

4. Briefly explain why the Deepwater Horizon oil rig disaster is an example of state-facilitated
crime.

5. Why do critics argue that American wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were illegal?

6. According to Whyte, what kind of crimes were committed in the aftermath of the Iraq war?

7. According to Kramer and Michalowski, what crimes were committed during the Iraq War?

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Activity: Webquest State-corporate crime and war (page 137)

Topic 8
A. Write your answers here.
1.

2.

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

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Defining state crime (pages 137-139)

Topic 8
1. How does Chambliss define state crime?

2. What is the problem with this definition?

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime

3. How does Michalowski define state crime?

4. According to Hillyard et al, what is zemiology and why should it be used to study state crime?

5. Briefly outline two problems with zemiology.

a.

b.

6. According to labelling theory, what constitutes a crime?

7. In what way do Kauzlarich’s findings pose a problem for labelling theory?

8. How might the media affect the public’s opinion of war?

9. How do Rothe and Mullins define state crime?

10. What is the advantage of this definition?

11. How do Strand and Tuman show the social construction of international laws?

12. Briefly explain the following:

a. Natural rights

b. Civil rights

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13. According to the Schwendingers, how should state crime be defined?

Topic 8
14. According to Risse et al, what is the advantage of the Schwendingers’ definition?

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime

15. Briefly explain how the Schwendingers’ approach is an example of transgressive criminology.

16. According to Cohen, what is the problem of the Schwendingers’ definition?

17. Why are human rights hard to define?

Explaining state crime (pages 139-140)

1. According to Adorno et al, what is an authoritarian personality? How does this concept
contribute to our understanding of state crimes?

2. Briefly explain why state crimes can be seen as crimes of obedience.

3. According to Green and Ward, how are individuals able to overcome the norms that prevent
them from committing state crimes?

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4. Briefly outline the following features of crimes of obedience identified by Kelman and Hamilton:

Topic 8
a. Authorisation

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime

b. Routinisation

c. Dehumanisation

5. According to Bauman, how did the following features of modern society make the holocaust
possible:
a. A division of labour

b. Bureaucratisation

c. Instrumental rationality

d. Science and technology

6. Give three criticisms of the explanations of state crime.

a.

b.

c.

7. According to Alvarez, how has the impact of the international human rights movement
affected states?

8. Briefly outline Cohen’s three stages of denial.

a. Stage 1

b. Stage 2

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c. Stage 3

Topic 8
9. Briefly outline the following techniques of neutralisation identified by Cohen:

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime

a. Denial of victim

b. Denial of injury

c. Denial of responsibility

d. Condemning the condemners

e. Appeal to higher loyalty

QuickCheck Questions (page 141)

Write your answers below.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

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 9.

Topic 8
10.

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime

11.

12.

13.

Now answer the Questions to try on page 141 of your textbook.

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TOPIC 9 Control, punishment and victims
Learning Objectives

Topic 9
After studying this Topic, you should:
Understand and be able to evaluate a range of crime prevention and
control strategies.
Understand and be able to evaluate different perspectives on

Control, punishment and victims

punishment and surveillance.
Know the main trends in sentencing and understand their significance.
Know the main patterns of victimisation and be able to evaluate
sociological perspectives on victimisation.

Getting Started (page 142)

Write your answers to the Getting Started activity here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

What will you examine in this Topic? (page 143)

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Crime prevention and control (pages 143-145)

Situational crime prevention (page 143)

Topic 9
1. According to Clarke, what is situational crime prevention (SCP)?

2. Briefly outline the three features of SCP.

Control, punishment and victims

a.

b.

c.

3. Briefly outline three methods of target hardening.

a.

b.

c.

4. Briefly explain what is meant by rational choice theory (see also Topic 4).

5. According to Clarke, why should crime prevention focus on the immediate crime situation?

6. Using Felson’s example of the Port Authority Bus Terminal, explain how it is possible to
‘design out crime’.

Application (page 143)

Write your answers here.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

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Displacement (pages 143-144)

Topic 9
1. Briefly outline what is meant by displacement.

Control, punishment and victims

2. Briefly explain the five types of displacement.
a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

4. Briefly outline four criticisms of SCP.

a.

b.

c.

d.

Activity: Webquest Situational crime prevention (page 144)

C. Write your answers here.

1.

2.

3.

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Environmental crime prevention (page 144)

Topic 9
1. What do Wilson and Kelling mean by ‘broken windows’?

Control, punishment and victims

2. According to Wilson and Kelling, how have the following broken down in neighbourhoods with
crime:
a. formal social control

b. informal social control

3. What is the result of the breakdown of control in neighbourhoods?

4. Briefly explain Wilson and Kelling’s solutions to crime.

a. Environmental improvement strategy

b. Zero tolerance policing strategy

5. Use an example to illustrate the success of zero tolerance policing.

6. Briefly outline the five other factors that may have contributed to the improvements in the
crime rate in New York.
a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Analysis and Evaluation (page 144)

Write your answer here.

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Social and community crime prevention (page 145)

Topic 9
1. What is the emphasis of social and community prevention strategies?

Control, punishment and victims

2. Briefly explain the outcomes of the Perry pre-school project.

What is missing? (page 145)

1. What type of crime do all the above strategies disregard?

2. What does Table 2C indicate about the types of crime that are targeted by crime reduction
strategies?

3. What other crimes occurred in the North West of England that were not targeted?

Surveillance (pages 145-148)

1. Define surveillance.

2. How is surveillance carried out in late modern society?

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Foucault: birth of the prison (pages 146-147)

Topic 9
1. Briefly explain the meaning of:
a. sovereign power

Control, punishment and victims

b. disciplinary power

2. According to Foucault, why has disciplinary power replaced sovereign power in Western
societies?

3. Briefly explain the Panopticon and how it leads to self-surveillance.

4. According to Foucault, what is the difference in outcomes between disciplinary power and
sovereign power?

Box 2.3 Sovereign power and disciplinary power (page 146)

Briefly describe the types of punishment associated with the following types of power:
a. sovereign power

b. disciplinary power

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The ‘dispersal of discipline’ (page 146)

Topic 9
1. List the institutions that subject individuals to disciplinary power, apart from prisons.

Control, punishment and victims

Criticisms of Foucault (pages 146-147)

1. Briefly explain two criticisms of Foucault.

a.

b.

2. According to Norris, why is the effectiveness of CCTV cameras limited?

3. According to Gill and Loveday, what function do CCTV cameras perform?

Surveillance theories since Foucault (page 147)

1. According to Mathiesen, how do the media enable surveillance?

2. Explain what Mathiesen means by the ‘Synopticon’.

3. According to Thompson, how are powerful groups affected by surveillance?

4. How do the public carry out synoptic surveillance? Why is this called ‘sousveillance’?

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5. Briefly explain what Haggerty and Ericson mean by ‘surveillance assemblages’.

Topic 9
Control, punishment and victims
Actuarial justice and risk management (pages 147-148)

1. According to Feeley and Simon, how is the new ‘technology of power’ different from
Foucault’s disciplinary power?
a.

b.

c.

2. Briefly explain how airport security screenings use ‘risk factors’ to carry out surveillance.

3. How does Young describe actuarial justice?

4. According to Lyon, what is the purpose of ‘social sorting’?

5. According to Gary Marx, what is ‘categorical suspicion’? Give an example.

6. Briefly outline one problem with actuarial justice.

Labelling and surveillance (page 148)

1. According to Ditton et al, how does the use of CCTV show evidence of labelling?

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2. According to Norris and Armstrong, how do the CCTV operators use typifications when

Topic 9
monitoring areas?

Control, punishment and victims

Activity: Media Surveillance (page 148)

A. Write your answers here.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

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Write your summary here.

Topic 9
Control, punishment and victims
Punishment (pages 148-150)

1. Briefly outline how punishment may reduce crime in the following ways:
a. deterrence

b. rehabilitation

c. incapacitation

2. Briefly outline how punishment may act as a form of retribution.

Durkheim: a functionalist perspective (page 149)

1. According to Durkheim, what is the function of punishment?

2. Briefly explain the following types of justice:

a. retributive justice

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b. restitutive justice

Topic 9
Control, punishment and victims
Marxism: capitalism and punishment (page 149)

1. According to Marxists, what is the function of punishment? Give an example.

2. According to Marxists, what is the form of punishment under capitalism? Give an example.

3. According to Melossi and Pavarini, how does imprisonment reflect capitalist relations of
production?
a.

b.

The changing roles of prisons (page 149)

1. How has the role of prison changed since the Enlightenment?

Imprisonment today (pages 149-150)

1. Why may imprisonment not be an effective method of rehabilitation?

2. Despite this ineffectiveness, why have prison populations increased in England and Wales?

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The era of mass incarceration? (page 150)

Topic 9
1. How does the rate of incarceration in America compare to that in Europe?

Control, punishment and victims

2. According to Garland, what is the impact of these high rates of incarceration?

3. According to Downes, what is the ideological function of imprisonment?

4. What is ‘penal welfarism’?

Transcarceration (page 150)

1. Define transcarceration.

2. Use an example to illustrate how transcarceration is a product of the blurring of boundaries

between the criminal justice system and welfare agencies.

Alternatives to prison (page 150)

1. What community-based controls are used as alternatives to prison?

2. According to Cohen, how has this cast the net of control over more people?

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The victims of crime (pages 151-152)

Topic 9
1. How does the United Nations define victims?

2. According to Christie, what is the definition of ‘victim’?

Control, punishment and victims

3. Why is it important to study victims?

Positivist victimology (page 151)

1. Briefly explain the three features of positivist victimology.

a.

b.

c.

2. How did early positivist studies use the idea of victim proneness and what is the implication
of this?

3. Briefly outline four criticisms of positivist victimology.

a.

b.

c.

d.

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Critical victimology (pages 151-152)

Topic 9
1. Which theories is critical victimology based on?

2. Briefly outline the following elements of critical victimology:

Control, punishment and victims

a. structural factors

b. the state’s power to apply or deny the label of a victim

3. According to Tombs and Whyte, why do ‘safety crimes’ often deny people victim status?

4. According to Tombs and Whyte, what is the ideological function of failure to label?

5. Briefly outline two criticisms of critical victimology.

a.

b.

Patterns of victimisation (page 152)

1. Briefly outline the patterns of victimisation for the following social groups:
a. class

b. age

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c. ethnicity

Topic 9
Control, punishment and victims
d. gender

2. Briefly explain repeat victimisation.

Application (page 152)

Write your answer here.

The impact of victimisation (page 152)

1. Briefly outline some of the impacts of being a victim of crime.

2. How might crime affect those who are not direct victims?

3. Briefly explain what is meant by secondary victimisation.

4. What might be the impact of fear of victimisation.

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 QuickCheck Questions (page 153)

Topic 9
Write your answers below.
1.

Control, punishment and victims

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Now answer the Questions to try on page 153 of your textbook.

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