54 Passive verb forms 1 Introduction A passive verb is a form of POURS MSY be +a past participle,eg.is PRM Vqdaa) baked, was worn, Some participles are irregular (see pages 382-3). ‘THIS JACKET WAS WORN BY. ELVIS PRESLEY 2 Summary of verb tenses ACTIVE PASSIVE Present Simple: We bake the bread here. The bread is baked here. Present Continuous: We are baking the bread. The bread is being baked. Present Perfect: We have baked the bread. The bread has been baked. Past Simple: We baked the bread yesterday. The bread was baked yesterday. ast Continuous: We were baking the bread. The bread was being baked. Past Perfect: We had baked the bread. The bread had been baked. ‘We form negatives and questions in the same way as in active sentences. The bread isn’t baked in a factory. The jacket hasw’t been worn for years. Where is the bread baked? Has the jacket ever been worn by anyone else? 3. The future and modal verbs in the passive ‘We use be + a past participle after will, be going to, can, must, have to, should, etc. The gates will be closed this evening. This rubbish should be thrown away. The machine has to be repaired. ‘The news might be announced soon. Seats may not be reserved. — How can the problem be solved? ACTIVE PASSIVE Future: Wewill bake the bread next. ‘The bread will be baked next. We are going to bake the bread, The bread is going to be baked. Modal verb: We should bake the bread soon. The bread should be baked soon. We ought to bake the bread. ‘The bread ought to be baked. 4 The passive with get ‘We sometimes use get in the passive instead of be. Lots of postmen get bitten by dogs. I’m always getting chosen for the worst jobs. Last week Laura got moved to another department. Get is informal. We often use it for something happening by accident or unexpectedly. In negatives and questions in the Present Simple and Past Simple, we use a form of do. The windows don’t get cleaned very ofien. How did the painting get damaged? ‘We also use get in these expressions: get dressed/changed, get washed (= wash oneself), get engaged/married/divorced, get started (= start), get lost (= lose one’s way). Emma and Matthew might get married. Without a map we soon got lost. PAGE 130. ¢ THE PASSIVEA Present Continuous passive (2) Look at the pictures and say what is happening. Use these subjects: the car, dinner, a flag, some houses, the seals. Use these verbs: build, feed, raise, repair, serve. e ‘y D> The. car. i¢ being. repaired 1 3 Z 4 B Passive verb tenses (2) Complete the information about Barford Hall. Put in the correct form of these verbs. > build 2 use 4 not look 6 use (Past Simple) (Past Continuous) (Past Perfect) (Present Simpie) 1 own 3 buy 5 do (Present Simple) (Past Simple) (Present Perfect) The building at the end of the High Street is Barford Hall, which (>) mas. built in 1827. Today the Hall (1) by Bardale Council. It (2) as a warehouse when it (3) by the Council in 1952, and it (4) after very well. Since then a lot of work (5) on it, and these days the Hall (6) as an arts centre. C The future and modal verbs in the passive (3) A press conference is being held. Put in the correct form of the verbs. > Reporter: Can this new drug prolong human life? Professor: Yes, we believe that human life can be. prolonged, by the drug. 1 Reporter: Are you going to do any more tests on the drug? Professor: Yes, further tests soon. 2 Reporter: What ‘the drug 2 Professor: It will be called Bio-Meg. 3 Reporter: Can people buy the drug now? Professor: No, it by the public yet. 4 Reporter: Do you think the company should sell this drug? Professor: Yes, | think Bio-Meg ‘to anyone who wants it. D The passive with get (4) Put in get or got and the past participle of these verbs: break, change, divorce, hurt, lose > If we’re going out to the theatre, I'd better get. changed 1 Daniel when he tried to break up a fight. 2 I know the way. We won't 3 You'd better wrap up the glasses, so they don’t 4 They were only married a year before they THE PASSIVE © PAGE 13155) Active and passive (1) 1 What is the sentence about? Compare these two entries in an encyclopedia. Alexander Graham Bell Telephone A British inventor who went to An apparatus with which people can Canada and then the USA. Bell talk to each other over long distances. invented the telephone. ‘The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. Look at these two sentences. ACTIVE PASSIVE Bell invented the telephone. The telephone was invented by Bell. ‘The two sentences have the same meaning, but they are about different things. One sentence is about Bell, and the other is about the telephone. Each sentence begins with the subject. The subject is the starting-point of the sentence, the thing we are talking about. The new information about the subject comes at the end of the sentence. ‘We say Bell invented the telephone because we are We say The telephone was invented by Bell because talking about Bell, and the new information is ‘we are talking about the telephone, and the new that he invented the telephone. information is that it was invented by Bell. When the subject is the person or thing doing the When the subject is not the agent (is not doing the action (the agent), then we use an active verb. action), then we use a passive verb. ACTIVE PASSIVE Bell| invented the telephone. ‘The telephone | was invented by | Bell |, Subject and agent Subject | Agent The subject (Bell) is the agent. ‘The subject (the telephone) is not the agent. It is the thing that the action is directed at. 2. The passive and by the police, in 1876, etc. In a passive sentence, when we want to say who or what did the action, we use by. On our way home we were stopped by the police. The new hospital will be opened by the Queen. The paper was all blown away by the wind. We can give other details about the action, For example, we can use a phrase saying when or where something happens. The telephone was invented in 1876, The visitors will be driven to the airport. rhe concerts are usually held at the university. Sometimes there is no phrase after the verb. A new swinming-pool is being built. All the documents have been destroyed. For more details see Unit 56. PAGE 132 ¢ THE PASSIVEPractice A Active or passive verb? (1) ‘Choose the correct verb forms in this news report about a storm. Millions of pounds’ worth of damage (P) has-saused/has been caused by a storm which (1) swept/was swept across the north of England last night. The River Ribble (2) burst/was burst its banks after heavy rain. Many people (3) rescued/were rescued from the floods by fire-fighters, who (4) received/were received hundreds of calls for help. Wind speeds (6) reached/were reached ninety miles an hour in some places. Roads (6) blocked/were blocked by fallen trees, and electricity lines (7) brought/were brought down, leaving thousands of homes without electricity. ‘Everything possible (8) is doing/is being done to get things back to normal,’ a spokesman (9) sald/was said. B By the police, etc. (2) In each of these sentences underline who or what is doing the action (the agent). > The traffic was all heading out of town. The photo was taken by my brother. ‘The water was pouring out of the hole. A policeman has been murdered by terrorists. We were woken by the alarm, ‘The guide led a group of tourists around the castle. ‘The dog has bitten several people. aaron C Active and passive (1-2) You are telling a friend some news. Use the notes and complete the second sentence. Sometimes you need to use the active and sometimes the passive. > (Past Simple: Claire / go / to Florida / last month) You remember Claire? She went. to Florida last. month.. > (Present Perfect: send / our luggage / to Australia) Bad news about our luggage. It's been. sent. to. Australia. 1 (Past Simple: Claude Jennings / win / the quiz competition) Did you hear about the quiz competition? It 2 (Past Simple: Mrs Miles / do / a parachute jump / last week) You know Mrs Miles? She 3 (Present Perfect: a bull / attack / David) Have you heard about David? He's 4 (Present Continuous: build / the house) Trevor and Laura have bought a house. It's still 5 (Present Simple: Andrew / like / Jessica) Did I tell you about Andrew? He 6 (Present Perfect: throw away / your stamp collection) Bad news about your stamp collection. It's 7 (Present Perfect: Martians / kidnap / my neighbours) Did | mention my neighbours? They've 8 (Past Simple: five people / see / the ghost) Did you hear about the ghost? It THE PASSIVE * PAGE 133