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Matplotlib Vlines and Plotting Examples

The document contains examples of plotting different types of graphs in Python using NumPy and Matplotlib. Several examples show plotting sine waves, quadratic and cubic functions, exponential functions, and fitting data to models. Plots include lines, scatter plots, and vertical lines. Functions like curve_fit are used to estimate parameters. Context and equations are provided in text added to the plots.

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61 views11 pages

Matplotlib Vlines and Plotting Examples

The document contains examples of plotting different types of graphs in Python using NumPy and Matplotlib. Several examples show plotting sine waves, quadratic and cubic functions, exponential functions, and fitting data to models. Plots include lines, scatter plots, and vertical lines. Functions like curve_fit are used to estimate parameters. Context and equations are provided in text added to the plots.

Uploaded by

AM
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Graphing

May 26, 2021

[1]: import numpy as np


import [Link] as plt
from [Link] import curve_fit
%matplotlib inline

[9]: x = [Link](0, 2*[Link], 10000)

f1 = 2*[Link](x)
f2 = 2*[Link](x - [Link]/18)
f3 = 2*[Link](3*x - [Link]/18)

fig, ax = [Link](figsize=(12,6))

[Link](x, f1, label="$2 sin(x)$")


[Link](x, f2, label="$2 sin(x - \pi / 18)$")
[Link](x, f3, label="$2 sin(3(x - \pi / 18))$")

[Link]['right'].set_visible(False)
[Link]['top'].set_visible(False)

[Link]()
[Link]()

[Link]()

1
[40]: x = [Link](-15, 15, 10000)

f1 = 1000 - x**2
f2 = -20*x+1100

fig, ax = [Link](figsize=(12,6))

[Link](x, f1, label="$f_1$")


[Link](x, f2, label="$f_2$")
[Link](0, 1000, 1100, colors='k', linestyle='dashed')

[Link]['right'].set_visible(False)
[Link]['top'].set_visible(False)

[Link]()
[Link]()

[Link]()

2
0.0.1 Example - Power law model

The table shows the mean (average) distances d of the planets from the sun (taking the unit of
measurement to be the distance from the earth to the sun) and their periods T (time of revolution
in years)
Planet
d
T
Mercury
0.387
0.241
Venus
0.723
0.615
Earth
1.000
1.000
Mars
1.523
1.881

3
Jupiter
5.203
11.861
Saturn
9.541
29.457
Uranus
19.190
84.008
Neptune
30.086
164.784
[2]: d = [Link]([0.387, 0.723, 1, 1.523, 5.203, 9.541, 19.19, 30.086])
T = [Link]([0.241, 0.615, 1, 1.881, 11.861, 29.457, 84.008, 164.784])

x = [Link](0, 35, 100)

def func(x, a, n):


return a*x**n

param, _ = curve_fit(func, d, T)

textstr = '$T(d)$ = %.3f$x^{%.3f}$'%(param[0], param[1])

fig, ax = [Link](figsize=(12,6))
[Link](d, T, marker='o', facecolors='none', edgecolors='b', s=80,␣
,→label="data")

[Link](x, func(x, *param), '--', color='r', label ="fit")


[Link]("$T$")
[Link]("$d$")
[Link]['right'].set_visible(False)
[Link]['top'].set_visible(False)
[Link]()
[Link](bbox_to_anchor=(1,0.5), loc="center left", frameon=False)

[Link](0.25, 0.65, textstr, transform=[Link], fontsize=14,


verticalalignment='top')

[Link]()

4
0.0.2 Example

What happens to the graph of the equation y 2 = cx3 + x2 as c varies?


[3]: cs = [1, 0.5, 0.1, -1]
domains = [[Link](-5, -1/c, 100) if c < 0 else [Link](-1/c, 5, 100)␣
,→for c in cs]

cmap = plt.get_cmap('gnuplot')
colors = [cmap(i) for i in [Link](0, 1, len(cs)+1)]

fig, ax = [Link](figsize=(12,6))

for i, c in enumerate(cs):
x = domains[i]
[Link](x, [Link](c*x**3+x**2), color=colors[i], label ="c=%.2f"%cs[i])
[Link](x, -[Link](c*x**3+x**2), color=colors[i])

textstr = '$y^2=cx^3+x^2$'
[Link](0.05, 0.85, textstr, transform=[Link], fontsize=14,
verticalalignment='top')

[Link]()
[Link]['right'].set_visible(False)
[Link]['top'].set_visible(False)
[Link](bbox_to_anchor=(1,0.6), loc="upper left", frameon=False)

[Link]()

5
0.0.3 Example

Estimate the values of x such that ex > 1, 000, 000, 000


[6]: x = [Link](0, 21, 1000)
y = [Link](x)
y_base = [Link]([1000000000 for _ in x])

fig, ax = [Link](figsize=(12,6))

[Link](x, y)
[Link](x, y_base)

idx = [Link]([Link]([Link](y - y_base))).flatten()

[Link](x[idx], -1, 1.3e9, colors='k', linestyle='dashed')

textstr = '$x=%.3f$'%x[idx]
[Link](0.97, 0.76, textstr, transform=[Link], fontsize=14,
verticalalignment='top')

[Link]['right'].set_visible(False)
[Link]['top'].set_visible(False)

[Link]()

6
0.0.4 Example

Under ideal conditions a certain bacteria population is known to double every three hours. Suppose
that there are initially 100 bacteria.
[5]: p0 = 100
t = [Link](0, 28, 100)

# population at time t
p = 2**(t/3) * p0

# population at t = 15 hours
p15 = [2**(15/3) * p0 for _ in t]

# population at t = 20 hours
p20 = [2**(20/3) * p0 for _ in t]

p_base = [50000 for _ in t]


idx = [Link]([Link]([Link](p - p_base))).flatten()
# population at t = 26
p26 = [2**(t[idx]/3) * p0 for _ in t]

fig, ax = [Link](figsize=(12,6))

[Link](t, p)
[Link](t, p15, 'k--')
[Link](t, p20, 'k--')
[Link](t, p26, 'k--')

7
textstr1 = 'Population after 20 hours = %d'%(100*2**(20/3))
[Link](0.97, 0.2, textstr1, transform=[Link], fontsize=10,
verticalalignment='top')

textstr2 = 'Population after 15 hours = %d'%(100*2**(15/3))


[Link](0.97, 0.1, textstr2, transform=[Link], fontsize=10,
verticalalignment='top')

textstr3 = 'Population after %.2f hours = %d'%(t[idx], (100*2**(t[idx]/3)))


[Link](0.97, 0.76, textstr3, transform=[Link], fontsize=10,
verticalalignment='top')

[Link]['right'].set_visible(False)
[Link]['top'].set_visible(False)

[Link]("Time (hours)")
[Link]("Population")
[Link]()

0.0.5 Example

The table gives the population of Malaysia, in millions, for the years 1950-2000. Estimate the
population in 1975 and predict the population in the years 2010 and 2020
Year
Population
1950
6.1

8
1955
7.0
1960
8.1
1965
9.5
1970
10.9
1975
12.3
1980
13.8
1985
15.7
1990
17.8
1995
20.4
2000
23.0
[4]: y0 = 1950
y = [Link](1950, 2000, 11)
p = [Link]([6.1, 7.0, 8.1, 9.5, 10.9, 12.3, 13.8, 15.7, 17.8, 20.4, 23.0])

x = [Link](1940, 2025, 100)

def func(x, a, e, c, d):


return a*e**(c*(y0 - x)) + d

param, _ = curve_fit(func, y, p)

# population in 1975
p1975 = [func(1975, *param) for _ in x]

# population 2010
p2010 = [func(2010, *param) for _ in x]

9
# population 2020
p2020 = [func(2020, *param) for _ in x]

fig, ax = [Link](figsize=(12,6))

[Link](y, p, marker='o', facecolors='none', edgecolors='b', s=80,␣


,→label="data")

[Link](x, func(x, *param), '--', color='r', label ="fit")


[Link](x, p1975, 'k--')
[Link](x, p2010, 'k--')
[Link](x, p2020, 'k--')

textstr1 = 'Population in 1975 = %.1f (actual 12.3)'%(func(1975, *param))


[Link](0.97, 0.25, textstr1, transform=[Link], fontsize=10,
verticalalignment='top')

textstr2 = 'Population in 2010 = %.1f (actual: 28.2)'%(func(2010, *param))


[Link](0.97, 0.66, textstr2, transform=[Link], fontsize=10,
verticalalignment='top')

textstr3 = 'Population in 2020 = %.1f (actual 32.4)'%(func(2020, *param))


[Link](0.97, 0.85, textstr3, transform=[Link], fontsize=10,
verticalalignment='top')

[Link]("Year")
[Link]("Population (in millions)")
[Link]['right'].set_visible(False)
[Link]['top'].set_visible(False)

[Link]()
[Link](bbox_to_anchor=(1,0.45), loc="center left", frameon=False)

textstr = '$p(y)$ = %.3f*$%.3f^{%.3f (%d - y)} %.3f$'%(param[0], param[1],␣


,→param[2], y0, param[3])

[Link](0.05, 0.45, textstr, transform=[Link], fontsize=14,


verticalalignment='top')

[Link]()

10
[ ]:

11

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