Student’s Name: ZANTUA, JULIE AMOR D.
Course/Section: HNF 225 UV
Title: LEARNING TASK 3
Anatomy and Physiology of the CVS, Hemostasis, and Hemodynamics
Glossary of Significant Terms
Term Definition
autorhythmicity ability to initiate an electrical potential at a fixed rate that
spreads rapidly from cell to cell to trigger the contractile mechanism
systole period of contraction that the heart undergoes while it pumps blood into
circulation
diastole period of relaxation that occurs as the chambers fill with blood
myocardial formal term for what is commonly referred to as a heart attack results
infarction (MI) from
a lack of blood flow (ischemia) and oxygen (hypoxia) to a region of the
heart, resulting in death of the cardiac muscle cells
cardiomyocyte muscle cell of the heart
hypertrophic pathological enlargement of the heart, generally for no known reason
cardiomyopathy
sinoatrial (SA) specialized clump of myocardial conducting cells which initiates the
node sinus rhythm, or normal electrical pattern followed by contraction of the
heart
atrioventricular clump of myocardial cells located in the inferior portion of the right
(AV) node atrium within the atrioventricular septum; receives the
impulse from the SA node, pauses, and then transmits it into specialized
conducting cells within the interventricular septum
Bachmann’s (also, interatrial band) group of specialized conducting cells that transmit
bundle the impulse directly from the SA node in the right
atrium to the left atrium
Purkinje fibers specialized myocardial conduction fibers that arise from the bundle
branches and spread the impulse to the myocardial
contraction fibers of the ventricles
electrocardiogram placement of surface electrodes on the body to record the complex,
(ECG) compound electrical signal of the heart that can be used for diagnosis of
irregular heart function
artificial medical device that transmits electrical signals to the heart to ensure that
pacemaker it contracts and pumps blood to the body
heart block interruption in the normal conduction pathway
cardiac cycle period of time between the onset of atrial contraction (atrial systole) and
ventricular relaxation (ventricular diastole)
end diastolic the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of atrial systole just prior
volume (EDV) or to ventricular contraction
preload.
end systolic amount of blood remaining in each ventricle following systole
volume (ESV)
heart sounds sounds heard via auscultation with a stethoscope of the closing of the
atrioventricular valves (“lub”) and semilunar valves (“dub”)
murmur unusual heart sound detected by auscultation; typically related to septal
or valve defects
Cardiac output measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one
(CO) minute; equals HR multiplied by SV
stroke volume the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle
(SV)
heart rate (HR) number of times the heart contracts (beats) per minute
cardiac reserve difference between maximum and resting CO
antibodies (also, immunoglobulins or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins
produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding
to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses
fibrinogen plasma protein produced in the liver and involved in blood clotting
globulins heterogeneous group of plasma proteins that includes transport proteins,
clotting factors, immune proteins, and others
hematocrit (also, packed cell volume) volume percentage of erythrocytes in a sample
of centrifuged blood
colony- glycoproteins that trigger the proliferation and differentiation of
stimulating myeloblasts into granular leukocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and
factors (CSFs) eosinophils)
cytokines class of proteins that act as autocrine or paracrine signaling molecules; in
the cardiovascular system, they stimulate the
proliferation of progenitor cells and help to stimulate both nonspecific
and specific resistance to disease
erythropoietin glycoprotein that triggers the bone marrow to produce RBCs; secreted by
(EPO) the kidney in response to low oxygen levels
hemocytoblast hemopoietic stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood
hemopoiesis production of the formed elements of blood
hemopoietic chemical signals including erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-
growth factors stimulating factors, and interleukins that regulate the differentiation and
proliferation of particular blood progenitor cells
thrombopoietin hormone secreted by the liver and kidneys that prompts the development
of megakaryocytes into thrombocytes (platelets)
bilirubin yellowish bile pigment produced when iron is removed from heme and is
further broken down into waste products
biliverdin green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of heme is
degraded into a waste product; converted to bilirubin in the liver
hemosiderin protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver,
and spleen
hypoxemia below-normal level of oxygen saturation of blood (typically <95 percent)
polycythemia elevated level of hemoglobin, whether adaptive or pathological
sickle cell disease (also, sickle cell anemia) inherited blood disorder in which hemoglobin
molecules are malformed, leading to the breakdown of RBCs that take on
a characteristic sickle shape
thalassemia inherited blood disorder in which maturation of RBCs does not proceed
normally, leading to abnormal formation of hemoglobin and the
destruction of RBCs
B lymphocytes (also, B cells) lymphocytes that defend the body against specific
pathogens and thereby provide specific immunity
defensins antimicrobial proteins released from neutrophils and macrophages that
create openings in the plasma membranes to kill cells
diapedesis (also, emigration) process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent
cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues
leukocytosis excessive leukocyte proliferation
leukopenia below-normal production of leukocytes
lymphoma form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes
collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and other tissues
memory cell type of B or T lymphocyte that forms after exposure to a pathogen
natural killer cytotoxic lymphocytes capable of recognizing cells that do not express
(NK) cells “self” proteins on their plasma membrane or that contain foreign or
abnormal markers; provide generalized, nonspecific immunity
T lymphocytes (also, T cells) lymphocytes that provide cellular-level immunity by
physically attacking foreign or diseased cells
thrombocytopenia condition in which there are too few platelets, resulting in abnormal
bleeding (hemophilia)
thrombocytosis condition in which there are too many platelets, resulting in abnormal
clotting (thrombosis)
fibrin insoluble, filamentous protein that forms the structure of a blood clot
fibrinolysis gradual degradation of a blood clot
hemostasis physiological process by which bleeding ceases
serum blood plasma that does not contain clotting factors
thrombin enzyme essential for the final steps in formation of a fibrin clot
ABO blood group blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of A and B
glycoproteins on the erythrocyte membrane surface
agglutination clustering of cells into masses linked by antibodies
cross matching blood test for identification of blood type using antibodies and small
samples of blood
Rh blood group blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of the antigen
Rh on the erythrocyte membrane surface
vasodilation the opening of a blood vessel
vasoconstriction the closing or tightening of a blood vessel
skeletal muscle the mechanism whereby skeletal muscles aid the return of blood to the
pump heart by compressing embedded veins
vascular the increase in the number of capillaries in response to a stimulus; for
recruitment example, repeated exercise results in an increase in the number of
capillaries in a skeletal muscle
ischemia an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body
anastomoses the reconnection of two blood vessels that previously branched out
sinusoid any of several channels through which venous blood passes in various
organs
