America and the Great War- Continued
● Mobilizing
○ War industries Board
■ Bernard Baruch (Wall Street guy) set production priorities and a
Stabley centralized control over raw materials and prices
○ Food administration
■ Herbert Hoover led rationing so that the food could be shipped
abroad
■ In two years US overseas food shipments tripled
○ Fuel administration
■ Hairy Garfield directed the efforts to save coal— nonessential
factories were closed in the US went in the daylight saving time for
the first time
○ Railroad administration
■ Treasury secretary William Mcadoo took public control of railroads
to coordinate traffic and standardize equipment
○ National war labor board
■ President Taft came back to help arbitrate disputes between
workers and employers
■ Workers earned concessions like eight hour day in higher wages in
exchange for not striking
■ Union membership increased
○ Liberty bonds
■ Wilson’s war government raise $33 billion to fund the war
■ It conducted four massive drive to convince Americans to put their
savings into federal government liberty bonds
○ Increase taxes
■ Congress increase both personal income tax and corporate tax he
also placed an excise tax on luxury goods
● Public Opinion
○ US tried to ensure public support for the war effort to propaganda.
Journalist George creel and did the committee of public information that
used artist, writers, vaudeville performers, and movie stars to depict the
heroism of “boys“
○ Native us groups like the American protective league mounted hate the
home campaigns in used violent attacks on all things German--playing
Beethoven or eating sauerkraut
○ Industries deemed essential to the war effort could refuse to hire and fire
German Americans
● Civil liberties
○ The espionage act (1917) gave jail timer for 20 years to anyone who try to
incite rebellion in the Armed Forces or obstruct the draft
○ The sedition act (1918) for him to anyone for making disloyal her abusive
remarks about the US government (2000 people were jail under these
laws – – Eugene Debs were sentenced to 10 years)
○ Schenck versus the US: The Supreme Court ruled that free-speech could
be limited when it represented clear and present danger to the public
safety
○ A man has been in prison for distributing anti-draft pamphlets
● Effects on society
○ African Americans
■ 400,000 served in segregated units under white officers; the Marine
Corps did not allow black soldiers
■ African Americans also moved in mast urban areas of north west to
escape southern violence and seek new job opportunities
○ Women
■ Jobs vacated by enlisted men were wheeled by women; thousands
enter the workforce
■ Their efforts with a long way to convincing lawmakers to back the
19th amendment
○ Mexican Americans
■ Job opportunities and revolution in Mexico the thousands of
Mexicans across the border to work in agriculture in writing. Mostly
in the south west in Midwest
● Fighting the war
○ We came, we saw, we conquered
■ The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk remove Russia from the war. Germany
could still not focus always forces on the Western front. The US and
listed 2.8 million been under selective service act in another 2
million volunteered
○ Naval convoys
■ US Navy implemented a convoy system of armed escorts for
merchant ships. This staved all starvation for allies
○ First landings
■ The a EF commanded by PershingFirst saw action is plug-ins to be
defenses in the French and British lines
○ Thousands arrive
■ By the summer of 1918, AEF a ride in hundreds of thousands. They
were given one independent segment of Western front
■ They block the last German offensive of at Château- Thierry
○ Victory
■ In the fall, US drive back Germans along the Mus river and through
the argonne forest— The Germans were successfully pushed back
into their own borders
○ And armistice was reached on November 11, 1918
■ They agreed to surrender arms, give up Navy and leave occupied
territory
● World War I
○ New technology
■ Improve machine guns and high powered artillery
■ Tanks
■ Flamethrowers
■ Airplanes
■ Submarines
■ New battleships
■ submarines
■ chemical weapons like mustard gas
■ All equal unseen levels of casualties. Shellshocked becomes the
first recognized form of PTSD
● 14 points
○ Postwar boundaries: self-determination for territory (especially with end of
Austro Hungarian an ottoman empires)
○ Five general principles to ensure peace: freedom of the seas, no secret
alliances/treaties, reduction in arms, free trade, mediation over colonial
claims
○ League of Nations: resolve future controversies without war (his favorite
point)
○ Wilson was heavy on the moral superiority--which alienated Britain and
France who wanted to punish Germany And seek reparations.
Republicans in the US also opposed his plan
● Treaty of Versailles
○ Led by the big four (UK, France, US, Italy) included:
○ Discernment of Germany (stripped of colonies, limits on Air Force and
Navy, demilitarization/French occupation of Rhineland, war reparations
and the war guilt clause)
○ Limited self-determination for countries like Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
Finland and Poland; Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were created (all
these territories were once controlled by Germany, Austria hungary, or
Russia
○ League of Nations was created as international peacekeeping
organization myin member nations would stand ready to protect
independence and territory of other nations
● Battle for ratification
○ Rejection of treaty
■ The largest objection to the treaty was the league of Nations
(especially article X) which many felt might interfere with US
sovereignty and risk the Monroe doctrine
○ Opponents
■ Republicans won a majority in Congress in 1918, they split into two:
irreconcilables and reservationists
○ Wilsons tour
■ Wilson went on a tour to Raleigh public support; September 1919
he collapsed and then had a massive stroke. He never recovered
○ Rejection
■ Wilson refuse to compromise and so the Senate rejected the treaty
and a revised version of the treaty
● Economic and social impact
○ Post war recession
■ Bubble burst, 5 million lost their jobs
■ Working conditions went back to pre war days.
■ Wave of strikes and discontent labor unions laws public favor
○ Race riots
■ Service did not change white attitudes of bitterness grew (So did
lynchings in the south)
■ The great migration increase race tensions in north as they
competed for jobs and housing
■ Chicago race riot was worst of red summer (1919); 38 died, 500
inches
○ Marcus Garvey
■ Advocate of black nationalism, racial pride and self respect
informed United United Negro improvement Association
■ Push for African-Americans to return to Africa
■ Was deported to Jamaica after being charged with mail fraud
○ Palmer raids
■ Attorney General a. Mitchell Palmer lead a series of raids after
bombings in spring of 1919
■ From November to January, 6000 people were arrested based on
limited evidence
■ He lost credibility in many were exonerated, but many immigrants
were deported
○ Red scare
■ White middle-class were fearful of growing instability and radicalism
■ They were concerned about communist threat (American
communist party form May 1919) and radical groups were active
○ Sacco and Vanzetti
■ Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were two Italian immigrants
convicted of robbery and murder
■ Despite widespread protest, they were executed in 1927
● Return to normalcy
○ Warren G Harding with the presidency is Republican against Democratic
candidate James M Cox
○ Wilson has failed to create a post war order based on democratic ideals
and progressivism
