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End-to-End Performance of Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Relay

Transmission Link over Rayleigh Fading Channels

Article  in  International Journal of Computer Applications · September 2012

DOI: 10.5120/8391-2002

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 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 53– No.2, September 2012

End-to-End Performance of Multiple-Input-Multiple-

Output Relay Transmission Link over
Rayleigh Fading Channels
Kapil Gupta P.K.Ghosh
Department of Electronics & Communication Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering, Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Mody Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Mody
Institute of Technology and Science (Deemed Institute of Technology and Science (Deemed
University) University)
Lakshmangarh, Dist. Sikar Lakshmangarh, Dist. Sikar
Rajasthan (INDIA) Rajasthan (INDIA)

ABSTRACT subsequently examined the achievable cooperative diversity in

In this work, we investigate the end-to-end performance of a Ref. [4]. Ref. [5] presented, the performance of selection
multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) relay system over a combining (SC) based multi-antenna fixed relay for both
flat Rayleigh fading channel to study the performance in amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward relaying.
terms of outage probability (OP) and the average bit error rate All these papers mostly focus on multiple input antennas
(ABER) of the digital receivers. New closed form expressions relay, to receive information from the source and single output
for the statistics of the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) antenna for transmitting information from the relay to the
for both amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward destination. Capacity bounds of a MIMO channel were
systems are obtained from the novel approach of moment explained in [3]. Comparison of different signaling and
generating function (MGF). Comparisons between amplify- routing methods for MIMO relay network is shown in [6].
and-forward and decode-and-forward systems are also Outage probability is calculated in closed form for MIMO
presented. The calculated results reveal that the performance relay in [7] and approximate bit error rate (BER) with
of MIMO-antenna relay system improves significantly for maximum ratio combining MRC/STBC is presented in [8],
both modes with the increase of number of input antennas are some related works. However, in fixed relay systems, a
and output antennas . It is also observed that both the more general form of relay structure such as MIMO antennas
system performance improves significantly (roughly 3 dB) are achieving gain [6-8]. This paper addresses the end-to-end
when the number of input antennas is varied from performance of such an infrastructure-based MIMO-antennas
at both low and high SNR regimes. relay system over flat Rayleigh fading channel.
In this work, we consider a MIMO-relay transmission link
Keywords where the relay is equipped with multiple diversity antennas
Diversity, Rayleigh fading, Moment Generating Function,
Amplify-and-Forward, Decode-and-Forward. (M) at its input and employs maximum ratio combining
(MRC) technique for reception from the source. The onward
1. INTRODUCTION transmission to the destination is done via multiple transmit
antennas (N) using maximum ratio transmission (MRT). We
The coverage area of a transmitter can be extended by
relaying. Cooperative diversity is a promising technique, due assume that the complete channel state information (CSI) for
to its ability to combat the effect of deep fading in a wireless both the source-relay link and the relay-destination link is
channel [1]. With the help of single or multiple relay links, it known at the relay.
formed a virtual antenna array and achieves spatial diversity
at the receiver. Cellular and ad-hoc wireless communication The organization of the paper is as follows. In section II, we
systems are some applications of cooperative diversity [2]. derive a close form expression for the moment generating
function (MGF) of the destination signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
The end-to-end performance of a relayed transmission link
has been studied analytically over Rayleigh fading channel for a two-hop MIMO-relay link in a flat Rayleigh fading
with single reception and transmission antenna system at the environment. A general formula relating the MGF of a
relay [1]. The capacity increment of MIMO systems over the random variable to the MGF of its inverse is established to
single antenna system attracted researchers to work on derive the MGF of the destination SNR. The infrastructure-
multiple antennas at the relay node [3]. However, deployment based relaying system and channel models are introduced in
of multiple antennas at the mobile terminals often encounters section III. Here, the expressions of important statistics like
various implementation problems because wireless terminals
the probability density function (pdf), the cumulative density
are expected to become smaller in dimension and lighter in
weight in future. In contrast to mobile terminals, function (cdf), and the output SNR moments are derived in
accommodating less number of antennas on infrastructure- closed forms. Section IV provides the expressions for various
based fixed relays is feasible [4], and the single antenna relay performance metrics of the system. In section V, we study the
can be considered as a special case of this system. The end-to- various performance metrics, namely, the outage probability
end performance of such infrastructure-based relaying is (OP) and the average bit error rate (ABER) of the amplify-
studied for the decode-and-forward (DF) relaying scheme and

7
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 53– No.2, September 2012

and-forward (A&F) relay systems and compare with the

decode-and-forward (D&F) relaying systems. Finally, the 1 1
concluding remarks are provided in section VI. 2 2 αj
αi
R
2. THE MGF OF INVERSE RANDOM
VARIABLE M N
Let be the inverse random variable of X, where X is a
positive random variable with the pdf . The MGF MZ(s)
of Z can be written as
S D
∫
( )
⁄
=∫ =∫ ∑ (1)
Fig1. Infrastructure–based fixed wireless relaying system
where is the expectation value of . By the change of We assume that the channel is frequency non-selective slowly
order of integration and summation we may write, varying such that it is constant for the transmitted symbols
∑ ∫ interval. is Rayleigh distributed, is the exponentially
∑ (2) distributed random variables. We also assume that the input
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is same for all diversity branches
(i.e., ̅ ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅ ), where ̅ is the average SNR
where the inverse-moment of is defined as [9]
of the i-th link. The output SNR ,of the MRC that is the
∫ (3) SNR between and R, has the probability density function
given by [10]
Thus,
∑ ∫ (4)
( ) ̅
̅ (6)
This novel equation relates the MGF of an inverse random
variable to the MGF of the original random variable. It is easy where, Γ(.) is the Gamma function defined in [11].
to show that (4) indeed converges and in some special cases Assume that the fading amplitude of
can be represented in closed form.
the channel between the -th antenna at and is of
Rayleigh type, and the signal-to-noise ratio is the same for all
3. SYSTEM AND CHANNEL MODEL diversity branches. In the similar fashion, the pdf of , the
3.1 Description of received signal over signal-to-noise ratio between and can be written as
MIMO link (replacing by and by in the eq.(6))

An infrastructure–based fixed wireless relaying system is

shown in Fig.1 where source is transmitting signal for ( ) ̅
̅
(7)
destination through the relay terminal . The relay terminal
is equipped with number of receiving antennas for
reception of transmitted signal from source terminal and At the relay terminal before re-transmission by the choice of
transmitting antenna to convey the signal to the destination the appropriate gain, the overall SNR at the receiving
terminal after suitable processing (A&F or D&F) at the terminal can be very closely upper bounded as [1],
relay. Maximum ratio combining (MRC) is used for receiving
(8)
the signal at relay and maximum ratio transmission (MRT) is
used for conveying to the destination . We also assume that where is the output signal-to-noise ratio of the MRC, and
full channel-state information (CSI) is available at the relay. is the instantaneous SNR between and with MRT.
The combiner output, equals to the sum of the SNRs in the Eq. (8) is preferred for performance analysis in dual-hop
individual branches in MRC which is given by [10] relayed transmission links due to its mathematical tractability
[1].
∑ (5)
3.2 Derivation of the MGF over MIMO
where the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the i- link of received signal.
th branch is, ( ) i = 1, 2,.., with being the
We define the random variable as
Rayleigh fading amplitude of the channel between source (9)
terminal and the relay antennas (i = 1, 2,…,M) , is the
energy of the transmitted signals and is the one-sided
noise power spectral density per branch. The pdf of and are given in equations (6) and (7),
respectively. Taking and as two

8
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 53– No.2, September 2012

independent random variables, the moment MGF of ( ) ( )

[ ]
can be written as
(17)
(10) where G[] is the Meijer-G function [11]. The inverse
Laplace transform of leads to the expression for the
Taking ̅ and ̅̅̅ we have pdf of as

( )
∫
( ) ( )
√
[ ] (18)
= (11)
and
To find the cumulative distribution function (cdf) ( ) of
√
∫ = (12) , we use the relation ( ) ∫ The cdf is
where is the modified Bessel function of second kind of thus given by
order V.
Therefore, equation (10) may be written as ( ) ( )
( ) [ ]
( √ )(√ ) √ (19)
(13)

As a check, for Eq. (19) can then be written as

Now using [12, Eq. 1.11.51], we can write the MGF
as ( )
( ) [ ] (20)
∑ ∫ (14)
Using functional relationship of the Meijer-G function [11],
After algebraic manipulation, equation (13) leads to the above equation reduces to

( )
( ) [ ]
∑ (21)
and with the aid of the property of gamma function, namely,
2 ( )
(15) (22)
we have
Here, 2 is the Gauss’ hypergeometric function [11].
Unfortunately Eq. (15) is in the form of infinite sum for ⁄
( ) ( )
general values of  and  . However, for the special case
1 2
(23)
when ̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ or equivalently, ̅
, (the
symmetric branch SNR), can be reduced to a very which is the same form of Eq. (36) of [13].
compact form as follows: The n-th moments of the received SNR at the destination (i.e.,
the n-th moment of ) can be obtained as
3

( ) (24)
( ) ( )
(16)

where, 3 is the generalized hypergeometric where is

function defined in [11]. the Pochhammer symbol. For example, with n = 1, and

3.3 Derivation of pdf, cdf and moments of

received SNR ( ) ̅̅̅̅. (25)
Using [14, Eq.(07.27.26.0004.01)], we express the MGF
as given in (16) as

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 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 53– No.2, September 2012

4. PERFORMANCE OF MIMO- The ABER for R→D link is given as

ANTENNA RELAY
∫ ( ) ( ) (33)
4.1 Outage Probability (OP)
The outage probability of an amplify-and-forward relaying
system is defined as the probability that the instantaneous Using (32) and (33), the ABER for decode-and-forward
SNR γ falls bellow some prescribed threshold ( ). relaying can be rewritten as
Mathematically, it is given by
( ) ( ) ( )
[ ] (26)
( ) (34)
Using (19) and (26), the outage probability for amplify-and -
forward systems can be shown to be given by
For symmetric case with ̅
Eq. (34) reduces
( ) ( )
to
( )
[( ̅
) ( ̅̅̅) ( ̅̅̅) ] (35)
(27)
Following the same reasoning as in case of outage probability,
For decode-and-forward relaying the outage occurs when the lower bound of ABER of DPSK for both amplify-and-
both and links are in outage and can be shown forward relaying and decode-and-forward relaying systems
to be given by [1]
can be obtained for fixed M by letting N→ and is given by
∫ ∫

( )( ) (28) ( ) (36)

where is the incomplete gamma function[11]. It may be noted that the above derivation for ABERs of DPSK
It may be noted that the lower bound of the outage probability for both amplify-and-forward relaying and decode-and-
for the fixed relay MIMO-antenna system can be achieved for forward relaying are general and can easily be extended to
fixed by letting If goes to infinity, the SNR of other kind of digital modulation schemes.
the link can be much larger compared to that of the
link and the overall received SNR is dictated only by 5. NUMERICAL RESULTS
the link. The lower bound of outage probability for
both amplify-and-forward relaying and decode-and-forward
0
relaying systems can be written as 10

( ) (29) 10
-1
Outage Probability

4.2 Average Bit Error Rate (ABER) 10

-2

The average bit error rate (ABER) or average symbol error N=1,M=1
rate (ASER) of various digital modulation schemes over the -3
N=1,M=2
10 N=1,M=3
MIMO relayed link can be derived by adopting the MGF-
N=1,M=4
based approach as discussed in [15]. For example, let us lower bound 1
consider the ABER of binary differential phase-shift keying -4 N=2,M=2
10
(DPSK). For amplify-and-forward relaying, the ABER N=2,M=3
is given by N=2,M=4
lower bound 2
-5
10
(30) 0 5 10 15 20
Average Branch SNR per hop in dB

For decode-and-forward relaying the ABER can be shown to

Fig 2. Outage Probability versus Average Branch SNR for
be given by [1]
amplify-and–forward relaying mode.

(31) Fig. 2 shows the outage probability of the MIMO-antenna

relay in symmetrical networks for different number of
where is the ABER for link and is given by antennas at the relay using amplify-and-forward (AF)
protocol. It is observed that the MIMO-relay systems yield
∫ ( ) ( ) (32) significant gains over the referenced single antenna

10
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 53– No.2, September 2012

system ). For a comparison, at an outage 0

10
probability of 10-1, the SNR requirements over the
conventional single antenna relaying are obtained as 2.8 10
-1

dB , and 10.5 dB , -2
10
approximately. Thus the gain improvement is significant in

Average Bit Error Rate

MIMO-antenna relay. It is also observed that for a fixed 10
-3

outage probability (for fixed , say the additional -4

10
gains for 3 and 4 are approximately 2 dB and 1dB,
-5
respectively relative to 2. Thus the gain of the system 10 N=1,M=1
N=2,M=1
increases only marginally for values of -6 N=3,M=1
10
over . If is increased still further, the gain N=2,M=2
N=3,M=2
-7
values attain saturation, the lower bound of performance 10 N=4,M=2
N=3,M=3
value, and no further gain will be possible with . -8 N=4,M=4
10
0 5 10 15 20
Keeping fixed and varying yields similar curves as Average SNR per Branch ( dB)
interchanging and does not change eq. (19).
Fig 4. ABER for amplify-and–forward relaying mode
0
10 However, it is observed that keeping fixed the additional
-1
improvement achieved for compared to , is
10
insignificant for low SNR regimes and roughly 3 dB
-2
improvements in the high SNR regimes. Interestingly,
10 increasing even further the additional
Outage Probability

-3
improvement is insignificant at both low and high SNR
10 regimes. For , the plots quickly align with the
-4
curves for as the SNR increase. This behaviour of
10 outage performance was also reported in [18] for the special
N=1,M=1(AF) case of .
-5
10 N=1,M=1(DF)
N=2,M=2(AF)
N=2,M=2(DF) 0
-6 10
10 N=3,M=3(AF)
N=3,M=3(DF) -1
-7 10
10
0 5 10 15 20
Average Branch SNR per hop in dB -2
10
Average Bit Error Rate

-3
Fig. 3. Comparision of outage probabilities of amplify-and 10
–forward relaying and of decode-and-forward
-4
relaying system. 10

-5
10 N=1,M=1
A comparison of amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and- N=2,M=1
10
-6 N=3,M=1
forward relaying systems for outage probability on various N=2,M=2
values of M and N is done in fig 3. It is found that the -7 N=3,M=2
10 N=4,M=2
performance of decode-and-forward relaying is better than the N=3,M=3
amplify-and-forward relaying for the same values of M and N 10
-8
N=4,M=4
0 5 10 15 20
for low SNR values. However, the difference in error Average SNR per Branch (dB)
performance is not noticeable at high SNR values. The gap in
error performance between AF and DF relaying in the low Fig 5. ABER for decode-and–forward relaying mode
SNR regimes increase more rapidly for large values of M and
N relative to low values of M and N. Similar observations are also obtained for the decode-and-
forward relaying systems as depicted in Fig. 5. This nature is
Fig. 4 shows ABER plots of binary DPSK for amplify-and- highly expected as the SNR of link is improved
forward MIMO-antenna relaying for various values of
whereas overall performance is determined by both
and . The graph shows clearly the improvement achieved at
the destination employing MIMO-antenna relay in both the and links. As was for the case of outage probability,
relaying schemes. Note that in case of amplify-and-forward similar trend in ABER performance is expected for the case
system the improvement is significantly high for higher and when is fixed and is varied.
as expected owing to diversity.

11
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 53– No.2, September 2012

number of transmitting antennas at the output of the relay

0
10 (i.e., ).
-1
10
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
-2
10 The authors acknowledge the facilities offered by the
-3 Department of ECE, Faculty of Engineering and Technology of
10
Average Bit Error Rate

Mody Institute of Technology and Science, Lakshmangarh,

10
-4 Dist. Sikar, Rajasthan (INDIA). One of the authors (PKG)
wishes to thank Mr. Anup Dey of Kalyani Government
-5
10 Engineering College, Kolkata for his valuable suggestions.
DF(N=1,M=1)
10
-6
DF(N=2,M=2) 8. REFERENCES
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-7
10 DF(N=4,M=4) [1] Hasna, M.O., & Alouini, M.-S. 2003. End-to-end
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-8 AF(N=2,M=2
10
AF(N=3,M=3)
Rayleigh fading channels. IEEE Transaction on Wireless
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AF(N=4,M=4) Communications, 2(6), 1126-1131.
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