CHAPTER 3 H.C.F. AND L.C.M. (B) evementary TREATMENT 1. Factors : Each of the natural numbers that divides a given number exactly (completely) is called a factor of the given number. For example : (a) Each of the natural numbers 1, 2, 3 and 6 divides the number 6 completely; therefore each of 1, 2, 3 and 6 is a factor of 6. (b) Each of the natural numbers 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 divides the number 16 exactly; therefore 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 are factors of 16. For the same reason : (c) Factors of 7 are : 1 and 7 (d) Factors of 35 are : 1, 5, 7 and 35 (e) Factors of 20 are : 1,2, 4,5, 10 and 20 and so on. Moreover : Since, 7 divides 56 exactly; 7 is called a factor (or divisor) of 56 and 56 is called a multiple of 7. Similarly, 8 divides 72 exactly; so 8 is a factor of 72 whereas 72 is a multiple of 8. Remember : (a) 1 (one) is a factor of every number. (b) Every non-zero number is factor as well as multiple of itself. @.g., number 5 is a factor of itself as 5 divides 5 completely and 5 is also a multiple of 5. (c) Except one (1), every natural number has atleast two factors. .. (i) Factors of 2 are : 1 and 2 (li) Factors of 3 are : 1 and 3 (iil) Factors of 4 are: 1,2 and 4 and soon Every natural number has an infinity number of multiples. e4g.,(i) Multiples of 1 are : 1, 2,3, 4, 5, (i) Multiples of 2 are : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. (ii) Multiples of 3 are : 3, 6, 9, 12,2. Common factors : A common factor of two or more numbers is a number which divides each of the given numbers exactly. For example : (i) +: Factors of 6 = 1, 2, 3 and 6 and factors of 8 = 1, 2, 4 and 8 ~. Common factors of 6 and 8 = 1 and 2 It can easily be shown that each common factor (1 and 2) divides the given numbers 6 and 8 exactly. (ii) ° Factors of 8 = 1, 2, 4 and 8, factors of 12 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 and factors of 16 = 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16. ~. Common factors of 8, 12 and 16 = 1, 2 and 4. [Check whether each common factor divides each given number (8, 12 and 16) exactly or not]. Example 1: Find the common factors of : (i) 10 and 15 (ii) 14, 21 and 42 Solution : (Diane Factors of 10 = 1, 2,5 and 10 and, factors of 15 = 1, 3,5 and 15 -. Common factors of 10 and 15 = 1 and 5 (Ans.) All) es Factors of 14 = 1, 2,7 and 14 factors of 21 = 1,3, 7 and 21 and, factors of 42 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21 and 42 -. Common factors of 14, 21 and 42 = 1 and 7 (Ans.) 3. Prime factor : When a factor of a given number is a prime number also, it is called a prime factor of the given number. Since, 3 is a factor of 12 and 3 is a prime number also; therefore 3 is a prime factor of 12. In the same way. (i) Factors of 14 are 1, 2, 7 and 14, out of these 2 and 7 are prime numbers; therefore, 2 and 7 are prime factors of 14. (ii) Factors of 42 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21 and 42; out of these factors 2, 3 and 7 are prime numbers also, therefore prime factors of 42 are 2, 3 and 7. 4. Repeated prime factors : Since, 8 = 2 x 2 x 2; 2 is said to be repeated prime factor of 8. A number can have two or more different repeated prime factors. (i) 36=2x2x3x3 (ii) 108=2x2x3x3x3 (iii) 225=3x3x5x5 andsoon 24(BB) H.c.F. (HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR) Highest common factor (H.C.F.) of two or more given numbers is the greatest number which divides each of the given numbers exactly. For example : H.C.F. of 18, 24 and 36 is 6, as 6 is the greatest number which divides each of 18, 24 and 36 exactly. In other way : Factors of 18 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18, factors of 24 = 1, 2,3, 4,6, 8, 12 and 24 and, factors of 36 = 1, 2,3, 4, 6,9, 12, 18 and 36 . Common factors of 18, 24 and 36 = 1, 2,3 and 6 = Highest common factor of 18, 24 and 36 =6 [BB] MetHons oF FINDING H.C.F. Common factor method : Steps: 1. Find all the factors of each given numbers. 2. Find common factors of the given numbers. 3. The greatest of all the factors obtained in Step 2, is the required H.C.F. Example 2 : Find, using common factor method, H.C.F. of 27, 54 and 81 Solution : Factors of 27 = 1, 3, 9 and 27; factors of 54 = 1, 2, 3,6, 9, 18, 27 and 54 and, factors of 81 = 1,3, 9, 27 and 81 . Common factors of 27, 54 and 81 = 1, 3, 9 and 27 = Required H.C.F. = 27 (Ans.) 2. Prime factor method Steps: 1. Express each given number as the product of its prime factors. 2. From the result of step 1, find out all the prime factors which are common and then multiply these common prime factors to get the required H.C.F. Example 3 : Find, using prime factor method, the H.C.F. of : (i) 84 and 105 (i) 124, 296 and 228 84=2x2x3x7and 105=3x5x7 H.GF.=3x7=21 (Ans.) 124 =2x2x31, 206=2x2x2x37 and 228=2x2x3x19 H.CF.=2x2=4 (Ans.) 25Alternative method : (i) Step 1: Express each given number as the product of its prime factors and then in the exponent form. Step 2: Then required H.C.F. is the product of all the common prime factors with lowest powers of them. (ii) Step1: 124=2x2x31=22x31, 296 = 2x 2x 2x37 =23x 37 and, 228=2x2x3x19=2?x3x19 Step 2: Since, common prime factor with lowest power of it is 22. HGF. =22=2x2=4 (Ans.) 3. Division method : Steps: 1. Divide the greater number by the smaller number. 2. By the remainder of division in Step 1; divide the smaller number. 3. By the remainder in Step 2, divide the remainder of Step 1. 4. Continue in the same way, till no remainder is left. The last divisor is the required H.C.F. Example 4 : Find, using division method, the H.C.F. of : () 180 and 270 (ii) 852 and 1065 Solution : (i) Step1: 180)270(1 | 852 ) 1065 (1 180 | 852 Step 2: 90 )180 (2 213 ) 852 (4 180 \ 852 x | x H.C.F, =90 (Ans.) oH. (Ans.) Example 5 : Find, using division method, the H.C.F. of : () 18 and 30 (i) 75 and 180 Solution : () Step1: 18)30(1 | 75 ) 180( 2 : 18 | 150 Step 2: 12 18 (4 | 30 )75( 2 12 | 60 Step 3: 6 )12(2 | 15 )30(2 12 | 30 x | x o HGF. =6 (Ans) | HGF. =15 (Ans.) 26Example 6 : Find the H.C.F. of 184, 230 and 276. Solution : BG ie = BEN & é F. obtained in Step 1. Let us find the H.C.F. of 184 and.230. | Now find the H.C.F. of 276 and 46 484 ) 230 (1 | 46 ) 276 (6 i 184 ; 276 46) 184 (4 \ x 184 | HGF. of 276 and 46 = 46 | x H.C.F. of 184 and 230 = 46 | :. Required H.C.F. = 46 (Ans.) Example 7 : Find the greatest number which divides 288 and 420 leaving no remainder. 288) 420 (1 288 | | eee | 132 ) 288 (2 5 | 264 eon | 24 ) 182 (5 The greatest number that divides 288 and 420. | 120 = H.CF. of 288 and 420 ! 12) 24 (2 | 24 | | = 12 {Ans.) x [Sa] meortant Points 1. Twonumbers which do not have any common prime factor are called co-prime numbers. Since, 36=2x2x3x3 and 175=5x5x7 = 36 and 175 have no common factor. . 36 and 175 are co-prime numbers. For the same reason; each of the following pairs of numbers are co-prime : () 16 and 25 (ii) 18 and 49 (ii) 27 and 64, etc. 2. The H.C-F. of two co-prime numbers is always 1 (unity). « H.C.F, of 16 and 25 = 1, H.C.F. of 18 and 49 = 1 and so on.EXERCISE 3 (A) 1. Fill in the blanks : (i) Factors of 2 (ii) Factors of 5 (iii) Factors of 62 = (iv) Factors of 90 (v) Common factors of 4 and 6 = (vi) Common factors of 18 and 36 (vii) Prime factors of 54 = (viii) Prime factors of 6 = (ix) H.C.F. of 5 and 15 = (x) H.C.F. of 5, 15 and 35 = (xi) If x divides y exactly; H.C.F. of x and y (xi) _H.C.F. of 1, 4, 9 and 18 = 2. State True or False : (i) 1 is a factor of every number. (ii) Every non-zero number is a factor of itself. (ii), Every number (greater than 1) has atleast two factors. (iv) Prime factors of 9 are 1 and 3. (v) H.C.F. of 2 and 4 = 4. (vi) H.C.F. of 3 and 6 = 3. (vii) H.C.F. of 18 and 25 = 18. (viii) 18 and 25 are co-prime numbers. (ix) If H.C.F. of numbers x and y is y; the number x is exactly divisible by y. 3. Use the common factor method to find the H.C.F. of the following : () 35 and 40 (i) 55 and 84 (iii) 28 and 70 (iv) 18,27 and 36 (v) 48,60 and 84 4. Use the prime factor method to find the H.C.F. of : (i) 30 and 75 (ii) 12,8 and 16 (iii) 108 and 144 (iv) 90, 126 and 198 (v) 56, 140, 168 and 224 5. Use the division method to find the H.C.F. of : (i) 175 and 275 (ii) 324, 630 and 342 (iii) 135,441 and 576 (iv) 143, 169, 221 and 299 (v) 512, 456,344 and 296. 6. Find the greatest number which divides 533 and 287 leaving no remainder. Use division method to find the largest number which may divide numbers 675, 825 and 450 completely. 8. Find the H.C.F. of : (i) 23x 5? and 42x 5? (ji) 32x 45x 73x17 and 3 x 42 x 53 x 192 28[Se] muctiPces ano common MULTIPLES 1. Multiples : ‘Multiples of a given number are those numbers which can be divided completely by the given number. For example : Multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, ... divisible by 4. Similarly, multiples of § are : 5, 10, 15, 20, 35, multiples of 7 are : 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, ..... etc., and each of these numbers is exactly sass CIC. .., @tc., and so on. 2. Common multiples : Common multiples of two or more given numbers are the numbers which can exactly be divided by each of the given numbers. For example : (a) Multiples of 3 are : 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, ... Multiples of 4 are : 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, (b) Multiples of 2 are : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, ..... Multiples of 3 are : 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, Multiples of 6 are : 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, <. Common multiples of 2, 3 and 6 = 6, aia divisible by 2, 3 and 4. [BB] Least COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM) The least common multiple of two or more given numbers is the least number which is exactly divisible by each of the given numbers. In Example (a), given above, 12 is the least common multiple (L.C.M.) of 3 and 4. And, in Example (b), given above, 6 is the L.C.M. of 2, 3 and 6. [Ej metHons oF FINDING L.c.M. 1. Prime factor method : Steps: 1. Resolve each given number into its prime factors and express the factors obtained in exponent form. 2. Find the product of the highest powers of all the factors that occur in any of the given numbers. 3. The product obtained in Step 2 is the required L.C.M. 29Example 8 : Find the L.C.M. of 18, 24 and 60. Solution : Step 1: Resolving each given number into its prime factors. 18=2xGx Ge ecde, 24=2x2x2x3=23x3 and 60=2x2x3x5=22x3x5 Step 2: The product of all the factors with highest powers = 29x 3?@x5=2x2x2x3x3x5= 360 Step3: Required L.C.M. = 360 (Ans.) Example 9 : Find the L.C.M. of 60, 32, 45 and 80. Solution : +; 6C0=2x2x dmb = 22 xa) G2 2k 2x2 x Qe es 45=3x3x5 =G?x5 and 80)=2 x12 <2 x Bacb eto -. Required L.C.M. = 28 x 32x 5 = 32x 9x5 = 1440 (Ans.) 2. Common division method : Steps: 1. Write the given numbers in a horizontal line, separating them by commas. 2. Divide them by a suitable prime number, which exactly divides atleast two of the given numbers. 3. Write down the quotients and the undivided numbers (if any) in Step 2, ina line below the first. 4. Repeat the process until you get prime numbers as dividend. 5. The product of all the divisors and the numbers in the last line (prime dividends) will be the required L.C.M. Example 10: Find the L.C.M, of : (i) 18, 24 and 60 (i) 60, 32, 45 and 80 Solution : (i) 1 @_2| | 2 | 2 . 3, 2,5 | 2 v LGM. =2x2x3x8x2x5 | 5 = 360 (Ans.) 73 | 2 LGM, =2x2x2x2x5x3x2x3 = 1440 (Ans.)Example 11 : Find the smallest number which when divided by 36, 54 and 90 leaves no remainder. Solution : According to the definition of least (smallest) common multiple, Required number = L.C.M. of 36, 54 and 90 Since, 36 = 2x2x3x3 54 = 2x3x3x3 and, 90 = 2x3x3x5=2'x3?x5! .. Required smallest number = 22x 33x 51 = 540 (Ans.) Example 12 : (i) Find the least number which when divided by 12, 21 and 36 will leave the same remainder 6 in each case. (ii) Find the least number which when increased by 8 is exactly divisible by 24, 32 and 36. Solution : (0, [Required number= (CGM of 72, and'38) +6. | ey (eaxekauatxs, 21=3x7 and 35=5x7 => LCM. of 12, 21 and 35 =2?x3x7x5 = 420 :. Required least number = 420 + 6 = 426 (Ans.) 24=2x2x2x3=29%x3, 92=2x2x2x2x2=28 and, 36 =2x2x3x3=2?x9? = L.C.M. of 24, 32 and 36 = 2° x 3*= 288 . Required least number = 288 - 8 = 280 (Ans.) Example 13 : Show that the product of the numbers 60 and 84 is equal to the product of their H.C.F. and their L.C.M. Solution : Since, 60 =2x2x3x5=22x3x5 and 84=2x2x3x7=2°x3x7 . Their H.C.F. = 22 x3=12 and their L.C.M. = 2? x 3x57 = 420 The product of the given numbers = 60 x 84 = 5040 ‘And, product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M. = 12 x 420 = 5040 = The product of the given two numbers = Product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M. (ii) 31Example 14 : Two numbers are 32 and 48. Find their H.C.F. Use the H.C.F. obtained to find their L.C.M. Solution : 47 92=22x2x2x2x2=25 and 48=2x2x2x2x3=24xd Ae H.C.F. = 24= 16 (Ans.) Since, the product of the given two numbers. = Product of their H. and L.C.M. 32x 48 = 16xL.CM. LCM. = ee = 96 (Ans.) Product of the two numbers : it LCM. = Directly : Required L.C. =r aie 32x48 = = =96 ¥ 16 (Ans.) 1. Express 28 and 45 as the product of their prime factors : 28=2x2x7 and 45=3x3x5. 2. Is there any prime factor common to both these numbers? Obviously; No. Here, 28 and 45 are called co-prime numbers. 1. Find the L.C.M. and the H.C.F. of natural numbers 28 and 45. Since, 28 = 2x2x7 and45=3x3x5 = 2x2x3x3x5x7= 1260 1, as no prime factor is common and every natural number is al divisible by 1. tee L.C.M. x H.C.F. = 1260 x 1 = 1260 32: 2. Find the product of the given natural numbers 28 and 45. EXERCISE 3 (B) 1. Find the least common multiple (L.C.M.) of : (i) 90 and 120, (i) 63 and 70, (iii) 35,49 and 56, (iv) 208, 225 and 240, (v) 91, 65,39 and 130. 2. Find L.C.M. of : (i) 18, 63, 30 and 45, (ii) 14, 56, 91 and 84, (iii) 64, 56, 72 and 224. 3. What is the smallest number, which is exactly divisible by 36, 45 and 63 ? 4. What is the least number, which when divided by 98 and 105 has, in each case, 10 as remainder ? 5. Find the least number that, on being increased by 8, is divisible by 21, 35 and 49 ? 6. Find the least number that, on being diminished by 8, is exactly divisible by 32, 36 and 40. 7. The product of two numbers is 20736 and their H.C.F. is 54. Find their LCM. 8. The product of two numbers is 396 x 576 and their L.C.M. is 6336. Find their H.C.F. 9. The L.C.M. of two numbers is 2079 and their H.C.F. is 27. If one of the numbers is 189, find the other. 10. The H.C.F, of two numbers is 119 and their L.C.M. is 11781. If one of the numbers is 1071, find the other. 11. Find which of the following pairs of natural numbers are co-prime : (i) 24 and 150 (i) 51 and 64 (il) 105 and 88. 12.() Are the numbers 32 and 45 co-prime ? (li) If the numbers 32 and 45 are co-prime, write the values of their H.C.F. and L.C.M. 13. Find the H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of 96 and 60. Then show that the L.C.M. is exactly divisible by the H.C.