Chapter 9 and 10 Notes

3/1/11
 Western movement – Old northwest – Ohio River Valley
o Ohio, Indiana, Illinois became states
 Economic opportunities – land accumulation
o Old southwest – Kentucky, Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama
 Short staple cotton in demand
o Population explosion in west (average age 17)
 Western mentality – manhood honor
o Tests of strength
o Religions more democratic
o Women – quilters, sewing – communities
 Federal government land ordinances of 1785 and 1787
o Land bounties1812 war vets – 6 million acres for free
 Transcontinental Treaty of 1819 (Adams-Onís Treaty)
o United States received Florida, established border between Louisiana and Spanish
southwest
 Henry Clay – American Plan – build canals, bridges to connect America
o National Road – Wheeling, Virginia – Vidalia Illinois
 Native Americans – 5 civilized tribes – Christian, intermarried, assimilated
o Cherokee Nation – NW Georgia
o Jackson – renowned Indian fighter, war hawk
 Opposed to Native American nations
 Advocated state control
o 1830 – Indian Removal Act – move Native Americans to west of Mississippi
 $500,000 cost of removal
 Chief Osceola – Seminole chief, led 10 year war in everglades
o 1832 – Worcester/Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
 Marshall said Cherokee could not be independent, were dependant state
within a state, but entitled to federal protection
 Jackson ignores ruling
3/2/11
 Native American removal
o Treaty of Echota – 3 or 4 lesser chiefs gave away Georgia land
 $5.6 million for 180 million acres
 Trail of Tears – forced march – 8,000 out of 24,000 died
 Jackson – keep them out of harm’s way
 1832 – Black Hawk War with Sac and Fox
o Opened all of west to settlement
 Agricultural Boom in west – rich land especially Ohio River Valley
o Wheat, corn, barley
 Farm for profit – cash crop/surplus
 Demand up after War of 1812, goods to Caribbean Sea
  American farm goods to France, England
o More farmers went west
 Buy farms, equipment, seeds, fertilizer on credit
 Max price, mortgage
 Price in marketplace – harvest
o Hope had been communities would cooperate to buy 640 acre parcels
o Federalists in 1790’s sold land to speculators
o Republicans in 1800’s lowered amount to 320, 160
 1816 – National Bank re-chartered under Madison
o $35 million put in
o Largest lending institution in America
 Sold more land into speculation
 South 1793 – Eli Whitney – cotton gin – 1000X efficiency
o Oversupply of commodities
 Panic of 1819 – 1st depression, foreclosures – banks overprinted bank notes
o National Bank blamed
3/3/11
 Panic of 1819 – End of Era of Good Feelings
 American business – Laissez Faire Economics
o Adam Smith 1776 – Wealth of Nations – “invisible hand of business”
 Supply and Demand – competition – free enterprise – take risk to profit
 Limited Laissez Faire – use of private property
 Manufacturing capital goods
o Labor  finished goods goods to market
 Transportation Revolution – 1807 Clermont steamship – Livingston and Fulton
o Government license – monopoly
o Gibbons v. Ogden – Marshall decided interstate trade so government could
regulate
 Goods down Mississippi river to New Orleans – canal building
o New York governor Dewitt Clinton
o 385 mile Erie Canal from Buffalo to Albany – connected Lake Erie with Hudson
River, 83 locks
o Irish immigrants built it
o 30 ¢ a ton to ship  2 ¢ a ton
o Old northwest connected to northeast
o Interdependent economy
o New York City became commercial center of America
3/7/11
 Industrial Revolution – manual labor  machine labor
 Dartmouth v. Woodard – John Marshall said Pre-Revolutionary contract with
Dartmouth College stood – sanctity of contracts
 Eli Whitney – interchangeable parts – standardization
 Moses Brown – loaned Samuel Slater money
o Women mill girls, men farm around factory  factory town
  Boston Manufacturing Association – closed corporation – stocks sold only to family and
close friends
 Lowells – Henry Cabot Lowell
o Waltham, Massachusetts – hydro-powered mill on Charles River
o Waltham system – 1st factory system in America
o Lowell, Massachusetts – factory town
o 60 hour work week for mill girls - $1.20 per week, paid 60¢ back to mill
3/8/11
 Artisans and skilled laborers  New York City and Philadelphia
o Founded shops, taught their craft to unskilled laborers, shipped to country and
suburbs
o Workingman’s Organization/Trade union
 Eastern farmers lost wealth, western farmers gained
o Eastern farmers – cities – day laborers – urban poor – lowest wages
o Boston – Richest 10% owned 50% of wealth
 By 1848, richest 4% owned 66%
 Urban wealthy/elite lived in back bay/on beacon hill
 500 wealthy families, 250 on 8 streets in New York
 Putting up social barriers esp. with clubs
 Pauperism – extreme poverty, edge of survival
o Missionaries said deserving and undeserving poor
o 1830’s and 1840’s – Irish immigration – settled in cities with own people
 Despised because job competition, Catholic prejudice
 5 Points – New York City Irish ghetto
 Free blacks – slavery had ended in north, but racism existed
o No voting rights, segregation, no freedom of movement, menial jobs
o Philadelphia Episcopal Church – blacks thrown out for sitting in white pews
 Richard Allen – first black bishop, formed African Methodist Episcopal
Church (AME)
 First antislavery church – boycott of southern goods
o 1787 – African Free School
o 1820’s – Phoenixonian Society – called for black schools funded by black
people, end of dependence on white people
 Rags  riches myth
o Wealth came from inheritance or marriage
3/9/11
 Middling classes – need for professional labor
o Boom in construction – contractors
o Business cycles
o Transience – always search for work
 Catherine Beecher – sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe (author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin),
daughter of a preacher, wrote The Cult of Domesticity establishing women in different
sphere of influence – keeper of house
o Birth control – 1840’s 5 children average  3.6
 o Evolution of private courtships
 Attack of Professionals – politicians, doctors, lawyers, ministers – what makes them
better people?
 2nd Great Awakening – Questioning of Old Theology
 Samuel Thompson – questioned medicine, doctors, diseases
 Vertical hierarchical  Horizontal relationships
3/10/11
 End of Caucus system – (pre 1824) 8 or 9 party leaders pick a candidate
o Convention System – (lasted to 1980) state elects delegates, nominating process
– more voices
o Secret ballots as opposed to show of hands
o Party Tickets – President and Vice President run together
 Election of 1824 – all republican candidates, ran on section of country
o John Quincy Adams – from Massachusetts – represented North – Sec. of State
o Henry Clay – from Kentucky – represented West – Speaker of House
o Andrew Jackson – from Tennessee – represented West
o William Crawford – from Georgia – represented South – Sec. of Treasury
 Had a stroke, out of election
o John C. Calhoun – from S. Carolina – represented South – Sec. of War
 Left election, more interested in becoming VP
o No clear winner, vote goes to Congress
 Clay gives vote to Adam so Jackson doesn’t win
 As soon as election over, Adams makes Clay Sec. of State
 Jackson calls it “corrupt bargain”
 Jackson returns to Tennessee to form Democratic Party
 Adams – seen as aloof, elitist, out of touch with America
o Represented establishment, East Coast Mentality
 Clay – American Plan had failed under Monroe, tries again
o Martin van Buren – Democratic New York Senator – believed roads would rival
Erie Canal
 Blocks legislature
 1820’s Revolutions against Spain Latin American Conference of new countries
o Southern opposition because of Haiti slave revolt
o Refused to allow American delegate to attend
 1826 – off-year election – Democrats achieve majority in Congress
o Tariff of 1826 (Tariff of Abominations) – raised import tariff from 25% to 50%
 Martin van Buren pushes it through
 Democrats protect northern businesses to get northern votes
 Election of 1828
o Democrat – Jackson (West) + Calhoun (South – VP)
o Republican – John Q. Adams (North) + Crawford (South – VP)
 Jackson wins
 Return to Jeffersonianism, government of common people
3/14/11
  South Carolina – high unemployment because cotton market crashed
o Moved to lower south
 1828 – Calhoun writes South Carolina Exposition and Protest – pamphlet saying states
should have right to nullify unjust laws (anonymously written, but many knew)
 1831 – slave revolts – Virginia – Nat Turner’s Revolt – wanted to overthrow
government, start all-black state in Appalachia similar to Haiti
o Killed 55-65 whites, Virginia sent into state of panic, 100-200 mostly innocent
blacks killed in retaliation
o House of Burgesses in Virginia considered ending slavery, decided to keep it by 3
votes
o William Lloyd Garrison – published first antislavery paper, The Liberator
 Rachel Jackson – shunned by Washington society after rumors that she hadn’t been
legitimately divorced from her ex-husband
o John Eaton – Sec. of Navy – affair with married woman, her husband died, they
got married – Peggy Eaton – also shunned
 Jackson listed to Kitchen Cabinet, ignored real one
 1832 – South Carolina convention voted to nullify tariff
o Refused to collect tariffs after February 1, 1833
o 1833 – Force Act – gave Jackson power to send 10,000 troops to Charleston, SC
to enforce tariff
 Henry Clay – Redistribution Act – redistribute tariff to states in south for infrastructure
o Reduce tariff back to 25% over the course of ten years
 Bank of the United States
o Henry Clay pushes for Bank to apply for charter four years early
o Jackson could nullify and alienate north or not nullify and alienate west
o Congress approves re-charter, Jackson vetoes
 Election of 1832 – Clay – republican candidate
o Jackson and VP van Buren – democrats
 Win by landslide
 Roger B. Taney – from Michigan – Sec. of Treasury
o State Banks – “Pet Banks” – loans to speculators in west
3/15/11 – *Extra Stuff
 Whig Party – came from National Republican Party
o Base in both North and South – East Coast
o Suspicious of internal improvements
o Some favored nullification, National Bank
 Election of 1836
o Democrats – Martin van Buren (Jackson favorite), Lawson (TN)
o Whigs had three candidates; Harrison (OH), Webster (Massachusetts), Mangum
(North Carolina)
o Van Buren wins
 Panic of 1837 – severe depression
o State banks felt they had easy money after National Bank ended
o Worse than Panic of 1819
 o Van Buren called for creation of independent Treasury
 1840 – Independent Treasury Bill
 Election of 1840 – van Buren re-nominated, Whigs nominated William Harrison again
o William Henry Harrison wins, becomes ninth president
 Second Great Awakening – religious movement
Vocabulary
Five Civilized Tribes – Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole, Cherokee – Christianized,
intermarried, assimilated
Laissez Faire – no government interference in business
Capital Goods – Goods used to make other goods, i.e. machinery, tools
Industrial Revolution – manual labor  machine labor
Closed corporation – stocks sold only to family and close friends
Workingman’s Organization/Trade union – union of skilled laborers
Pauperism – extreme poverty, edge of survival
5 Points – New York City Irish ghetto
Transience – always search for work
Caucus system – (pre 1824) 8 or 9 party leaders pick a candidate
Party Tickets – President and Vice President run together
Kitchen Cabinet – group of Andrew Jackson’s friends that advised him on presidential matters
in place of his real cabinet, meeting in the kitchen of the White House
Pet Banks – state banks that received a lot of money after the end of the National Bank
*Spoils System – basing appointment on party loyalty

People
Andrew Jackson
 Renowned Indian fighter, war hawk
 From Tennessee, represented West
 1824 candidate, later became 7th president in 1828
o Wanted a return to Jeffersonian Republicanism
 For common people, states’ rights
 Felt betrayed by first vice president, Calhoun
 Used Kitchen Cabinet of close friends instead of official one
 Ends National Bank
 Elected by landslide for second term
Henry Clay
 From Kentucky – American Plan to connect America
 Speaker of House of Representatives under Monroe
 Candidate in Election of 1824, gave votes to Adams to prevent Jackson winning
 Author of Missouri Compromise
 Redistribution Act
 Pushed bank of United States to apply for charter 4 years early
 Runs for president in 1832
Chief Osceola
 Seminole chief, led 10 year war in everglades
John Marshall
 Supreme Court justice
o Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
o Gibbons v. Ogden
o Dartmouth v. Woodard
Adam Smith
 Wrote 1776 book Wealth of Nations on Laissez Faire economics
Dewitt Clinton
 New York governor responsible for Erie Canal
Moses Brown
 Loaned Samuel Slater money to start mill
Richard Allen
 First black bishop, formed African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)
Catherine Beecher
 Sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe (author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin), daughter of a preacher,
wrote The Cult of Domesticity establishing women in different sphere of influence –
keeper of house
Samuel Thompson
 Questioned medicine, doctors, diseases
John Quincy Adams
 From Massachusetts, represented North
 Secretary of State under Monroe administration
 6th President
o Haunted by “corrupt bargain” during presidency
William Crawford
 From Georgia, represented South
 Secretary of Treasury under Monroe
 Candidate in Election of 1828, had a stroke, out of election
John C. Calhoun
 From South Carolina, represented South
 Secretary of War under Monroe
 Candidate in Election of 1824, left to run as VP with Jackson, wins that
o Encouraged South Carolina to nullify Tariff of 1826
 Defender of slavery
 Wrote South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Martin van Buren
 Democratic New York Senator
 Believed roads would rival Erie Canal, blocks Clay’s American Plan
 Became VP during Jackson’s second term
 Wins Election of 1836, becomes 8th president
Nat Turner
 Slave that led revolt in Virginia
William Lloyd Garrison
 published first antislavery paper, The Liberator, said slavery is sin
Rachel Jackson
 Shunned by Washington society after rumors that she hadn’t been legitimately divorced
from her ex-husband
John Eaton
 Sec. of Navy under Jackson
  Affair with married woman, her husband died, they got married
Peggy Eaton
 Also shunned by Washington society after her husband died mysteriously and she
married John Eaton
Nicholas Biddle
 President of Second Bank of United States
 *Charged with fraud and theft in Panic of 1837
Roger B. Taney
 From Michigan, Sec. of Treasury under Jackson’s second term
*William Henry Harrison
 Ran in Election of 1836
 Wins election of 1840, becomes ninth president

Timeline/Events
1807
 Clermont steamship
1816
 National Bank re-chartered under Madison
1819
 Transcontinental Treaty of 1819 (Adams-Onís Treaty)
o United States received Florida, established border between Louisiana and Spanish
southwest
 Panic of 1819 – 1st depression, foreclosures – banks overprinted bank notes
1824
 Gibbons v. Ogden – eliminated monopoly, government regulates interstate trade
 End of Caucus System, institution of Convention System
 Election of 1824 – John Quincy Adams wins after vote goes to Congress
1826
 Off-year Election – Democrats seize majority in Congress
 Tariff of 1826 (Tariff of Abominations) – raised import tariff from 25% to 50%
o Martin van Buren pushes it through
o Democrats protect northern businesses to get northern votes
1828
 Jackson elected president
 South Carolina Exposition and Protest – pamphlet saying states should have right to
nullify unjust laws (anonymously written, but many knew it was by Calhoun)
1830
 Indian Removal Act – move Native Americans to west of Mississippi
1831
 Trail of Tears
 Nat Turner’s Revolt – wanted to overthrow government, start all-black state in
Appalachia similar to Haiti
 o Killed 55-65 whites, Virginia sent into state of panic, 100-200 mostly innocent
blacks killed in retaliation
 House of Burgesses considers end of slavery, keeps it by 3 votes
1832
 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia – Dependant state within state, but entitled to federal
protection, ignored by Jackson
 Black Hawk War – against Sac and Fox, opened west to settlement
 Convention in South Carolina votes to nullify Tariff of 1826 - Calhoun
 National Bank re-chartered, Jackson vetoes
1833
 Force Act – gave Jackson power to send 10,000 troops to Charleston, SC to enforce
tariff
 Redistribution Act – redistribute tariff to states in south for infrastructure
o Reduce tariff back to 25% over the course of ten years
1837
 *Election of 1836 – Martin van Buren wins
1837
 *Panic of 1837 – severe depression
 *Van Buren signs Independent Treasury Bill – replace Bank
1840
 *Election of 1840 – William Henry Harrison wins