INTRODUCTION
TO DATA
MANAGEMENT
Ria S. Arellado
DATA AND INFORMATION
DATA: Facts concerning people, objects, vents or other
entities. Databases store data.
INFORMATION: Data presented in a form suitable for
interpretation.
Data is converted into information by programs and
queries. Data may be stored in files or in databases.
Neither one stores information.
KNOWLEDGE: Insights into appropriate actions based
on interpreted data.
KNOWLEDGE GENERATION
DATA
INFORMATION
BASIC PRINCIPLES
DATABASE: A shared collection of interrelated
data designed to meet the varied information
needs of an organization.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: A collection
of programs to create and maintain a database.
Define
Construct
Manipulate
ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE PROCESSING
More information from same data Integrity
Shared data Security
Balancing conflicts among users Increased productivity
Controlled redundancy Data independence
Consistency
DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE
PROCESSING
Increased size
Increased complexity
More expensive personnel
Increased impact of failure
Difficulty of recovery
Cost
Especially server and mainframe systems
OBJECTIVES OF THE DBMS APPROACH
SELF-DESCRIBING
DATA INDEPENDENCE
MULTIPLE VIEWS
MULTIPLE USERS
WHAT IS A DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM?
Data Files
Directory
Access Engine
Utility Programs
DATABASE
DATA
METADATA
ACCESS ENGINE
UTILITIES
FILES AND DATABASES
Metadata
“Data about data”
Description of fields
Display and format instructions
Structure of files and tables
Security and access rules
Triggers and operational rules
DATABASE ACCESS
USER
INTERFACE
DATABASE
PROGRAM
HISTORY OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT
File Management Systems
Hierarchical Model
IBM “Information Management System (IMS)” 1966
Network Model
Charles Bachman’s “Integraded Data Store (IDS)” 1965
Conference on Data Systems Languages /DataBase Task Group
CODASYL/DBTG (1971)
Relational Model
E.F. Codd, 1970
FILE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
- Provided facilities to extract
data and share files, but did not
implement any way to connect
records in one file to those in
another. Relationships had to be
implemented in application code.
DATABASE VS FILE SYSTEMS
FILE SYSTEM
Program 1 Meta-Data
Program 2 Meta-Data Data
Program 3 Meta-Data
DATABASE
Program 1
Meta-
Program 2 Data Data
Program 3
STRUCTURED DATABASES
- Relationships were implemented by
physical pointers (called “sets”) which
allowed records to be connected in
different files. Hierarchical databases
allow only one parent set; networks
allow several. These permit efficient
processing but the sets must be
constructed on data entry and cannot
be rearranged later.
RELATIONAL MODELS
- Relational models implement
relationships with matched data values
in related files (called primary and
foreign keys). Any attributes can be
matched. The connection is established
at retrieval so interconnections can be
developed as needed.
HIERARCHY
SECTION
STUDENT INSTRUCTOR
COLLEGE COLLEGE
Each file can have only one parent. To implement a second
“parent” (COLLEGE) we have to implement a shadow copy.
NETWORK
SECTION
STUDENT INSTRUCTOR
COLLEGE
Each file can have several parents. Both SECTION and
COLLEGE are “parent” files..
RELATIONAL
SECTION
SECTION-STUDENT SECTION-INSTRUCTOR
SECTION-KEY SECTION-KEY
STUDENT-KEY INSTRUCTOR-KEY
STUDENT INSTRUCTOR
COLLEGE-KEY COLLEGE-KEY
COLLEGE
Each file can have several parents. Both SECTION and
COLLEGE are “parent” files..
RELATIONAL TERMINOLOGY
Entity
Person, place, thing or event about which we
wish to keep data
Attribute
property of an entity
Relationship
an association among entities (entity records)
DATA MANAGEMENT
Designing and managing information in a
data base environment requires:
Understanding the principles of
data modeling in system design.
Using SQL for data manipulation.
Understanding the concepts of
managing data in a database
environment.
INFORMATION SYSTEM MODELING
APPROACHES
PROCESS MODELING: The traditional method of designing
systems by following the changes to data flows.
DATA MODELING: An approach to system development that
specifies the file structure that conforms to the things
important to the organization.
PROTOTYPING: An iterative approach that focuses on
building small operating
OBJECT MODELING (Event driven design):
Defines objects that contain data and associated processing
rules encapsulated together.
THANK YOU
