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Lecture Notes Digital Logic and Design (DLD) : Dr. Tahira Shujah

This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on Boolean algebra. [1] A Boolean variable can only have a value of 1 or 0. The complement of a variable is its inverse, indicated by an overbar. [2] The basic laws of Boolean algebra, such as commutative, associative, and distributive laws, are the same as ordinary algebra. [3] There are also 12 basic rules for manipulating and simplifying Boolean expressions, such as a variable ORed with 0 equals the variable, and a variable ANDed with its complement equals 0.

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51 views12 pages

Lecture Notes Digital Logic and Design (DLD) : Dr. Tahira Shujah

This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on Boolean algebra. [1] A Boolean variable can only have a value of 1 or 0. The complement of a variable is its inverse, indicated by an overbar. [2] The basic laws of Boolean algebra, such as commutative, associative, and distributive laws, are the same as ordinary algebra. [3] There are also 12 basic rules for manipulating and simplifying Boolean expressions, such as a variable ORed with 0 equals the variable, and a variable ANDed with its complement equals 0.

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prince12
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Lecture Notes

Digital Logic And Design (DLD)


Dr. Tahira Shujah

(Lecture 3)
(Boolean Variables, Boolean Algebra, Basic Theorems, Laws and
rules of Boolean algebra)
Boolean Variable:
“A variable is a symbol (usually an italic uppercase letter or word) used to represent an
action, a condition, or data.”
 Any single variable can have only a 1 or a 0 value.
Compliment:
“The complement is the inverse of a variable and is indicated by a bar over the variable
(overbar).”
 For example, the complement of the variable A is A. If A = 1, then A = 0. If A = 0, then A
= 1.
 The complement of the variable A is read as “not A” or “A bar.”
 Sometimes a prime symbol rather than an overbar is used to denote the complement of a
variable; for example, B⸍ indicates the complement of B.

Laws of Boolean Algebra:


 The basic laws of Boolean algebra—the commutative laws for addition and
multiplication, the associative laws for addition and multiplication, and the distributive
law—are the same as in ordinary algebra.
 Each of the laws is illustrated with two or three variables, but the number of variables is
not limited to this.
Commutative Laws

Commutative Law of Addition:

Statement:

“The order in which the variables are ORed(added) makes no difference.”

A+B=B+A
Commutative Law of Multiplication:

Statement:

“This law states that the order in which the variables are ANDed (multiplied) makes no
difference.”

AB = BA

Associative Laws

Associative Law of Addition:

Statement:

“This law states that when ORing more than two variables, the result is the same regardless of the
grouping of the variables.”

Associative Law of Multiplication:

Statement:

“This law states that it makes no difference in what order the variables are grouped when
ANDing more than two variables.”
Distributive Law
Statement:

“This law states that ORing two or more variables and then ANDing the result with a single
variable is equivalent to ANDing the single variable with each of the two or more variables and
then ORing the products.”

Rules of Boolean Algebra:


Table Below list 12 basic rules that are useful in manipulating and simplifying Boolean
expressions.
Rule 1:
“variable ORed with 0 is always equal to the variable.”

Rule 2:

“A variable ORed with 1 is always equal to 1.”

Rule 3:
“A variable ANDed with 0 is always equal to 0.”

Rule 4:
“A variable ANDed with 1 is always equal to the variable.”
Rule 5:
“A variable ORed with itself is always equal to the variable.”

Rule 6:
“A variable ORed with its complement is always equal to 1.”

Rule 7:
“A variable ANDed with itself is always equal to the variable.”

Rule 8:
“A variable ANDed with its complement is always equal to 0.”

Rule 9:
“The double complement of a variable is always equal to the variable.”
Rule 10:

This rule can be proved by applying the distributive law, rule 2, and rule 4 as follows:

Rule 11:

This rule can be proved as follows:


Rule 12:

This rule can be proved as follows:

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