Notes

What Do You Believe? (p. 1)

(From top to bottom): Gallup Poll, 2008. http://gallup.com/poll.21814/Evolution7-Creationism-Intelligent-
Design.aspx; Lydia Saad, “Increased Number Think Global Warming is ‘Exaggerated,’ ” Gallup Poll, March 11,
2009. http://www.gallup.com/poll/ 116590/Inreased-number-think-global-warming-exaggerated.05aspx;
CNN/Essence Magazine/Opinion Research Corporation Poll, March 26–April 2, 2008; “Cloning Humans,” Gallup
Poll, May 3–6, 2010. http://www.gallup.com/poll/6028/cloning.aspx; ABC News Poll, Jan 25–29, 2008; CBS News
Poll, March-April 2010, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-5154848-503544.html;
http://www.islandcrisis.net/2010/03/75-percent-say-world-not-end-2012/; Gallup Poll, “Same-Sex Marriage, Gay
Rights,” May 3–6, 2010. http://www.pollingreport.com/civil.htm; Gallup Poll, “Religion,” Dec. 11–13, 2009,
http://www.pollingreport.com/religion.htm; CBS News/NY Times Poll, April 20–24, 2007.
Chapter 1
1. Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority (New York: Harper & Row, 1974).
2. See Zimbardo, P. G. “The Power and Pathology of Imprisonment.” Congressional Record. (Serial No. 15,
October 25, 1975).
3. Ibid, p. 22.
4. For an excellent summary and analysis of the Milgram study, see John Sabini and Maury Silver, “Critical
Thinking and Obedience to Authority,” National Forum: The Phi Kappa Phi Journal, winter 1985, pp. 13–17.
5. Irving Copi, Symbolic Logic (New York: Macmillan, 1954), p. 1.
6. Ron Catrell, Fred A. Young, and Bradley C. Martin, “Antibiotic Prescribing in Ambulatory Care Settings for
Adults with Colds, Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Bronchitis,” Clinical Therapeutics, Vol. 24, Issue 1,
January 2002, pp. 170–182.
7. See “Extending the Cure: Policy Responses to the Growing Threat of Antibiotic Resistance,” Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation, March 2007.
8. “Trends in Reportable Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the United States, 2005,” Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, December 2006.
9. William G. Perry, Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in College Years: A Scheme (New York:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970).
10. See Milgram study on pages 1–2.
11. Dwight Boyd, “The Problem of Sophomoritis: An Educational Proposal,” Journal of Moral Education, Vol. 6,
Issue 1, October 1976, pp. 36–42.
12. Chau-Kiu Cheung, Elisabeth Rudowicz, Anna S.F. Kwan, and Xiao Dong Yue, “Assessing University Students’
General and Specific Critical Thinking,” College Student Journal, December 2002, Vol. 36, Issue 4, pp. 504–525.
13. Charles E. Murray, “Financial Fraud Targets Youth,” Washington Times, August 8, 2004; “The Demographics
of Identity Fraud,” April 2006. A Publication of Javeline Strategy & Research. http://www.javelinstrategy.com
14. Stephen A. Satris, “Student Relativism,” Teaching Philosophy, September 1986, pp. 193–200.
15. American Association of Community Colleges, “Students at Community Colleges,” 2009.
http://www.aacc.nche.edu/AboutCC/Trends/Pages/studentsatcommunitycolleges.aspx.
16. National Assessment of College Student Learning: 1995, pp. 15–16.
17. René Descartes, “Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One’s Reason and Seeking the Truth in the
Sciences,” in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, eds. John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald

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Murdoch (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 120.
18. Bradley J. Fisher and Diana K. Specht, “Successful Aging and Creativity in Later Life,” Journal of Aging
Studies, Vol. 13, Issue 4, winter 1999, p. 458.
19. Kimberly Palmer, “Creativity on Demand,” U.S. News & World Report, April 30, 2007, p. EE2.
20. Shunryu Suzuki, Zen Mind, Beginner’s Mind (New York, Weatherhill, 1989), pp. 13–14 and 21.
21. Sharon Begley, Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain (New York: Ballantine Books, 2007.)
22. “Transcendental Meditation in the Workplace,” 1999, www:tmscotland.org/popup/businesses.html.
23. Evelyn Fox Keller, Gender and Science (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985).
24. W. Steward Wallace, “Military History,” The Encyclopedia of Canada, Vol. 3 (Toronto: University Associates
of Canada, 1948), pp. 171–172.
25. Michael D. Yapko, PhD, “The Art of Avoiding Depression: Skills and Knowledge You’ll Need to Prevent
Depression,” Psychology Today, May 1, 1997; Michael D. Yapki, Breaking the Patterns of Depression (New York:
Doubleday Publishing, 1988). For further references on the role of faulty reasoning in depression, see “Cognitive
Therapy for Depression,” http://psychologyinfo.com/depression/cognitive.htm
26. American College Health Association, National Health Assessment: Spring 2003 (Baltimore: AMCH, 2003).
See also Daniel McGinn and Ron DePasquale, “Taking Depression On,” Newsweek, August 23, 2004, p. 59.
27. W. Irwin and G. Bassham, “Depression, Informal Fallacies, and Cognitive Therapy: The Critical Thinking
Cure,” Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines, 2002, Vol. 21, pp. 15–21, and Tom Gilbert, “Some
Reflections on Critical Thinking and Mental Health,” Teaching Philosophy, Vol. 26, Issue 4, December 2003, pp.
333–349.
28. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 408–409.
29. Cooperative Institute Research Program, The American Freshman National Norms for Fall 2009, Higher
Education Research Institute, University of California, December 2009.
30. For more on the Myers-Briggs test, see Paul D. Tieger and Barbara Barron-Teiger, Do What You Are: Discover
the Perfect Career for You Through the Secrets of Personality Type (Boston: Little, Brown, 1992) and David
Keirsey and Marilyn Bates, Please Understand Me: Character and Temperament Types (Del Mar, CA: Prometheus
Nemesis Books, 1984).
31. M. McLaughlin, “Embedded Identities: Enabling Balance in Urban Contexts,” in S. B. Heath and W. W.
McLaughlin, eds., Identity and Inner-City Youth: Beyond Ethnicity and Gender (New York: Teachers College Press,
1993), p. 54.
32. Michael D. Yapko, PhD, “The Art of Avoiding Depression: Skills and Knowledge You’ll Need to Prevent
Depression,” Psychology Today, May 1, 1997, and Richard Paul, “Critical Thinking: Basic Question and Answers,”
Think (April 1992).
33. Allen N. Mendler, Smiling at Yourself: Educating Young Children About Stress and Self-Esteem (Santa Cruz,
CA: Network, 1990), p. xvi.
34. Letter to David Harding (1824).
35. Einstein came in second. See Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe (New York: Simon and
Schuster, 2007).
36. Daryl G. Smith and Natalie B. Schonfeld, “The Benefits of Diversity: What the Research Tells Us,” About
Campus, November–December 2000, p. 21.
37. Daryl G. Smith and Natalie B. Schonfeld, “The Benefits of Diversity: What the Research Tells Us,” About
Campus, November–December 2000, p. 19.

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38. University of California Los Angeles, The American Freshman National Norms, 2009.
http://www.heri.ucla.edu/prdisplay.php?prQry=42
39. Immanuel Kant, “Proper Self-Esteem,” in Lectures on Ethics (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1775–1780/1963), p. 127.
40. Raymond V. Raehn, “The Historical Roots of Political Correctness,” Altermedia Scotland, June 29, 2004.
http://scot.altermedia.info/index.php?p=568
41. Al Gore, The Assault on Reason (New York: Penguin Press, 2007), p. 11.
42. “The Real Meaning Behind Horowitz Advertisement,” Op-Ed, Brown Daily Herald Vol. 139, no. 93, 2001
http://www.browndailyherald.com.
43. Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Growth in Prison and Jail Populations Slowing,” March 31, 2009 press release.
www.ojb.usdoj.gov/bjs
44. http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/drving.htm.
45. L. F. Ivanhoe, “Future World Oil Supplies: There is a Finite Limit.” http://dieoff.org/page 88.htm.
46. Quoted on Bill Moyers’s 1990 PBS broadcast of Pierre Sauvage’s 1989 television documentary Weapons of the
Spirit.
47. Elise J. West, “Perry’s Legacy: Models of Epistemological Development,” Journal of Adult Development, Vol.
11, Issue 2, April 2004, p. 62.
48. Ibid, p. 61.
49. Anne Harrigan and Virginia Vincenti, “Developing Higher-Order Thinking Through an Intercultural
Assignment,” College Teaching, Vol. 52, Issue 3, p. 117.
50. A. H. Martin, “An Experimental Study of the Factors and Types of Voluntary Choice,” Archives of Psychology,
1922, Vol. 51, pp. 40–41.
51. Peggy Orenstein, Schoolgirls: Young Women, Self-Esteem, and the Confidence Gap (New York: Doubleday,
American Association of University Women, 1994).
52. Alice Domar and Lynda Wright, “Could You Harbor Unconscious Prejudice?” Health, July/August 2004, Vol.
18, Issue 6, p. 139.
53. Tim Driver, “How Men and Women Use Their Time,” Salary.com, Inc.
54. Leon Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957), pp. 120–
121.
55. John Leach, “Why People ‘Freeze’ in an Emergency: Temporal and Cognitive Constraints on Survival
Responses,” Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, June 2004, Vol. 75, Issue 6, pp. 539–542.
56. Quoted in Amanda Ripley, “How to Get Out Alive,” Time, May 2, 2005, p. 62.
57. Zehra R. Peynircioglu, Jennifer L. W. Thompson, and Terri B. Tanielian, “Improvement Strategies in Free-
Throw Shooting and Grip-Strength Tasks,” Journal of General Psychology, April 2000, Vol. 127, Issue 2, pp. 145–
156.
58. Analogy used in a speech. Quoted in Douglas Adams, The Salmon of Doubt: Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last
Time (London: Macmillan, 2002).
59. Quinnipiac University Poll, May 6–June 1, 2009.
60. Jessica Howell, “Assessing the Impact of Eliminating Affirmative Action in Higher Education,” Journal of
Labor Economics, Vol. 28, Issue 1, January 2010, pp. 113–166.
Chapter 2

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1. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment, trans. by Jessie Coulson (Oxford University Press, 1953). For an
online edition of the novel, go to http://www.bartleby.com/318/
2. This logic problem is based on one from Gregory Bassham et al., Critical Thinking (New York, McGraw-Hill,
2005), p. 56.
3. The correct answer is E (to see if the vowel has an even number on its reverse side) and the 7 (to check that
there’s no vowel on the reverse side).
4. Quoted in S. F. Spontzis, Morals, Reason, and Animals (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987), p. 33.
5. Clive D. L. Wynne, Do Animals Think? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).
6. Temple Grandin, Matthew Peterson, and Gordon L. Shaw, “Spatial-temporal versus language-analytical
reasoning: the role of music training,” Arts Education Policy Review, July–August 1998, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 11–14.
7. See Jonathan Barnes, Articles on Aristotle: Ethics and Politics (Duckworth, 1977).
8. For other examples of this type of thinking, see Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Emile (1762), Hegel’s Philosophy of
Right (1872), and Friedrich Nietzsche’s Beyond Good and Evil, Part VII (1886).
9. Naomi Schaefer Riley, “Sarah Palin Feminism,” Wall Street Journal, Sept. 5, 2008.
10. See Steven Goldberg, “The Logic of Patriarchy,” in Fads and Fallacies in the Social Sciences (Amherst, NY:
Humanity Books, 2003), pp. 93–108.
11. For more on research on sex differences, see Kingsley Browne, Biology at Work: Rethinking Sexual Equality
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002); Anne Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and
the Construction of Sexuality (New York: Basic Books, 2000); Melissa Hines, Brain Gender (New York: Oxford
University Press, 2004); Steven Rhoads, Taking Sex Differences Seriously (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2004);
Leonard Sax, Why Gender Matters: What Parents and Teachers Need to Know About the Emerging Science of Sex
Differences (New York: Doubleday, 2005).
12. “Over 30 and Over the Hill,” The Economist, Vol. 371, Issue 8381, June 26, 2004, p. 60.
13. See Bruce Bower, “A Thoughtful Angle on Dreaming,” Science News, June 2, 1990, Vol. 137, Issue 22, p. 348.
14. Quoted in Barbara Kantrowitz and Karen Springen, “What Dreams Are Made Of,” Newsweek, August 9, 2004,
p. 44.
15. J. L. McClelland, “Toward a Pragmatic Connectionism.” In P. Baumgartner and S. Payr, eds., Speaking Minds:
Interviews with Twenty Eminent Cognitive Scientists (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 141.
16. Deidre Barrett, The Committee of Sleep: How Artists, Scientists and Athletes Use Their Dreams for Creative
Problem Solving (New York: Crown/Random House, 2001).
17. Mark Nelson, “Sleep On It: Solving Business Problems,” Nation’s Business, December 1987, Vol. 75, Issue 12,
pp. 72–73.
18. For more information on the role of sleep and dreams in solving problems and reducing stress, read Eric
Maisel’s book Sleep Thinking (Avon, MA: Adams Media Corp. 2001).
19. Reuven Bar-Levav, Thinking in the Shadow of Feelings (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), p. 20.
20. This exercise is adapted from Daniel Rigney, “What If You Could Be Instantly Smarter? A Thought
Experiment,” The Futurist, Vol. 38, Issue 2, March-April 2004, pp. 34–36.
21. Barbara J. Thayer-Bacon, “Feminism and Critical Thinking,” in Joe L. Kincheloe and Danny Weil, Critical
Thinking and Learning: An Encyclopedia for Parents and Teachers (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), p. 280.
22. Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (New York, Random House, 2001).
23. Reuver Bar-Levav, Thinking in the Shadow of Feelings (New York: Touchstone Book, 1988), p. 116.

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24. W. J. Ndaba, “The Challenge to African Philosophy,”
http://singh.reshma.tripod.com/alternation/alternation6_1/12JNDABA.htm
25. Edward R. Howe, “Secondary Teachers Conceptions of Critical Thinking in Canada and Japan: A Comparative
Study,” Teacher and Teaching, Vol. 10, Issue 5, November 2004, pp. 505–525.
26. Janette Warwick and Ted Nettelbeck, “Emotional Intelligence Is ... ?” Personality and Individual Differences,
Vol. 37, Issue 5, October 2004, pp. 1091–1100.
27. J. D. Mayer and P. Salovey, “What Is Emotional Intelligence,” in P. Salovey and D. J. Sluyter, eds., Emotional
Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications (Basic Books: New York, 1997), p. 10.
28. Al Gore, The Assault on Reason (New York: Penguin Press, 2007), pp. 154–155.
29. For more on the importance of emotional intelligence in everyday life, see David Goleman’s Emotional
Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ (1995).
30. Delores Gallo, “Educating for Empathy, Reason, and Imagination,” in Kerry S. Walters, ed., Re-Thinking
Reason: New Perspectives in Critical Thinking (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1994), p. 56.
31. Matthew P. Walker, Conor Liston, J. Allan Hobson, and Robert Stickgold, “Cognitive Flexibility Across the
Sleep-Wake Cycle: REM-Sleep Enhancement of Anagram Problem Solving,” Cognitive Brain Research, Vol. 14,
Issue 3, November 2002, pp. 317.
32. Nel Noddings, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1984).
33. Kerry S. Walters, “Critical Thinking, Rationality, and the Vulcanization of Students,” in Kerry S. Walters, ed.,
Re-Thinking Reason: New Perspectives in Critical Thinking (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press,
1994), pp. 61–63.
34. W. J. Ndaba, “The Challenge to African Philosophy,”
http://singh.reshma.tripod.com/alternation/alternation6_1/12JNDABA.htm
35. Patrick Henry Winston, Artificial Intelligence, 3rd ed. (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1993).
36. For more on the Turing test, go to http://www.turing.org.uk.
37. See http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3503465.stm and Charles W. Bailey, Jr., Truly
Intelligent Computers (Library & Information Technology Association, 1992),
http://www.cni.org/pub/LITA/Think/Bailey.html
38. http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/kismet/kismet.html. Also see “Robot Pals” on PBS
Nova for more on Kismet and Leonardo.
39. Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence (New York:
Viking, 1999), p. 4.
40. Herbert A. Simon, “Machines as Mind,” in Kenneth M. Ford, Clark Glymour, and Patrick J. Hayes, eds.,
Android Epistemology (Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press, 1995), p. 36.
41. See Roger Penrose’s The Emperor’s New Mind (Oxford University Press, 1989) and Shadows of the Mind
(Oxford University Press, 1994).
42. Steven Pinker, “Using Our Minds to Help Heal Ourselves,” Newsweek, September 27, 2004.
43. Margaret A. Boden, “Could a Robot Be Creative?” in Kenneth M. Ford, Clark Glymour, and Patrick J. Hayes,
eds., Android Epistemology (Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press, 1995), pp. 69–70.
44. For a more in-depth coverage of this topic, refer to Paul Helm, ed., Faith and Reason (Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 1999).
45. Quoted in Brian Kolodiejchuk, Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light (New York: Doubleday, 2007).

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46. For more on the work and writings of Billy Graham, go to http://www.billygraham.org/
47. For an example of fideism, read Danish existentialist Søren Kierkegaard’s “Concluding Unscientific Postscript
to the Philosophical Fragments.”
48. Richard Dawkins, “Viruses of the Mind.” In Paul Kurtz and Timothy J. Madigan, Challenges to Enlightenment:
In Defense of Reason and Science (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1994), p. 197.
49. Dean Hamer, The God Gene: How Faith Is Hardwired into Our Genes (New York: Doubleday, 2004).
50. Lippman Bodoff, “Was Abraham Ready to Kill His Son?” in Hershel Shanks, ed., Abraham and Family: New
Insights into the Patriarchal Narratives (Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society, 2000).
51. For more on this argument, see colonial American theologian Jonathan Edward’s sermon on “Reason No
Substitute for Revelation,” in Paul Helm, ed., Faith and Reason (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 221–
222.
52. Keith A. Roberts, Religion in Sociological Perspective (Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press, 1984), p. 62.
53. Cited in “College Students Losing Faith?” A Chronicle of the Christian Faith, August 24, 2004.
http://www.inthefaith.com/ 2004/08/24/college-students-losing-faith/
54. http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=34540
55. “Special Report: Muslim World,” Gallup World Poll, 2006.
56. Gallup Poll, Dec. 11–13, 2009.
57. Globus: International Affairs Poll, The Associated Press Poll, May 13–26, 2005.
Chapter 3
1. Noam Chomsky, On Language and Nature (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002). See also
Mark C. Baker, The Atoms of Language: The Mind’s Hidden Rules of Grammar (New York: Basic Books, 2001).
2. Geoffrey Sampson, The ‘Language Instinct’ Debate (London: Continuum International, 2005).
3. “Language,” The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 22073.
4. Veanne N. Anderson, Dorothy Simpson-Taylor, and Douglas J. Herrmann, “Gender, Age, and Rape: Supportive
Rules,” Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, Vol. 50, Issue 1, January 2004, pp. 77–90.
5. Lindsley Smith, “Juror Assessment of Veracity, Deception, and Credibility” (for publication),
http://www.uark.edu/depts/comminfo/CLR/smith1.html
6. Estes Thompson, “ ‘Moral Call’ Led Soldier to Expose Prison Abuse,”
http://aolsvc.news.aol.com/news/article.adp?id=20040803033109990001
7. Sarah Childress, “A New Controversy in the Fetal-Rights Wars,” Newsweek, March 29, 2004, p. 7.
8. All passages are from The New English Bible (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1972).
9. For more on the development of the English language, see David Wilton, “A (Very) Brief History of the
English Language,” http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/a_very_brief_
history_of_the_english_language3/
10. This exercise is from Clive Wynne’s book Do Animals Think? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
2004), p. 108.
11. Lois Pineau, “Date Rape: A Feminist Analysis,” Law and Philosophy, Vol. 8, 1989, pp. 217–243.
12. “General Information about Learning Disabilities,” Fact Sheet Number 7 (FS7), 1997.
http://www.kidsource.com/NICHCY/learning_disabilities.html

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13. Prior HHS Poverty Guidelines and Federal Register References, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services,
http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/08computations.shtml
14. Mary Daly, Beyond God the Father (Boston: Beacon Press, 1985).
15. Chapter 48 of the Texas Statutes Human Resources Code,
http://tlo2.tlc.state.tx.us/statutes/docs/HR/content/pdf/hr.002.00.000048.00 .pdf
16. http://www.answers.com/topic/community-college
17. Samuel Johnson, Dictionary of the English Language, 1755.
18. Chris Mooney, “Emotional Rescue,” Seed Magazine, May/June 2007, pp. 26–28.
19. Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (New York: Random House, 2001), pp. 1253–1254.
20. Cherrie Moraga, Loving the War Years (Boston: South End Press, 1983).
21. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12242/12242-h/12242-h.htm
22. Shelly L. Gable, Harry T. Reis, and Geraldine Downey, “He Said, She Said: A Quasi-Signal Detection Analysis
of Daily Interactions Between Close Relationship Partners,” Psychological Science, Vol. 14, Issue 2, March 2003, p.
102.
23. Diana K. Ivy and Phil Backlund, GenderSpeak: Personal Effectiveness in Gender Communication, 3rd ed.
(Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004), p. 211.
24. Deborah Tannen, You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Communication (New York: Morrow, 1990),
p. 42.
25. Amy Clements, “Study Confirms Males/Females Use Different Parts of Brain in Language and Visuospatial
Tasks,” Brain and Language, Vol. 98, August 2006, pp. 150–158.
26. For a debate on this issue, go to http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript216.html
27. Mark P. Orbe, “Remember, It’s Always Their Ball: Descriptions of African American Male Communication,”
Communication Quarterly, Vol. 42, Issue 3, summer 1994, pp. 287–300.
28. Jean Chatzky, “Wheel and Deals,” Time, October 18, 2004, p. 94.
29. Michelle LeBaron, “Culture-Based Negotiation Styles,” Intractable Conflict Knowledge Base Project,
University of Colorado, 2003, http://www.beyondintractability.org/m/culture_negotiation.jsp
30. Phil Williams and Veronica Duncan, “Different Communication Styles May Be at Root of Many Problems
Between African American Males and Females,” University of Georgia News Bureau, October 8, 1998,
http://www.uga.edu/columns/101998/campnews3.html
31. Li-Jun Ji, Zhiyong Zhang, and Richard E. Nisbett. “Is It Culture or Is It Language? Examination of Language
Effects in Cross-Cultural Research on Categorization,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 87, Issue
1, July 2004, PsychARTICLES, http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/87/1/57.html, p. 2.
32. AnneMarie Pajewski and Luis Enriquez, Teaching from a Hispanic Perspective: A Handbook for Non-Hispanic
Adult Educators (Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Adult Literacy and Technology Resource Center, 96),
http://www.literacynet.org/lp/hperspectives/hispcult.html
33. Ibid.
34. For more information on fashion as language, see Stuart Hall, Representation: Cultural Representations and
Signifying Practices (London: Sage Publications, 1997), p. 37.
35. Daniel Okrent, “The War of the Words: A Dispatch from the Front Lines,” New York Times, March 6, 2005.
36. “Tourism: Do Slogans Sell?” Newsweek, August 30, 2004, p. 9.

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37. George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (New York: New American Library, 1949), pp. 176–177.
38. Gallup poll, 2002, p. 45.
39. “Gay Marriage in Oregon,” Letters to the editor, Newsweek
40. March 22, 2004, p. 45.
41. Bernard N. Nathanson and Richard N. Ostling, Aborting America (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1979), p. 193.
42. Mark G. Frank and Thomas Hugh Feeley, “To Catch a Liar: Challenges for Research in Lie Detection
Training,” Journal of Applied Communication Research, Vol. 31, Issue 1, February 2003, p. 60.
43. Nationally televised speech by President Clinton, CNN, August 17, 1998.
44. Denis Boyles, “A Guide to Everything that Matters.” AARP, September/October 2004, p. 108.
45. Mark G. Frank and Thomas Hugh Feeley, “To Catch a Liar: Challenges for Research in Lie Detection
Training,” Journal of Applied Communication Research, Vol. 31, Issue 1, February 2003, p. 59.
46. Carrie Lock, “Deception Detection,” Science News, Vol. 166, Issue 5, July 13, 2004, p. 72.
47. Frederic Golden, “Face the Music: How New Computers Catch Deceit,” Time Europe, March 13, 2000, Vol.
155, no. 10, p. 46.
48. Richard H. Escobales, Jr., “The Heated Debate over Stem Cell Research,” Letter to the editor, Newsweek, Nov.
8, 2004, p. 16.
49. David Ansen, “Not So Great,” Newsweek, November 29, 2004, p. 60.
50. Sarah Childress and Dirk Johnson, “The Hot Sound of Hate,” Newsweek, November 29, 2004, p. 30.
51. Marvin Olasky, “Blue-State Philosopher,” World, November 27, 2004, p. 34.
52. Michael D. Lemonick, “In Search of Sleep,” Newsweek, September 27, 2004, p. 44.
53. Josh White, “Tillman Killed by ‘Friendly Fire’,” Washington Post, May 30, 2004, p. A01.
54. Jonathan Swift, “A Modest Proposal,” 1729.
55. Sarah Palin’s Facebook page, August 7, 2009.
56. Headline from the March 22, 2004, Weekly World News, pp. 26–27.
57. Brooke Noel Moore and Richard Parker, Critical Thinking (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), p. 144.
58. James Geary, “Deceitful Minds: The Awful Truth about Lying,” Time Europe, March 13, 2000, Vol. 155, Issue
10. http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/2000/313/deceit.html
59. Christian Mignot, “Lawsuits, Debate Intensify over University ‘Free Speech Zones,’” Daily Bruin (UCLA),
October 1, 2002.
60. Ibid. Reprinted at http://www.thefire.org/index.php/article/5318.html
61. “Campus Speech Rules Scrutinized by Courts, Students, Advocates: Opponents Say Policies Violate First
Amendment Right to Protest and Distribute Material,” College Censorship, Vol. XXI, Issue 1, Winter 2002–2003, p.
6.
62. West Virginia University, “Policy on Free Speech Activity.” Student Handbook, The Mountie, February 2002,
pp. 17–18.
63. Greg Lukianoff, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, letter to David Hardesty, president of West
Virginia University, February 11, 2002.
64. Robert J. Scott, “Reasonable Limits Are Good,” USA Today, May 27, 2003, p. 14a.

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Chapter 4
1. See John Grisham’s novel The Innocent Man for an excellent description of this type of “evidence” collecting.
2. For more on string theory, see Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the
Quest for the Ultimate Theory (New York: W.W. Norton, 2003), or go to: http://superstringtheory.com/basics/
3. U. Neisser and H. Harsch, “Phantom flashbulbs: False recollection of hearing the news about Challenger.” In E.
Winograd & U. Neisser, eds., Affect and Accuracy in Recall: Studies of “Flashbulb Memories” (New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1992).
4. Elizabeth F. Loftus and John Palmer, “Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction,” Journal of Verbal Learning
and Verbal Behavior, Vol. 13, 1974, pp. 585–589.
5. Gary Wells, Iowa State University, quoted at http://www.truthinjustice.org/witness.htm
6. Elizabeth Loftus, “Our Changeable Memories: Legal and Practical Implications,” Nature Reviews, Vol. 4,
March 2003, pp. 231–234.
7. I.E. Hyman, T.H. Husband, and I.J. Billings (1995). “False Memories of Childhood Experiences,” Applied
Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 9, 1995, pp. 181–197.
8. Elizabeth Loftus, “Creating False Memories,” Scientific American, Vol. 277, 1997, pp. 70–75.
9. For a summary of studies on the effect of marijuana, see http://www.gdcada.org/statistics/marijuana.htm. For
more specifics on the effects of marijuana and alcohol on driving, go to the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration Web site at http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/outreach/safesobr/15qp/web/iddrug.html
10. Diane Feskanich, Walter C. Willett, Meir J. Stampfer, and Graham A. Colditz, “Milk, Dietary Calcium, and
Bone Fractures in Women: A 12-Year Prospective Study,” American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 87, Issue 6,
June 1997, pp. 992–997.
11. Michael Isikoff, Andrew Murr, Eric Pape, and Mike Elkin, “Mysterious Fingerprint,” Newsweek, May 31, 2004,
p. 8.
12. J. Cocker, “Biased Questions in Judgment of Covariation Studies,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
Vol. 8, June 1982, pp. 214–220.
13. Thomas Gilovich, How We Know What Isn’t So (New York: Free Press, 1991), p. 54.
14. See abcnews.com.World News Tonight, ABC News, Peter Jennings, March 31, 1998.
15. Michael Sherman, “The Political Brain,” Scientific American, July 2006, p. 36.
16. See http://www.danbrown.com/novels/davinci_code/faqs.html
17. National Advisory Mental Health Council, “Basic Behavioral Science Research for Mental Health Thought and
Communication,” American Psychologist, March 1996, Vol. 51(3), p. 181.
18. See Theodore Schick, Jr., and Lewis Vaughn, How to Think About Weird Things, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-
Hill, 2005), pp. 51–52.
19. Joe Kline, “Listen to What Katrina is Saying,” Newsweek, September 12, 2005, p. 27.
20. J. Liu and S. A. Siegelbaum, “Change of Pore Helix Conformation State Upon Opening of Cyclic Nucleotide-
Gated Channels,” Neuron, Vol. 28, 2000, pp. 899–909.
21. Curtis White, The Middle Mind (San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins, 2003), pp. 105–106.
22. Donn C. Young and Erinn M. Hade, “Holidays, Birthdays, and Postponement of Cancer Death,” Journal of the
American Medical Association, Vol. 292, Issue 24, December 29, 2004, pp. 3012–3016.
23. Rodger Dole, “Lady Luck,” Scientific American, April 2006, p. 30.

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24. Robert Ladouceur, “Gambling: The Hidden Addiction,” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 49, Issue 8,
August 2004, pp. 501–503.
25. “Numbers,” Time, March 21, 2005, p. 20.
26. Edward S. Kubany, “Thinking Errors, Faulty Conclusion, and Cognitive Therapy for Trauma-Related Guilt,”
NCP Clinical Quarterly, Vol. 7, Issue 1, winter 1997. http://www.cbt.ca/trauma-related_guilt.htm
27. Pew Charitable Trusts, “Social Trends Poll: Americans See Weight Problems Everywhere But in the Mirror,”
April 11, 2006.
28. Douglas T. Kenrick, Steven L. Neuberg, and Robert B. Cialdini, Social Psychology: Unraveling the Mystery,
3rd ed. (Boston: Pearson Education, 2005), p. 84.
29. Amy Joyce, “We All Experience Office Conflict, But It’s Never Our Fault,” Providence Sunday Journal, June
13, 2004, p. H3.
30. Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson, Mistakes Were Made (But Not By Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad
Decisions, and Hurtful Acts (New York: Harcourt, 2007).
31. Douglas T. Kenrick, Steven L. Neuberg, Robert B. Cialdini, Social Psychology: Unraveling the Mystery, 3rd
ed. (Boston: Pearson Education, 2005), p. 84.
32. Pat Croskerry, “The Importance of Cognitive Errors in Diagnosis and Strategies to Minimize Them,” Academic
Medicine, Vol. 78, Issue 8, August 2003, pp. 775–780, and Ruthanna Gordon and Nancy Franklin, “Cognitive
Underpinnings of Diagnostic Error,” Academic Medicine, Vol. 78, Issue 8, August 2003, p. 782.
33. Ian I. Mitroff and Harold A. Linstone, The Unbounded Mind: Breaking the Chains of Traditional Business
Thinking (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 94.
34. Tiffany A. Ito, Krystal W. Chiao, Patricia G. Devine, Tyler S. Lorig, and John T. Cacioppo, “The Influence of
Facial Feedback on Racial Bias,” Psychological Science, Vol. 17, Issue 3, 2006, pp. 256–261.
35. Sally Lehrman, “The Implicit Prejudice,” Scientific American, June 2006, pp. 32–34.
36. “Noise Like an Airplane. Fire Island Surfman Heard It in the Air: Sure It Was Not Geese,” Boston Herald,
December 13, 1909, p. 1.
37. “Thousands See Big Airship over Worcester,” Boston Journal, December 23, 1909, p. 1.
38. Robert E. Bartholomew and Benjamin Radford, Hoaxes, Myths, and Manias: Why We Need Critical Thinking
(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2003), p. 210.
39. Joy D. Osofky, “Prevalence of Children’s Exposure to Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment:
Implications for Prevention and Intervention,” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, Vol. 6, Issue 3, Sept.
2003, pp. 161–170. See also the work of Dr. Richard Gelles.
40. Solomon Asch, “Effects of Group Pressure upon the Modification and Distortion of Judgments,” in Harold
Guetzkow, Groups, Leadership and Men (New York: Russell and Russell, 1963), pp. 177–190.
41. Ian I. Mitroff and Harold A. Linstone, The Unbounded Mind: Breaking the Chains of Traditional Business
Thinking (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 23.
42. “LifeEtc.,” AARP Magazine, September/October 2004, p.110.
43. AP Poll, October 16–18, 2007.
44. Edward U. Condon, Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects (Boulder, CO: Regents of the University of
Colorado, 1969).
45. J. Allen Hynek, The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry (New York: Marlowe, 1972), pp. 214–222, 226–227.
46. Royston Paynter, “Physical Evidence and UFOs,” 1996,

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http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Corridor/8148/physical.html
Chapter 5
1. Lynette Clemetson, “The Alarming Growth of Campus Cults,” Newsweek, August 1999, p. 35.
2. Bates College Office of the Chaplain, “A Word about Cults,” 1997.
3. Bates College Office of the Chaplain, “A Word about Cults,” 1997.
4. Laura Withers, “Students Susceptible to Cults’ Lures,” The Post (online edition), Ohio University, February 15,
2002.
5. From “The Battle Over Terri Schiavo,” AOL News, March 27, 2005.
6. “Ignorance and Fear Trump Kids’ Health,” U.S. News & World Report, March 12, 2007, p. 21.
7. CBS News Poll, Jan. 6–10.
8. Arthur Jensen, “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?” Harvard Educational Review 39,
winter 1969, pp. 1–23.
9. See John Cloud, “Ms. Right,” Time, April 25, 2005, pp. 32–41.
10. See American Freshman Survey, Fall 2009; and The American Freshman: Thirty-Five Year Trends, December
2002.
11. Brian Burrell, Postcards from the Brain Museum: The Improbable Search for Meaning in the Matter of Famous
Minds (New York: Broadway Books, 2005).
12. Philip Terzian, “A Self-Inflicted Wound,” Providence Sunday Journal, May 9, 2004, p. 19.
13. Quoted in Mike Billips, “Confronting a Scandal’s Debris,” Time, May 24, 2004, p. 50.
14. Harold A. Herzog, “Conflicts of Interest: Kittens and Boa Constrictors, Pets and Research,” American
Psychologist, Vol. 46, Issue 3, 1991, pp. 246–248.
15. Jonathan Alter, “We’re Dodging the Draft Issue,” Newsweek, October 4, 2004, p. 39.
16. Argument paraphrased from Francis Fukuyama, Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology
Revolution (New York: Picador, 2002), pp. 169–170.
17. Hazel Erskine, “The Polls: Politics and Law and Order,” Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 38, Issue 4, Winter
1974–1975, pp. 623–634.
18. Quote in “Notebook,” Time, April 19, 2004, p. 19.
19. See Dan Shaughnessy, The Curse of the Bambino (New York: Penguin Putnam, 1990).
20. http://www.heri.ucla.edu/PDFs/pubs/briefs/brief-pr012110-09FreshmanNorms.pdf
21. For more on this topic, see John A. Robinson, “The Question of Human Cloning,” Hastings Center Report, Vol.
24, Issue 2, 1994, pp. 6–14, and Leon Kass, “The Wisdom of Repugnance: Why We Should Ban the Cloning of
Humans,” The New Republic, Vol. 216, Issue 22, 1997, pp. 17–26.
22. Carroll Bogert of Human Rights Watch. Quoted in Jonathan Alter, “The Picture the World Sees,” Newsweek,
May 17, 2004, p. 35.
23. CNN/Opinion Research Poll, May 14–17, 2009.
24. Sura 2:191.
25. Daniel Ryan, “Morals and Hazards: Pros and Cons of the Bailout,” September 29, 2008.
http://www.enterstageright.com/archives/articles/1008/1008bailoutprocon.htm

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26. Diana Ravitch, “The Big Idea—It’s Bad Education Policy,” March 14, 2010, Los Angeles Times.
http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/14/opinion/la-oe-ravitch14-2010mar14
Chapter 6
1. Sohail H. Hashmi, “Interpreting the Islamic Ethics of War and Peace.” In Terry Nardin, ed., The Ethics of War
and Peace (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp. 146–166.
2. Abraham Lincoln, Seventh Debate with Stephen A. Douglas, Alton, Illinois, October 15, 1858.
3. Ellis Cose, “A Dream Deferred,” Newsweek, May 17, 2004, p. 59.
4. This question was asked of my spring 2005 critical-thinking class. The majority gave this answer.
5. Marisa Helms, Minnesota Public Radio, May 20, 2004.
6. “Adopt a College Program Launched,” Vegan Spam, August 25, 2003.
http://www.veganoutreadh.org/enewsletter/20030825.html.
7. “10 Questions for the Dalai Lama,” Time, October 25, 2004, p. 8.
8. Webster’s College Dictionary (New York: Random House, 2001), p. 22.
9. Psychiatrist Dr. Edward Volkman, quoted in Paul Nussbaum, “Beheadings Terrorize Like Nothing Else,”
Providence Sunday Journal, June 27, 2004, p. A18.
10. A summary of the British economist David Ricardo’s 1817 argument for free trade. In Doug Keklak, “Goodbye
to All That,” letter to the editor, Newsweek, January 31, 2005, p. 14.
11. Joseph Collins, MD, “Should Doctors Tell the Truth?” Harper’s Monthly, Vol. 155, August 1927, pp. 320–326.
12. Pierre C. Haber, letter to the editor, Newsweek, October 31, 1983, p. 6.
13. Winston Churchill.
14. Letter to the editor, Time, November 8, 2004, p. 9.
15. Letter to the editor, Time, January 31, 2005, p. 13.
16. “Saudi Arabia: Gateway to the Middle East,” special advertisement compiled by London Press,
[email protected].
17. Brad Edmondson, “Who’s Grumpy?!!?” AARP Bulletin, September 2004, p. 11.
18. Paraphrased from Claudia Wallis, “The Case for Staying Home,” Time, March 22, 2004, p. 55.
19. Paraphrased from Michael D. Lemonick, “Stealth Attack on Evolution,” Time, January 31, 2005, pp. 53–54.
20. For a summary of this study, see: “Despite High Levels of Poverty, Latino Immigrants Less Likely to Use
Welfare,” at http://www.azteca.net/aztec/immigrat/lat_imi2.html
21. Donald Oken, “What to Tell Cancer Patients: A Study of Medical Attitudes,” JAMA, Vol. 175, 1961, pp. 1120–
1128.
22. James Rachels, “Active and Passive Euthanasia,” New England Journal of Medicine, January 9, 1975, pp. 78–
81.
23. www.pollingreport.com/civil/htm
Chapter 7
1. Cooperative Institutional Research Program, The American Freshman National Norms for Fall 2009, Higher
Education Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, December 2009, pp. 37–38.
2. Sora Song, “Too Posh to Push?” Time, April 19, 2004, p. 60.

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3. Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority (New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1974), p. 35.
4. If you are interested in learning more about polls, read Michael W. Link and Robert W. Oldendick, “ ‘Good’
Polls/‘Bad’ Polls—How Can You Tell? Ten Tips for Consumers of Survey Research,” South Carolina Policy
Forum: a publication of the University of South Carolina Institute for Public Service and Policy Research, fall 1997.
You can also read the complete article on the Web at http://www.ipspr.sc.edu/publication/Link.htm
5. For a list of the major polling organizations go to
http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/research/other_data_archives.html
6. For information on sampling and the Gallup Poll, go to http://www.gallup.com/
7. For more on the sampling techniques used by the Freshman Survey, see Cooperative Institutional Research
Program, The American Freshman National Norms for Fall 2004, Higher Education Research Institute, University
of California, Los Angeles, December 2004, pp. 156–166.
8. Sharon Begley, “The Slippery Art of Polling,” Newsweek, October 6, 2008, p. 12.
9. For more on these studies, go to http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_chil.htm
10. Other estimates range from 3 to 5 percent.
11. The American Freshman: Thirty-Five Year Trends, p. 4.
12. Lou Harris Poll, 1993.
13. Pew Research Center Poll, March 10–14, 2010.
14. “Poll” put out by Bush campaign strategist in the 2000 presidential primary elections.
15. Arelis Hernandez, “College Students are Health Care’s Invisible Minority,” Diverse: Issues in Higher
Education, Vol. 26, Issue 18, October 15, 2009, pp. 10–11.
16. Kenneth E. Warner, “The Effects of Publicity and Policy on Smoking and Health,” Business and Health Vol. 2,
Issue 1, November 1984, pp. 7–14.
17. Winston Churchill, “The German Invasion of Russia,” reprinted in Winston S. Churchill: His Complete
Speeches 1897–1963, ed. R. R. James (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1974), pp. 6428–6429.
18. John Berry and Evan Thomas, “Could Afghanistan be Obama’s Vietnam?” Newsweek, February 9, 2009.
19. See David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (London, 1779).
20. John Noonan, “An Almost Absolute Value in History,” The Morality of Abortion: Legal and Historical
Perspectives (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), pp. 51–59.
21. Ad for Commit Nicotine Lozenges.
22. S. Morris Engel, With Good Reason: An Introduction to Informal Fallacies (New York: St. Martin’s Press,
1982), p. 130.
23. Peter Singer, Animal Liberation (HarperCollins, New York, 1990), p. 9.
24. James Rachel, “Active and Passive Euthanasia,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 292(2), 1975, pp. 78–
80.
25. Psychology Today, September 1984.
26. Deborah L. Mahlstedt and Lesley A. Welsh, “Perceived Causes of Physical Assault in Heterosexual Dating
Relationships,” Violence Against Women, Vol. 11, Issue 4, April 2005, p. 447.
27. Ad in Time magazine from “Parents. The Anti-Drug.” (www.theantidrug.com).
28. “Drug Use,” http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/dcf/du.htm

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29. The American Freshman: National Norms for 2009.
30. “Drug Use Trends,” http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/-publications/factsht/druguse/index.html
31. Joseph Connelly, PhD, “Self-Esteem and Its Relationships to Alcohol and Substance Abuse Prevention in
Adolescents,” http://www.self-esteem-nase,org/journal02.shtml
32. Urvia McDowell, “Adolescents at Risk: Illicit Drug Use,” http://ohioline.osu.edu/flm02/FS15.html
Chapter 8
1. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, “Silver Blaze.” In The Best of Sherlock Holmes (Franklin Center, PA: Franklin
Library, 1977), p. 249.
2. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Sign of Four (New York: Doubleday), p. 111.
3. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, “Silver Blaze.” In The Best of Sherlock Holmes (Franklin Center, PA: Franklin
Library, 1977), p. 260.
4. For more information on Mars, go to http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html. For more
information on the rovers’ mission, go to http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/
5. From Gregory Bassham, William Irwin, Henry Nardone, and James M. Wallace, Critical Thinking: A Student’s
Introduction, 2nd ed. (Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2005), pp. 56–57.
6. J. St. B. T. Evans and D. E. Over, “Explicit representations in hypothetical thinking,” Behavioral and Brain
Sciences, 1999, Vol. 22, Issue 25, pp. 763–764.
7. 2005 GM ad for hybrid cars, trucks, and buses (reworded slightly).
8. The Harris Poll #28, March 18, 2008. http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=882
9. William Barclay, The Plain Man’s Guide to Ethics. Quoted in The Watchtower, February 1, 2005, p. 3.
10. Amnesty International, “Figures on the Death Penalty.” Available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-
penalty/numbers
11. For updates on death penalty statistics go to: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org
12. According to the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.”
13. The Times Union, September 22, 2003. See http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=108&scid=7
14. Ernest van den Haag, “The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense of Capital Punishment.” Harvard Law Review,
1986, Vol. 99, pp. 1662–1669. Notes have been omitted.
15. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org
16. See Matthew 5:38–39 as quoted in Dead Man Walking. For more on Helen Prejean’s argument against capital
punishment see, Dead Man Walking (New York: Vintage Books, 1993).
Chapter 9
1. For more information on steroids, go to
http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Steroids/anabolicsteroids2.html
2. “Wrestler Strangled Wife, Suffocated Son, Hanged Self,” Foxnews.com, June 27, 2007;
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,286737,00.html
3. “College Athletes and Alcohol and Other Drug Use,” Infofacts,
http://www.higheredcenter.org/services/publications/college-athletes-and-alcohol-and-other-drug-use
4. “College Athletes and Anabolic Steroid Abuse,” http://athleticscholarships.net/steroids.htm

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5. In the 1980s Dutch sociologist Ruut Veenhoven carried out an extensive study of 245 other studies on
happiness from all around the world, including the United States. See Ruut Veenhoven, Conditions of Happiness
(Dordrecht, Netherlands: D Reidel, 1984).
6. Rosalinda Alfaro-LeFevre, Critical Thinking in Nursing (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1995), p. 20.
7. Marc D. Hauser, Moral Minds (New York: HarperPerennial, 2006).
8. Hans Seyle, The Stress of Life (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956).
9. Peter D. Kramer, Listening to Prozac (New York: Viking, 1993), p. 294.
10. Lawrence Kohlberg, Essays in Moral Development, Vol. II. The Psychology of Moral Development (San
Francisco: Harper & Row, 1984).
11. “Perspectives,” Newsweek, January 2, 2006, p. 117.
12. M. Kitwood, Concern for Others: A New Psychology of Conscience and Morality (London: Routledge & Kegan
Paul, 1990), pp. 146–147.
13. Lawrence Kohlberg, Essays in Moral Development, Vol. II. The Psychology of Moral Development (San
Francisco: Harper & Row, 1984).
14. For a list of some of these studies, see Judith A. Boss, Ethics for Life, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004),
pp. 216 and N-7.
15. W. Pitt Derryberry and Stephen J. Thoma, “The Friendship Effect: Its Role in the Development of Moral
Thinking in Students,” About Campus, May–June 2000, pp. 13–18.
16. Ibid.
17. Stephen P. McNeel, “College Teaching and Student Moral Development,” in James R. Rest and Darcia
Narvaez, Moral Development in the Professions (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), p. 36.
18. See James R. Rest and Darcia Narváez, Moral Development in the Professions: Psychology and Applied Ethics
(Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994).
19. “Notebook: Milestones,” Time, December 6, 2004, p. 27.
20. Stephen A. Satris, “Student Relativism,” Teaching Philosophy, Vol. 9, Issue 3, September 1986, pp. 193–200.
21. Greg Jaffe, “Military Debates Morality of Killing,” Providence Sunday Journal, August 21, 2005, p. E1.
22. John Stuart Mill, “Utilitarianism,” in Mary Warnock, ed., Utilitarianism (New York: Meridian, 1962), p. 257.
23. For a more in-depth discussion of the categorical imperative, see Immanuel Kant, Principles of the Metaphysic
of Ethics, translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott (London: Longman’s Green and Col, Ltd., 1873), pp. 44–79.
24. Kant, Principles of the Metaphysic of Ethics, 79.
25. Donald Oken, “What to Tell Cancer Patients: A Study of Medical Attitudes,” Journal of the American Medical
Association, Vol. 175, 1961, pp. 1120–1128.
26. This example is based on a real-life case. I—the author—had both my children as a young undergraduate in
Australia. In Australia, students who attained a certain grade point average in their first year of college were given a
scholarship that paid all their tuition plus a small living allowance. I attained that average, but was denied a
scholarship. Fortunately, I was motivated by my moral outrage at being unjustly treated to send a complaint to the
federal government. As a result, I got the scholarship, including all the back payments I was due.
27. http://health.discovery.com/centers/loverelationships/articles/divorce.html
28. See Centers for Disease Control abortion surveillance data at
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5511a1.htm. For a summary of statistics on abortion, go to
http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_fact2.htm

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29. For the latest polling results, go to www.pollingreport.com/abortion.htm
30. Judith Jarvis Thomson, “A Defense of Abortion,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 1, Issue 1, 1971, pp. 47–
66.
31. For more on the issue of fathers’ rights and obligations, see Stephen Hales, “Abortion and Fathers’ Rights,” in
James M. Humber and Robert F. Almeder, eds., Reproduction, Technology, and Rights (Totowa, NJ: Humana Press,
1996), pp. 5–26.
Chapter 10
1. Ramin Setoodeh, “Caveman Chic,” Newsweek, April 9, 2007, p. 50.
2. Matthew Creamer, “Southwest Rings $20M in Fares with Killer Application,” Advertising Age, Vol. 76, Issue
28, July 11, 2005, p. 88.
3. Eileen C. Shapiro, The Seven Deadly Sins of Business (Oxford, UK; Capstone Publishing Ltd., 1998).
4. Shapiro, Seven Deadly Sins, pp. 180–181.
5. See “Geo Gaffes,” BrandWeek, Vol. 39, Issue 8, February 23, 1996.
6. Shapiro, Seven Deadly Sins, p. 2.
7. Frederick Betz, “Strategic Business Models,” Engineering Management Journal, Vol. 14, Issue 1, May 2002, p.
21.
8. http://walmartstores.com/FACTS
9. Doron Levin, “Toyota Rise Plus for U.S. Economy,” Bloomberg News, April 27, 2007.
10. Owen Matthews, “How the West Came to Run Islamic Banks,” Newsweek, October 31, 2005, p. E30.
11. Sean Gregory, “The Arte of Baseball,” Time, June 2005, pp. A33–A34.
12. Brian Padden, “Can an American Auto Industry Town Regain Past Prosperity?” Voice of America, April 26,
2007, http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-04-26-voa57.cfm
13. http://www.lego.com/eng/info/default.asp?page=pressdetail&contentid=12504&countrycode-2057
14. Julie Kirkwood, “What’s in a Name?” The Eagle-Tribune, September 1, 2003,
www.igorinternational.com/press/eagletrib-drug-names.php
15. Casey Clapper, “Reaching Customers with the Touch of a Button,” Aftermarket Business, September 2005, p.
10.
16. Darren W. Dahl, Heather Honea, and Rajesh Manchanda, “Three Rs of Interpersonal Consumer Guilt:
Relationships, Reciprocity, Reparation,” Journal of Consumer Psychology, Vol. 15, Issue 4, 2005, pp. 307–315.
17. http://www.newdream.org/kids/poll.php
18. “Our Rising Ad Dosage: It’s Not as Oppressive as Some Think,” Media Matters, Feb. 15, 2007.
19. “Nielson to Measure the Mobile Media Consumer,” June 6, 2007,
http://www.nielsen.com/media/2007/pr_07060.html
20. Dan Ephron, “The Pizza Offensive,” Newsweek, May 29, 2006, p. 30.
21. “Product Placement,” BusinessDictionary.com. Available at
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/product-placement.html
22. See http://www.commercialalert.org/issues/culture/productplacement.
23. “Watch What Your Kids Watch,” Mediawise, Vol. 10, 2005.

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24. Elizabeth S. Moore, “Children and the Changing World of Advertising,” Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 52,
Issue 2, 2004, pp. 161–167.
25. Jonathan Freedland, “The Onslaught,” Guardian, October 25, 2005. See
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/oct/25/advertising/food.
26. Rebecca A. Clay, “Advertising to Children: Is It Ethical?” Monitor on Psychology, Vol. 31, Issue 8, September
2000. See http://www.apa.org/monitor/sep00/advertising.html.
27. Dan Acuff, “Taking the Guesswork out of Responsible Marketing,” Young Consumers, Quarter 3, 2005, p. 68.
28. “Children, Health and Advertising: Issue Briefs” (Studio City, CA: Mediascope Press, 2000). For more on
tobacco advertising to children and a summary of the Masters Settlement Agreement with the six largest tobacco
companies, see David Hudson, Jr., “Tobacco Ads,” at
http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/speech/advertising/topic.aspx?topic=tobacco_alcohol.
29. Todd House and Tim Loughran, “Cash Flow Is King? Cognitive Errors by Investors,” Journal of Psychology &
Financial Markets, Vol. 1, Issue 2/3, 2000, pp. 161–175.
30. For more information on the FDA’s proposed initiative for curbing counterfeit prescription drugs, go to
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1370/is_/ai_109906674.
31. “Doctor’s Orders: Bad Health for Sale: Does Advertising Hit Minorities Harder?” Time, August 29, 2005, p. 75.
Available at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1096508,00.html.
32. “Children, Health and Advertising: Issue Briefs” (Studio City, CA: Mediascope Press, 2000).
33. Paul W. Farris and David J. Reibstein, “Consumer Prices and Advertising.” In Blackwell Encyclopedia of
Business: Ethics, 2nd ed. (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 2005), p. 107.
34. For more on the issue of freedom of speech and advertising, see Martin H. Redish, “Tobacco Advertising and
the First Amendment,” Iowa Law Review, Vol. 81, March 1996.
35. “Keeping Well, at a Cost,” Newsweek. Vol. 144, Issue 15, Oct. 11, 2004, pp. 20. Letters, Michael R. Heyman.
Roseburg, Ore.
Chapter 11
1. Jim Martyka, “College Station Gives ‘Average’ Iraqi Voices Global Reach,” Associated Collegiate Press,
February 23, 2006. Available at http://www.studentpress.org/acp/trends/~warnews.html
2. Leela de Kretser and Lorena Mongelli, “Mesmerized by the Media—We’re Obsessive Watchers, Listeners and
Readers,” The New York Post, Dec. 15, 2006, p. 35.
3. “Media Bias Is Real, Finds UCLA Political Scientist,” UCLA News, December 14, 2005. Available at
http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/Media-Bias-Is-Real-Finds-UCLA-6664.aspx
4. See Project for Excellence in Journalism, “Who Owns the Media—2010” at www.journalism.org/
5. Ben Clark, “Power Surge,” San Francisco Bay Guardian, September 20, 2000. Available at
http://www.sfbg.com
6. For more information go to http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1523/state-of-the-news-media-2010.
7. http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1523/state-of-the-news-media-2010.
8. http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1523/state-of-the-news-media-2010.
9. Kristen Purcell et al., “Pew Internet Research: Understanding the Participatory News Consumer, March 1, 2010,
p. 9.
10. “The Gender Gap: Women Are Still Missing as Sources for Journalists,” Project for Excellence in Journalism,
May 23, 2005. Available at http://www.journalism.org/node/141

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11. Jennifer Barrett, “New Secrets for Youthful Skin,” Newsweek, April 24, 2006, pp. 74–76.
12. “Numbers,” Time, February 28, 2005, p. 24.
13. “Inventing the Internet. Did Al Gore Invent the Internet?” http://www.perkel.com/politics/gore/internet.htm
14. Media Matters for America, “Media Watchdog, Government Ethics and Advocacy Groups Call for Action on
‘Pay-Sway’ Scandal,” January 27, 2005. See http://mediamatters.org/items/200501270003
15. Aired June 1, 2006.
16. H. Benson, J. A. Dusek, J. B. Sherwood et al., “Study of the Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer (STEP)
in Cardiac Bypass Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Trial of Uncertainty and Certainty of Receiving Intercessory
Prayer,” American Heart Journal, Vol. 151, Issue 4: pp. 762–764, April 15, 2006.
17. Quotes from Denise Gellene and Thomas H. Maugh II, “Largest Study of Prayer to Date Finds It Has No Power
to Heal,” Los Angeles Times, March 31, 2006.
18. K. Scheider, “U.S. Officials Say Dangers of Dioxin Were Exaggerated,” New York Times, August 5, 1991, p. 1.
19. “Internet Usage Statistics,” 2007. http://www.internetworldstats.com
20. “The American Freshman: National Norms for 2002.” http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/heri/heri/html
21. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/bestjobs/top50/index.html
22. www.facebook.com/press/info
23. Janet Kornblum and Mary Beth Marklein, “What You Say Online Could Haunt You,” USA Today, March 8,
2006.
24. Anita Hamilton, “What Facebook Users Share: Lower Grades,” Time, April 14, 2009.
25. Edward Fitzpatrick, “Fallout from Facebook is Forever,” The Providence Sunday Journal, October 5, 2008, p.
A1.
26. Reid Goldsborough, “Free Speech in Cyberspace—Both a Privilege and a Burden,” Community College Week,
Vol. 12, Issue 1, August 23, 1999, p. 27.
27. Al Gore, The Assault on Reason (New York: Penguin Press, 2007), p. 260.
28. See www.universityofphoenix.com
29. Marysia Weber, “Internet Pornography: An Occasion of Sin for Our Time,” 2010.
http://catholiceducation.org/articles/sexuality/se0197.htm
30. Jerry Ropelato, “Internet Pornography Statistics,” Internet Filter Review, 2007. http://internet-filter-
review.toptenreviews.com/-internet-pornography-statistics.html
31. Marysia Weber, “Internet Pornography: An Occasion of Sin for Our Time,” 2010.
http://catholiceducation.org/articles/sexuality/se0197.htm
32. “Counterpoint,” ABC Radio National, June 1, 2009.
33. Brian Hansen, “Is the Internet Causing More Students to Copy?” CQ Researcher, Vol. 13, No. 32, September
19, 2003.
34. Eric Hoover, “Here’s Looking at You, Kid: Study Says Many Students are Narcissists,” Chronicle of Higher
Education, Vol. 53, Issue 27, March 9, 2007.
35. Wendy Koch, “It’s Always Poker Night on Campus,” USA Today, December 23, 2005. Available at
http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-12-22-gamble-college_x.htm
36. “People use media twice as much as they think they do,”
http://www.bsu.edu/icommunication/news/stories/february/2_25_03.html

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Chapter 12
1. United Nations Environmental Programme, “Sea Level Rise Due to Global Warming.”
http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/19.htm
2. Tom Mosakowski, “2008 Will Be Among the Ten Hottest Years on Record.”
http://www.naturalnews.com/022658.html
3. American Meteorological Society, “NOAA: January 2006 Warmest on Record for Us,”
http://www.ametsoc.org/AMSNews/news0407.html
4. For more statistics, go to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Web site on global warming at
http://epa.gov/climatechange/index.html.
5. United Nations Environmental Programme, “Sea Level Rise Due to Global Warming.”
http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/19.html.
6. For more information on the impact of global warming see the UN Environmental Programme Web site as well
as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Web site on global warming at
http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/index.html.
7. Dushana Yoganathan and William N. Rom, “Medical Aspects of Global Warming,” American Journal of
Industrial Medicine, Vol. 40, Issue 2, 2001, pp. 199–201.
8. For a review of Descartes’ position of epistemological skepticism see Chapter 1, pages 8–9.
9. For a summary of the Islamic position on science, see Todd Pitock, “Science and Islam,” Discover, July 2007,
pp. 36–45.
10. Arthur Peacocke, Intimations of Reality: Realism in Science and Religion (Notre Dame: University of Notre
Dame Press, 1984), p. 51.
11. John D. Barrow, Frank J. Tipler, and John A. Wheeler, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1988).
12. See Russell A. Hill and Robert A. Barton, “Psychology Enhances Human Performance in Contests,” Nature,
Vol. 435, May 19, 2005, p. 293.
13. B. Nyenzi and P. F. Lefale, “El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Global Warming,” Advances in
Geosciences, Vol. 6, January 2006, pp. 95–101.
14. See Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa (New York, W. Morrow & Company, 1928).
15. Carl Zimmer, “Aliens Among Us: Do We Share Our Planet with Alternative Forms of Life?” Discover, July
2007, pp. 62–65.
16. For their operational definition of religiousness, see Laura Koenig et al., “Genetic and Environmental
Influences on Religiousness: Findings for Retrospective and Current Religiousness Ratings,” Journal of Personality,
Vol. 73, Issue 2, April 2005, pp. 471–488.
17. Janet Radoff, “Bees Face Unprecedented Pesticide Exposure at Home and Afield,” Science News, March 21,
2010. http://www.science news.org.
18. “More Americans Applying to Canadian Universities,” http://scholarships.com
19. Christine Gorman, “Born Too Soon,” Time, October 18, 2004, pp. 73–74.
20. Stanley Coren, PhD, The Left-Handed Syndrome: The Causes and Consequences of Left-Handedness (New
York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).
21. “Healthbeat,” Newsweek, January 17, 2005, p. 69.
22. For more on the concept of falsifiability, see Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (New York: Basic

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Books, 1959).
23. Karl Popper, Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography (La Salle, Indiana: Open Court Press, 1976).
24. For a list of these predictions, go to http://farshores.org/dy09.htm
25. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostradamus
26. Harris Poll December 2009.
27. See Megan Mansell Williams, “Should Losers Wear Red?” Discover, August 2005, p. 11.
28. For a review of sampling methods, see Chapter 7, pp. 000–000.
29. Daniel M. Wegner and William D. Crano, “Racial Factors in Helping Behavior: An Unobtrusive Field
Experiment,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 32, No. 5, 1975, pp. 901–905. Available at
http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~wegner/pdfs/Wegner%20&%20Crano%201975.pdf
30. Judith A. Boss, “The effect of community service work on the moral development of college ethics students.”
Journal of Moral Education, Vol. 23, Issue 2, 1994, pp. 183–198.
31. See John Ioannidis, “Contradicted and Initially Stronger Effects in Highly Cited Clinical Research,” Journal of
the American Medical Association, Vol. 294, 2005, pp. 218–228, and Joao Medeiros, “Dirty Little Secret,” Seed,
May/June 2007, p. 20.
32. Russell A. Hill and Robert A. Barton, “Psychology: Red Enhances Human Performance in Contests,” Nature,
Vol. 435, May 19, 2005, p. 293.
33. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), p. 10.
Chapter 13
1. Scott Carlson and Andrea L. Foster, “Colleges Fear Anti-Terrorism Law Could Turn Them into Big Brother,”
Chronicle of Higher Education, March 1, 2002, p. A31.
2. Quoted in Byron York, “Off Course,” National Review,” February 13, 2006, p. 20.
3. The state of nature is purely hypothetical, since all known human societies have at least a rudimentary form of
government.
4. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651), Chapter VIII.
5. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1699.
6. The survey was conducted by the McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum. See “Poll: Simpsons Better Known
Than 1st Amendment,” Providence Sunday Journal, March 5, 2006, p. D5.
7. UVE EText Jefferson Digital Archive: Thomas Jefferson on Politics and Government, “Majority Rule,”
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/jeff0500.htm
8. Gary C. Jacobson, Money in Congressional Elections; The Politics of Congressional Elections, 5th ed. (New
York: Longman Publishers, 2001).
9. George R. Will, “An Election Breakwater,” Newsweek, February 27, 2006, p. 68.
10. Daron R. Shaw, “The Effect of TV Ads and Candidate Appearances on Statewide Presidential Votes, 1988–
1996,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 93, June 1999, pp. 345–362.
11. Anita Fore, “Battle in the Blogosphere: John Doe v. Patrick Cahill,” Authors Guild Bulletin, Winter 2006, p.
10.
12. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Doubleday, 2004), pp. 268–271.
13. John Byrne, “Obama agencies invoking secrecy provision more often than under Bush,” March 16, 2010.

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http://rawstory.com/2010/03/obama-agencies-invoking-secrecy-provision-bush/
14. “Fact Box: How Many Lobbyists are there in Washington?” September 13, 2009.
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN13488032520090813.
15. The Economist (British), January 21, 2010.
16. Quoted in David Abel, “Tea Party rally generates plenty of criticism, opposing views,” The Boston Globe, April
15, 2010.
17. The complete Federal Rules of Evidence are available at http://uscourts.gov/rules/
18. Ken J. Rotenberg and Mike J. Hurlbert, “Legal Reasoning and Jury Deliberations,” Journal of Social
Psychology, August 1992, Vol. 132, Issue 4, pp. 543–544.

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