UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CE 302 REINFORCED CONCRETE
CHAPTER 9
DESIGN OF
LONG COLUMNS
Edited by
Sardar R. Mohammad Amir M. Salih Jaza H. Muhammad
2019-2020 ©
09 - 05- 2020
Draft Edition
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CHAPTER 9 DESIGN OF LONG COLUMNS
Definitions of Slender (Long) Columns:
As columns become slenderer, bending deformations will increase, as will
the resulting secondary moments. If these moments are of such
magnitude as to significantly reduce the axial load capacities of columns,
those columns are referred to as being long or slender.
A practical definition of a slender column is: there is a significant reduction
in axial load capacity because of the secondary moments.
Introduction
Column is said to be long or slender if its cross-sectional dimensions are
small compared with its length.
The degree of slenderness is generally expressed in terms of the
slenderness ratio ℓ/ r.
o where ℓ is the unsupported length of the member
o and r is the radius of gyration of its cross section, equal to 𝐼/𝐴
According to (ACI318-14:6.7), the effect of lateral displacements is
accounted for directly in the frame analysis. This approach, known as
second-order analysis, is often incorporated as a feature in commercially
available structural analysis software.
Methods of Analysis (ACI318-14:6.7)
Elastic first-order analysis:
This method satisfies the equations of equilibrium using the original
undeformed geometry of the structure and estimates PΔ effects by
magnifying the column-end sway moments.
Elastic second-order analyses (P-Δ Analysis):
the deformed geometry of the structure is included in the equations of
equilibrium so that PΔ effects are determined. The structure is assumed
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to remain elastic, but the effects of cracking and creep are considered by
using a reduced stiffness EI.
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Critical Buckling Load
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝒕 𝑰
𝑷𝒄 = (𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂)
(𝒌 𝓵)𝟐
Figure 30 Effect of slenderness on strength of axially loaded columns
Inflection Points (IP) and Effective Lengths
1. The strength of concentrically loaded columns decreases with increasing
slenderness ratio kℓ/ r.
2. In columns that are braced against sidesway or that are parts of frames
braced against sidesway, the effective length k ℓ , that is, the distance
between inflection points, falls between ℓ/2 and ℓ, depending on the
degree of end restraint.
3. The effective lengths of columns that are not braced against sidesway or
that are parts of frames not so braced are always larger than ℓ, the more
so the smaller the end restraint. In consequence, the buckling load of a
frame not braced against sidesway is always substantially smaller than that
of the same frame when braced.
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Stability Properties (6.6.4.4)
Stability Index, Q is
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Braced and Unbraced Structures (6.6.4.3)
Members that are braced against sidesway include columns that are parts
of structures in which sidesway is prevented in one of various ways: by
o walls sufficiently strong and rigid in their own planes to effectively
prevent horizontal displacement,
o special bracing in vertical planes,
o utility core to resist horizontal loads and furnish bracing to the
frames,
o by bracing the frame against some other essentially immovable
support.
It shall be permitted to analyze columns and stories in structures as
nonsway frames if (a) or (b) is satisfied.
(a) The increase in column end moments due to second-order effects
does not exceed 5% of the first-order end moments
(b) Q in accordance with 6.6.4.4.1 does not exceed 0.05.
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Compression members is considered as braced against sideway if the
total stiffness of the bracing elements resisting lateral movement of a story
is at least 12 times the stiffness of all columns in that story (ACI318-14:
6.2.5).
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Moment Magnification Method (ACI318R-14: 6.4.4.1)
Moments calculated using a first-order frame analysis are multiplied by a
moment magnifier that is a function of the factored axial load Pu and the
critical buckling load Pc for the column.
A first-order frame analysis is an elastic analysis that excludes the internal
force effects resulting from deflections.
The moment magnifier design method requires the designer to distinguish
between nonsway frames, which are designed according to 6.6.4.5, and
sway frames, which are designed according to 6.6.4.6.
Frequently this can be done by comparing the total lateral stiffness of the
columns in a story to that of the bracing elements.
A compression member, such as a column, wall, or brace, may be
assumed nonsway if it is located in a story in which the bracing elements
(shear walls, shear trusses, or other types of lateral bracing) have such
substantial lateral stiffness to resist the lateral deflections of the story that
any resulting lateral deflection is not large enough to affect the column
strength substantially.
If not readily apparent without calculations, 6.6.4.3 provides two possible
ways of determining if sway can be neglected.
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Design of Long Columns – Procedure
1. This procedure is applicable for Non-sway columns, for sway columns,
look at the references given at the appendix.
For nonsway members, k shall be permitted to be taken as 1.0, and
for sway members, k shall be at least 1.0 (6.6.4.4.3)
2. Initially design the column section as a short column
3. Identify the type of the frame, whether its a sway or non-sway one
4. Check Slenderness ratio
a. Non-sway Frames (Braced Frames)
𝒌 𝒍𝒖
> 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 ( 𝟑𝟒
𝒓
𝑴𝟏
+ 𝟏𝟐 , 40) (𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠)
𝑴𝟐
b. Sway Frames (Unbraced Frames)
𝒌 𝒍𝒖
> 𝟐𝟐 (𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠)
𝒓
M 1 is the smallest absolute value
M 2 is the largest absolute value
if transverse loading occurs between supports, M 2 is the largest moment
in member
M 1 / M 2 is NEGATIVE if the member is bent in single curvature
M 1 / M 2 is POSITIVE if bent in double curvature.
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Double curvature
- VE + VE
Figure 31 Single and double Curvature
5. Radius of Gyration (r)
𝑰𝒈
𝒓=
𝑨𝒈
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒉 (𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝑫 (𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
6. Effective Length Factor
For non-sway frames, assume k=1.0 as first trial.
If realized that the columns is short, no need to calculate the true value
of k.
If necessary, calculate the true value of k using the following formula
and the Jackson and Moreland Alignment Charts
( 𝑬𝑰𝒄 / 𝓵𝒄 )
𝛙=
( 𝑬𝑰𝒃 /𝓵 𝒃 )
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Where:
Ic : Moment of Inertia of columns
Ib : Moment of Inertia of beams ( ≅ 2 * Iweb)
𝓵𝒄 : Length of columns
𝓵𝒃 : Span of beams (center-to-center)
7. Section Properties
The lateral deflection of a structure under factored lateral loads can be
substantially different from that calculated using linear analysis, in part
because of the inelastic response of the members and the decrease in
effective stiffness.
Selection of the appropriate effective stiffness for reinforced concrete
frame members has dual purposes
o to provide realistic estimates of lateral deflection
o to determine deflection-imposed actions on the gravity system of
the structure.
A detailed nonlinear analysis of the structure would adequately capture
these two effects.
Moment of inertia and cross-sectional area of members shall be
calculated in accordance with Tables 6.6.3.1.1(a) or 6.6.3.1.1(b), unless
a more rigorous analysis is used.
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If sustained lateral loads are present, I for columns and walls shall be
divided by (1 + βds), where βds is the ratio of maximum factored sustained
shear within a story to the maximum factored shear in that story
associated with the same load combination.
For factored lateral load analysis, it shall be permitted to assume I = 0.5Ig
for all members or to calculate I by a more detailed analysis, considering
the reduced stiffness of all members under the loading conditions.
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8. Equivalent Uniform Moment Factor (Cm)
The factor Cm is a correction factor relating the actual moment diagram to an
equivalent uniform moment diagram.
𝑴𝟏
𝑪𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟒 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟒 (6.6.4.5.3a)
𝑴𝟐
For columns with transverse loads applied between supports: 𝑪𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟎
The derivation of the moment magnifier assumes that the maximum
moment is at or near mid-height of the column.
If the maximum moment occurs at one end of the column, design should
be based on an equivalent uniform moment CmM2 that leads to the same
maximum moment at or near midheight of the column when magnified
(MacGregor et al. 1970).
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9. Effective Stiffness and Creep Effects (6.6.4.4.4)
For noncomposite columns, (EI)eff shall be calculated in accordance with (a), (b),
or (c):
where βdns shall be the ratio of maximum factored sustained axial load
to maximum factored axial load associated with the same load
combination
and I in Eq. (6.6.4.4.4c) is calculated according to Table 6.6.3.1.1(b) for
columns and walls.
10. Critical Buckling Load (Pc)
𝝅𝟐 (𝑬 𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇
𝑷𝒄 =
(𝒌 𝓵𝒖 )𝟐
(EI)eff : the variations in stiffness due to the cracking, creep, and
nonlinearity of the concrete stress-strain curve.
11. Moment Magnification Factor (𝜹𝒏𝒔 )
𝑪𝒎
𝜹𝒏𝒔 = ≥ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑷𝒖
𝟏−
𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑷𝒄
Total moments including second-order effects in compression members
shall not exceed 1.4 times the moment due to the first-order effects.
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𝐼𝑓 𝛿 ≤ 0 ; 𝐸𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐼𝑓 𝛿 > 1.4 ; 𝐸𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
The 0.75 factor in Eq. (6.6.4.5.2) is the stiffness reduction factor ϕK, which
is based on the probability of understrength of a single isolated slender
column.
Studies reported in Mirza et al. (1987) indicate that the stiffness reduction
factor ϕK and the cross-sectional strength reduction ϕ factors do not have
the same values. These studies suggest the stiffness reduction factor ϕK
for an isolated column should be 0.75 for both tied and spiral columns.
In the case of a multistory frame, the column and frame deflections
depend on the average concrete strength, which is higher than the
strength of the concrete in the critical single understrength column. For
this reason, the value of ϕK implicit in I values in 6.6.3.1.1 is 0.875.
In the case of columns that are subjected to transverse loading between
supports, it is possible that the maximum moment will occur at a section
away from the end of the member. If this occurs, the value of the largest
calculated moment occurring anywhere along the member should be
used for the value of M2 in Eq. (6.6.4.5.1). Cm is to be taken as 1.0 for this
case.
12. Minimum Eccentricity and Minimum Moment
If the factored column moments are small or zero, the design of slender
columns should be based on the minimum eccentricity provided in Eq.
(6.6.4.5.4).
𝑴𝟐,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑷𝒖 (𝟏𝟓𝒎𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝒉) (𝟔. 𝟔. 𝟒. 𝟓. 𝟒)
If 𝑀 , exceeds 𝑀 , Cm shall be taken equal to 1.0 or calculated based
on the ratio of the calculated end moments M1/M2.
It is not intended that the minimum eccentricity be applied about both axes
simultaneously.
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13. Magnified Moment (𝑴𝒄 ):
The factored moment used for design of columns and walls, Mc, shall be
the first-order factored moment M2 amplified for the effects of member
curvature.
𝑴𝒄 = 𝜹𝒏𝒔 𝑴
14. Check the adequacy of the column to carry the applied axial force and
moments in the same way of designing short columns using the
interaction diagrams as it has been clarified in chapter 8.
15. For sway frames, refer to ACI318-14: 6.6.4.6
EXTRA INFORMATION
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Jackson and Moreland Alignment Charts
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Example 1
The frame shown below is an interior frame of a building which is fully
braced by shear walls on the right.
All columns are 500mm x 500mm, and all beams are 400mm x
600mm with monolithic floor slab.
According to alternate load analysis, the critical condition for column
AB is single curvature bending.
Service axial loads and factored bending moments for (column AB)
are given below.
Given:
Service Dead Load = 1138 kN
Service Live Load = 284 kN
Mu at joint A =200 kN.m (factored)
Mu at joint B =250 kN.m (factored)
𝑓 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (4 𝑘𝑠𝑖)
𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (60 𝑘𝑠𝑖)
Tie diameter: 10mm
Required:
Design the main reinforcement of column AB for resisting the given applied
axial load and bending moments.
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HOMEWORK
Design a 400mm x 400mm tied column in a non-sway building to carry a service
dead axial load of 500 kN and a service live load of 600 kN as shown in the
figure. Factored applied moments are shown below.
𝑓 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 ∶ 40𝑐𝑚 𝑥 40𝑐𝑚
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REFERENCES
[1] J. K. Wight and J. G. MacGregore, Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics and
Design, 6th ed. 2012.
[2] C. V. R. Murty, R. Goswami, A. R. Vijayanarayanan, and V. V. Mehta,
Some Concepts in Earthquake Behavior of Buildings. .
[3] A. O. Aghayer and G. F. Limrunner, Reinforced Concrete Design, 8th ed.,
vol. 1. 2015.
[4] C. D. Buckner, Concrete Design, Second Edition. .
[5] D. N. Y. Abboushi, Reinforced Concrete, vol. 1–2. 2014.
[6] R. H. B. Jack C. McCormac, Design of Reinforced Concrete. 2014.
[7] A. H. Nilson, D. Darwin, and C. W. Dolan, Design of Concrete Structures,
14th ed. 2010.
[8] ACI Committee 318, Aci 318M-14. 2014.
[9] M. N. Hassoun and A. Al-Manaseer, Structural Concrete Theory and
Design, 6th ed. .
[10] Subramanian, Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures. 2013.
[11] A. M. Ibrahim, M. S. Mahmood, and Q. W. Ahmed, Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures, First. Baghdad, 2011.
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