The

Grammar
Tree
TEACHERS’ NOTES

7 Essentials of
Grammar and
Composition

1
T/V
 The Grammar Tree (Books 6–8)
Contents

Topic Book 6 Book 7 Book 8

NOUNS Kinds of Nouns; Definitions and Kinds of Nouns (proper, common, Kinds of Nouns; Possessive Form of
Identification, Formation of Nouns concrete, abstract, collective, and material Nouns: Chapter 3
using Prefixes and Suffixes; Formation of nouns); Countable and Uncountable
abstract nouns from common nouns, verbs Nouns: Chapter 5; Test 1
and adjectives: Chapter 4; Test 1
Number (formation of plurals; rules and
exceptions; difference between countable
and uncountable nouns): Chapter 5
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
(definitions and correct uses of adjectives
with countable and uncountable nouns;
Use of ‘The’ with countable, uncountable,
singular and plural nouns): Chapter 10
PRONOUNS Kinds of Pronouns (personal, possessive, Kinds of pronouns (personal, Kinds of Pronouns (personal,
reflexive, emphatic, interrogative, emphatic, demonstrative, interrogative, distributive, demonstrative, interrogative,
interrogative, demonstrative, relative, reflexive, relative, indefinite, possessive, and distributive, reflexive, relative, number
reciprocal and indefinite) Definitions and emphatic): Chapter 5; Test 1 and quantity, indefinite, possessive, and
Usage: Chapter 7 emphatic): Chapter 3
Adjectives Kinds of Adjectives (qualitative, Kinds of adjectives (qualitative, Kinds of Adjectives (qualitative,
demonstrative, quantitative, distributive, quantitative, demonstrative, and quantitative, demonstrative,
possessive, emphasising, participial) nouns interrogative; participles as adjectives, interrogative, participles as adjectives,
as adjectives; proper adjectives and formation of proper adjectives, order of adjectives;
Comparison of Adjectives (formation and adjectives): Chapter 6 comparative and superlative forms of
uses of comparative and adjectives): Chapter 11; Test 1
superlative degrees of adjectives):
Chapter 9

3
4
Topic Book 6 Book 7 Book 8

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive Verbs (verbs of Finite and Non-finite verbs (participles, Non-finites - Gerunds, Participles,
incomplete predication; gerunds, and infinitives): Chapter 3 and Infinitives (Structure of Infinitives,
regular and irregular verbs; primary and Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Forms of Infinitives, Simple Infinitives,
modal auxiliaries; function of (Definition and identification of transitive Gerundial Infinitives, and Uses of
primary auxiliaries): and intransitive verbs; intransitive verbs Infinitives): Chapter 5
Chapter 17 followed by prepositional verbs): Chapter 4 Non-finites: The Participles
Finite and Non-Finite Verbs Definitions; Phrasal Verbs (List of some phrasal verbs; (Definition, Use of the Participles):
Kinds of Non-Finite Verbs (the infinitive, meanings and use in sentences): Chapter Chapter 6
the Gerund and the participle and their 18; Test 2; Modal Auxiliaries: Chapter 15; Non-finites: The Gerund (Definition,
usage): Chapter 20 Test 2 Use of the Gerund): Chapter 7
Non-finites: The Infinitive (Definition,
Uses of the Infinitive): Chapter 8; Test 1
Subject-verb Rules for correct usage: Chapter 19; Test 2 Rules for subject-verb concord for singular Rules for Single and Compound
Concord and compound subjects; specific rules and Subjects, Principle of Proximity:
exceptions: Chapter 13; Test 2 Chapter 4; Test 1
Adverbs Position of Adverbs (adverbs of manner, Adverbs (1) Kinds of adverbs (adverbs Kinds of Adverbs (manner, time,
adverbs of place, adverbs of time, of manner, time, place, frequency, and place, frequency, degree, interrogative,
adverbs of degree, adverbs of frequency, degree): Chapter 7 sentence, and relative adverbs)
interrogative adverbs, relative Adverbs (2) Position of adverbs (in a Comparison of Adverbs: Chapter 16
adverbs and sentence adverbs); sentence, sentence adverbs, inversion of
Comparison and Uses of Adverbs: verbs, formation of adverbs from adjectives,
Chapter 15; Test 2 same words used as adjectives and
adverbs): Chapter 8; Test 1
Prepositions Prepositions (Simple and Complex) Usage Kinds of prepositions (simple, compound, Simple and Compound Prepositions,
of some Prepositions; Adverbial phrase, participial prepositions) Same Correct Usage: Chapter 17; Test 2
Participles; Appropriate Prepositions Words used as Prepositions and Adverbs;
with Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives: Same Words used as Prepositions and
Chapter 14; Test 2 Conjunctions:
Chapter 17
 Topic Book 6 Book 7 Book 8

Conjunctions Coordinating, Correlative and Kinds of conjunctions (coordinating, Kinds (coordinating, correlative,
Subordinating Conjunctions; correlative, subordinating): Chapter 10; sentence, and subordinating
Subordinating Conjunctions (of manner, Test 1 conjunctions); Kinds of Subordinating
place, time, reason, result or consequence, Conjunctions: Chapter 18; Test 2
purpose, condition, concession or contrast
and comparison): Chapter 16
Phrases and Definition and identification: Chapter 1 Definition (of phrases) Kinds of Phrases Kinds of Clauses (Noun, Adjective and
Clauses (noun phrases, adjective phrases, adverb Adverb Clauses and their functions);
phrases, finite verb phrases, infinitive verb Adverb Clauses of Purpose, Result,
phrases, gerund phrases, participial Concession or Contrast, Manner,
Extent, and Condition. Chaper 2, Test 1
Sentence Subject and Predicate (definitions and Kinds of Sentences: Based on Meaning Kinds of Sentences (declarative,
expansion in sentences): Chapter 1; Test 1 (assertive, interrogative, imperative interrogative, imperative, exclamatory
Types of Sentences – kinds of sentences and exclamatory); Transformation of sentences and optative); Simple,
(Declarative, Imperative, Exclamatory Sentences: Chapter 2 Compound and Complex Sentences:
and Interrogative) Definition and Kinds of Sentences: Based on Structure Chapter 1
transformation of sentences; formation (simple, compound, and complex,
of interrogative, negative and emphatic coordinating and correlative conjunctions,
sentences: Chapter 2; Test 1; Formation of analysis and transformation of sentences):
interrogation: Chapter 3; Test 1 Chapter 9
Articles Uses of Definite and Indefinite Articles; Usage and omission of articles: Chapter 23; Rules for using Definite and Indefinite
Omission of Articles: Chapter 13 Test 3 articles, Omission of Articles: Chapter15
Tense Present, Past and Future Tense; Simple, Kinds of tenses (present, past, and future Present, Past and Future Tense of
Continuous, Perfect and tense of simple, continuous, perfect and Simple, Continuous, Perfect, and
Perfect Continuous Verb Forms; Use of perfect continuous forms of verbs): Chapter Perfect Continuous forms of the
Shall and Will: Chapter 22; Test 2 14; Test 2 Verbs: Chapter 9
Direct & Rules (for changing statements, commands, Changing narration (of imperative Rules (for changing assertive,
Indirect Speech requests and questions from direct to sentences, affirmative and negative interrogative, imperative, and
indirect speech): Chapter 26; Test 3 interrogative sentences including question exclamatory sentences from direct to
tags): Chapter 19; Test 2; Test 3 indirect, and vice vesa; Chapter 19,
Test 2

5
6
Topic Book 6 Book 7 Book 8

Active & Passive Rules (for changing statements in simple, Rules (for changing active voice into Rules (for changing assertive,
Voice continuous and perfect tense into passive passive and vice versa); Use of active and interrogative, and imperative sentences
voice): Chapter 18; Test 2 passive voice: Chapter 16; Test 2 from active to passive and vice versa):
Chapter 20; Test 2
Chs 11, 12, 24, 25, 30
Chs 22,, 35, 37; Test 3

Chapters 11, 12, 20, 21, 26, 27, 34, Test 3

Comprehension, Letter Writing: Chapter 28; Test 3 Paragraph writing & Diary Entry: Letter Writing: Chapter 26; Test 3
Vocabulary & Essay Writing: Chapter 31; Test 3 Chapter 29; Test 3
Grammar Chs 11, 12, 20, 21, 26, 27, 34; Test 3
Composition Story Writing: Chapter 32; Test 3 Letter Writing & Note Writing: Chapter 32 Essay Writing: Chapter 33; Test 3
Report Writing: Chapter 30; Story Precis Writing: Chapter 30;
Writing: Note Making: Chapter 31, Test 3
Chapter 31; Test 3 Summarizing: Chapter
28
Miscellaneous Possessives: Chapter 8; Test 1; Gender: Modal Auxiliaries: Chapter 15; Same words used as Different Parts
Chapter 6; Test 1; Possessives: Chapter Determiners: Chapter 22; Test 3; Word of Speech: Chapter 10; Determiners:
8; Test 1; Direct and Indirect object: Formation: Chapter 24; Understanding Chapter 14; Punctuation: Chapter
Chapter 21; Homophones: Chapter 29; Spelling: Chapter 33; Similes: Chapter 25; 21; Transformation of Sentences:
Punctuation: Chapter 23 Test 3 Chapter 24; Test 3; Synthesis: Chapter
25; Synonyms and Antonyms: Ch 27;
Understanding Spelling: Ch 28; Idioms
and Proverbs: Ch 29; Advertisements:
Ch 34; Test 3
Key to The Grammar Tree, Book 7
(In case of unnumbered exercises, answers are given
from top downwards, left to right)

Chapter 1: pp 1–9
Exercise A 1. I like riding my bicycle in the morning. (gerund phrase)
2. Distressed by his rudeness,she did not respond. (participial phrase)
3. Humming a tune, the young man stepped out. (participial phrase)
4. All the voters are willing to vote for the right candidate. (infinitive phrase)
5. Having seen them off at the station, Rehan returned home. (participial phrase
Exercise B 1. An old man was sitting beneath the banyan tree.
2. His pet dog was sleeping outside his house.
3. By six o’clock everyone had arrived.
4. It is strictly between you and me.
5. There is a lot of unrest among the employees.
6. Amidst all the rejoicing there was a trace of sadness.
7. Confusion prevailed within the classroom.
8. Beyond the river lies the wasteland.
9. A stretch of turf could be seen around the house.
Exercise C 1. Haris lives in a house with marble flooring. P
2. He lives in a palatial house that was built recently. C
3. Ali ran with great speed. P
4. Since he was so fast, no one could overtake him. C
5. Sara tried to finish the work fast. P
6. That she should be the first to finish is one of her firm resolves. C
Exercise D 2. While the cow was standing in the heavy downpour, it shook its head.
3. I met a lady who had a blue umbrella.
4. When he returned, he found a letter at the door.
5. He spoke to her in a manner which was rude.
6. The house where she lived previously had big windows.
7. Since he refused to see reason, there is no other alternative.
8. He is ashamed because he is unable to read.
Exercise E 2. I heard of her passing the entrance test.
3. On reaching home, he found the house locked.
4. His offer was not worth accepting.
5. On her coming late, he is sure to pick up a quarrel.
6. He hopes to teach her riding.
7. He thinks of overcoming the difficulty.
Exercise F 1. Save some money while you are still working.
2. As they prepared to leave, everyone requested them to stay on.
3. Don’t disturb me while I am at work.
4. No sooner did he arrive than he asked for you.

7
 5. As soon as he arrived, he asked for you.
6. Before she left the room, she tidied up the place.
7. Before you retire from service, you should build a house.
Exercise G 1. When I joined the team, I could play inter-school matches.
2. He comes to see me, whenever he comes to the city.
3. When we entered the hall, the chief guest walked in.
4. They could not enter the hall after the gate was closed.
5. When he comes, please give him this message
Exercise H 1. I have stayed where you live now.
2. Let the dog run around wherever it likes.
3. I will live wherever you live.
4. They should stay where they have a house.
5. Wherever the boat takes me, I shall go.
6. You cannot walk wherever you like.
7. Where there is peace, there is happiness.
8. Wherever he is posted, he takes his family along.
Exercise I 1. I have joined where there are opportunities.
2. She planted the trees wherever she could find space.
3. Where there is greenery, pollution is less.
4. Where there is cooperation, work is done without any delay.
5. I have applied where there is a vacancy.
Exercise J 1. Since you are tired, you should take rest.
2. I am happy that you have come back.
3. She thinks, because she is pretty, she can laugh at others.
4. Since she is so proud, she will surely make enemies.
5. Because you are in need, I shall help you.
6. As he is unemployed, he is depressed nowadays.
7. He is sad that nobody finds him a likely candidate.
8. As you are the captain of the team, you must be more responsible.
Exercise K 1. The girl is cleverer than you think.
2. It was a finer performance than I thought.
3. He is as tall as he is hefty.
4. No one can be more capable than the present chairperson.
5. She like sandwiches more than I do.
Exercise L 1. It appears as if it might rain.
2. You may speak as I told you.
3. He looks as if he were a film star.
4. It seemed as though they were furious at the unnecessary delay.
5. Paint the picture as you have been taught.
6. He behaves as if he were the owner of the company.
7. As you have made the decision, so you must act.
8. Why can’t you do it how I showed you to?

8
Chapter 2: pp 10–15
Exercise A 1. Assertive (Affirmative) 2. Imperative
3. Exclamatory 4. Assertive (Negative)
5. Imperative 6. Exclamatory
7. Assertive (Negative) 8. Assertive (Negative)
9. Assertive (Affirmative) 10. Interrogative
11. Exclamatory 12. Interrogative
13. Assertive (Affirmative) 14. Assertive (Affirmative)
15. Imperative
Exercise B 1. The baby looks very cute.
2. The baby is asleep.
3. It is a very lovely day.
4. Somebody is hiding behind the curtain.
5. It was a nightmarish experience.
6. I wish I were in Karachi.
7. It is a pity.
8. It is very kind of you.
Exercise C 1. What a beautiful evening it is!
2. What a peaceful place!
3. What a fantastic feat it was!
4. If only he were here today!
5. How incredible this is!
6. How talented he is!
7. How shameful this is!
8. Well done! You have passed the test!
9. Wow! What a fabulous car!
10. Ugh! What a stinking drain!
Exercise D 2. Will the head boy be in charge of this duty?
3. Is he is a Chartered Accountant.
4. Were you studying in St. Peter’s College?
5. Can she run fast?
6. Should we inform them?
7. Is she the head girl of our school?
8. Has he submitted his notebook?
9. Does the child sleep well?
10. Did the watchman open the gate?
11. Should we stop the car?
12. Must you put this away?
13. Isn’t this a wasteful expenditure?
14. Has he gone to school?
15. Are you in the team?
16. Wasn’t it a learning experience?
Exercise E 1. I will not write a letter to them.
2. She does not want to go to the library.

9
 3. He does not have to prepare for tomorrow’s test.
4. She cannot speak Urdu fluently.
5. We don’t have to go out in the evening.
6. He might not attend the party.
7. His speech did not impress me.
8. We are not going to the park.
9. She is not in acute pain.
10. The girl did not want to dance yesterday.
11. I don’t need your help.
12. He may not join a music class.
13. They cannot come later.
14. You should not deliver the welcome speech.
15. She should not complete the project in a hurry.
Exercise F 1. She sings folk songs.
2. We are willing to do so.
3. They want to go with him.
4. He must reply to this letter.
5. He paints portraits.
6. They have to call the dealer.
7. He has to contact the previous owner.
8. He speaks ill of her.
9. But I may invite them.
10. He will run to the shopping mall.
11. She will forget other things.
12. He has repaid only the interest.
13. He stole the jewellery instead.
14. The summer was harsh this time.
15. They have built a palatial house.
Exercise G 1. It was not a welcome development.
2. This is not a permanent solution.
3. He is not a very lucky man.
4. He is not known for his kindness.
5. He is not a virtuous man.
6. This paint is not for the interior walls.
7. This slice of bread is not fresh.
8. There is no friendship between the two neighbours.
9. This is not the departure lounge.
10. He is not the senior manager.
11. He was not sure about the timing.
12. He is not a literate man.
13. He does not seem to be a citizen.
14. She is not strict towards her subordinates.

10
Chapter 3: pp 16–19
Exercise A 1. tried 2. inspected 3. will help 4. succeeded
5. had 6. is 7. rattled 8. happens
9. distributed 10. climbed
Exercise B 1. Taming of wild animals is tough.
2. She bought a packet of frozen peas.
3. He was arrested due to a mistaken identity.
4. She has a forgiving nature.
5. They demolished the ruined building.
6. He took the broken cycle to the repair shop.
7. His kind gesture helped in cooling tempers.
8. Their parents tried to bring them together.
9. They demanded a written apology from him.
10. The teacher wanted to raise her voice.
Exercise C 1. He did not have enough money to buy a loaf of bread.
2. She went to Lahore to see the Lahore Fort.
3. After her illness, Rabia became too weak to sit up in her bed.
4. She works hard to win the scholarship.
5. I am not afraid to speak the truth.
6. Each team has a leader to set the pace for the team.
7. It was very foolish of her to lie to her teacher.
8. It is a kind gesture to help the poor.
Exercise D 1. The watchman opening the gate, we entered.
2. Having no food, they could not give the children anything to eat.
3. Encouraged by his teacher, he persevered and won the competition.
4. Staggering back, he fell to the ground in shock.
5. Having rested awhile, he resumed ploughing the field.
6. Being busy, she could not meet us.
7. Having studied his lessons at the last moment, he soon forgot them.
8. Being unhappy at his workplace, he resigned his job.
Exercise E 1. walking – gerund 2. listening – gerund
3. reading , watching – gerund 4. waving – participle
5. waiting – gerund 6. soaring – participle
7. flying – participle 8. weeping – participle

Chapter 4: pp 20–24
Exercise A 1. finished 2. locked 3. kept 4. took 5. ate
6. narrated 7. bought 8. wrote 9. sent 10. read
Exercise B Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object
1. He promised them an outing.
2. Hiba gave me a watch.
3. She told her children the happy news.
4. She promised her students a picnic.
5. Ajmal wrote his mother a letter.

11
 6. They showed us their new house.
7. He offered his servant a raise in his wages.
8. (You) lend him some money.
9. He will give them some old clothes.
10. The officer asked his men a number of questions
11. She teaches children English.
12. The boss gave his subordinates a treat.
13. He was promising them the moon.
14. They paid the vendor money.
Exercise C 1. late 2. fast 3. my good friend
4. my younger sister 5. the correct answer 6. a teacher
7. in 8. away. 9. without water.
10. for three hours 11. with the workload. 12. for excellence
Exercise D 1. apply for 2. compete with 3. depend on
4. think about 5. write to 6. believe in
7. object to 8. insist on 9. speak to
10. care for 11. sympathize with the victims 12. gazing at
13. stared at 14. longed for 15. abstain from
16. arrive at
Exercise E What are you hinting at?
What is he raving about?
What did you suffer from?
What do you insist on?
What does it result in?
What do they believe in?
What were you waiting for?
What was everyone worried about?
Exercise F 2. What are they objecting to?
3. What is she looking for?
4. What do you associate it with?
5. What are you striving for?
6. What are you thinking about?
7. What does it consist of?
8. What is this pan made of?
9. What does it depend on?
10. What is she staring at?

Chapter 5: pp 25–28
Exercise A 1. truthfulness, honesty, requirements, character – abstract noun
2. childhood, time, joy, freedom – abstract noun
3. Mr Bari – proper noun; neighbour, factory – common noun
4. love, humanity, religion – abstract noun.
5. team, staff – collective noun; match – common noun

12
Exercise B 1. decency, apology
2. protection, defence
3. prudence, ignorance
4. starvation, death
5. bondage, slavery
Exercise C 1. Who 2. who 3. All 4. One 5. myself
6. its 7. They 8. This 9. None 10. everything

Chapter 6: pp 29–30
Exercise A 1. fierce – adjective of quality
2. little, red, personal – adjectives of quality
3. British, Indians – proper adjective
4. Which – interrogative adjective
5. glorious, clear, blue – adjective of quality
Exercise B 1. mischievous 2. outrageous 3. moveable 4. envious
5. senseless 6. meddlesome 7. pardonable 8. stormy

Chapter 7: pp 31–34
Exercise A Sentence Adverbs Words, part of speech
She thinks logically logically thinks (verb)
It was an enchantingly beautiful night. enchantingly beautiful (adjective)
The sun had already risen by that time. already had risen (verb phrase)
She speaks well. well speaks (verb)
They are extremely angry with him. extremely angry (adjective)
The story is rather interesting. rather interesting (adjective)
He drove the car very slowly. very slowly (adverb)
Exercise B Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of
time place frequency manner degree
soon somewhere never seriously almost
then at school periodically calmly nearly
after lunch at the village rarely gladly scarcely
today in hospital usually slowly hardly
next day there once a month generously
on weekdays at home fast
at night in the city heavily
on board well
everywhere
Exercise C (Suggested answers)
1. never 2. well 3. nearly 4. after lunch
5. in the city 6. everywhere 7. scarcely 8. hardly
9. Periodically 10. Somewhere 11. in the village 12. on weekdays
13. once a month 14. generously 15. almost

13
Exercise D 1. tomorrow – adverb of time
2. here – adverb of place
3. often – adverb of frequency
4. quite – adverb of degree; beautifully – adverb of manner
5. eloquently – adverb of manner
6. rather – adverb of degree; slowly – adverb of manner
7. always – adverb of frequency; warmly – adverb of manner
8. less – adverb of degree; noisily – adverb of manner
9. soon – adverb of time
10. seldom – adverb of frequency;
11. hard – adverb of manner
12. afterwards – adverb of time
13. out – adverb of place
14. almost – adverb of degree
15. now – adverb of time

Chapter 8: pp 35–42
Exercise A 1. I have never seen him at the market.
2. I quite agree with their decision.
3. They have just completed their work.
4. They often agree to disagree.
5. She acted well on the stage.
6. The only one who came was her uncle.
7. He is always late.
8. She answered softly.
9. The child replied soon.
10. The painting was hanging precariously on the wall.
Exercise B 1. I have met him briefly somewhere recently.
2. Afterwards he walked away slowly.
3. Afterwards he never came here.
4. Gradually peace prevailed everywhere eventually.
Exercise C 1. He reluctantly gave up his claim at the meeting recently.
2. Aamir wrote the slogans clearly on the wall.
3. He generously donated money at the event in the morning.
4. He angrily denied the allegations at the party meeting.
5. He went there in the morning.
6. He was badly injured on the playground a week ago.
7. He talked wisely in the class yesterday.
8. I will wait eagerly till tomorrow.
9. He behaved badly at a reception two days ago.
10. I will write the story in detail at my country house very soon.
11. She works hard in the kitchen the whole day.
12. Haris came hurriedly into the room in the morning.
13. He talked to her emotionally at the door two days ago.

14
 14. He eagerly read the letter at the office during the break.
15. The old woman slowly walked to the market in the evening.
16. Gradually a change occurred in the entire organisation two years ago.
Exercise D 1. Nowhere was their cooperation seen.
2. No sooner did they reach home than it started raining.
3. No sooner had he passed the examination than he started working.
4. Only when Taha himself became a father, did he realise how loving his father
had been.
5. Not until they reached the site did they realise the full implications.
6. At no time had he faced such a difficulty at any time in his village.
7. Scarcely ever had he faced such a hardship in his life.
8. Only when he met an old friend by chance did he get a ray of hope.
9. No sooner did he see him than his eyes became moist.
10. Seldom does one face such a plight always.
11. Not until after he had left his village did he realise what it really meant to
him.
12. Nowhere could he get a decent job.
13. Never had he imagined that city life could be so harsh.
14. Under no circumstances was anyone willing to help him.
15. By no means did he get a decent dwelling place.
Exercise E 1. Hardly ever did Irfan resist the temptation to gorge.
2. No sooner did he sit down to eat than he finished the food.
3. Rarely did he refuse an invitation to dinner.
4. Hardly had he completed the work when he got ready to leave.
5. Not until the company improved its reputation did the sale pick up.
6. Not even for one day did they stay at her house.
7. As soon as they reached the station they bought the platform ticket.
8. Had they not informed us before, we would not have been able to reach in
time.
9. Had he not seen the pit in advance, he would have fallen into it.
10. Not until they finished questioning him, did they allow him to go.
Exercise F 1. So vividly did he narrate the incident that everyone’s eyes were filled with
wonder.
2. So convincingly did he argue the case that people had no doubt about its
veracity.
3. So fiercely did the controversy rage that even neighbours became enemies.
4. So smoothly did she iron the dress that it looked gorgeous.
5. So promptly did he send the reply that they decided to accept the proposal.
6. So lavishly did he decorate his house that it cost him a fortune.
7. So clearly did she make the announcement that everyone understood it at
once.
8. So dearly did he love her that they seemed to be made for each other.
9. So passionately did he make the speech that everyone believed his words.
10. So rudely did she speak that even her friends were aghast.

15
Exercise G 1. There once stood the palace of a mighty emperor.
2. There sat an old watchman near the gate.
3. There came a black cat from nowhere.
4. There strutted about a couple of peacocks in the courtyard.
5. There opened a creaky door on its own.
6. There stood he as if mesmerised.
Exercise H 2. They make changes in the timetable frequently.
3. Haris works efficiently.
4. They have achieved this remarkably.
5. Finally the issue was settled courageously.
6. The dog barked loudly.
7. The old man walks briskly through the park.
8. Suddenly they changed their stand.
9. The price index rose sharply.
10. He narrated an incident interestingly.
11. He argued ridiculously.
12. They have done the arrangement systematically.
13. She danced gracefully.
14. He appealed strongly.
15. She looked pathetically.
Exercise I 1. The school bus came late (adverb). It was late (adjective) yesterday.
2. The driver drives the car very fast (adverb). These new cars are exceptionally
fast (adjective).
3. They had a close (adjective) call. They came close (adverb) to hitting the
truck.
4. He worked hard (adverb). Farming involves hard (adjective) work.
5. They went straight (adverb). to the hospital. Those narrow lanes are seldom
straight (adjective).
Exercise J 1. Not till she saw the mark list, did Sara realise that she had failed the test.
2. On no account must this be repeated.
3. Scarcely ever has she been humiliated in this way.
4. Only by listening patiently was he able to understand her problem.
5. Seldom has there been such a gifted child.
Exercise K 1. Hopefully an early settlement of the issue will be reached.
2. The benevolent man donated generously to charity.
3. Probably he arrived late yesterday.
4. She remembered her childhood days fondly.
5. The master warned the servant harshly.
6. The timid fellow replied nervously.
7. He carried out the order obediently.
8. They visited their parents regularly.
9. The man worked diligently to reach his goal.
10. The mother waited anxiously for the result.

16
Chapter 9: pp 43–48
Exercise A 1. Hurry up or else you will miss the school bus.
2. He is lazy and so he failed.
3. They reached in time and bought tickets.
4. Two new trains were introduced yet there was no decrease in the rush.
5. I rang him up but there was no reply.
6. He got a promotion yet he is not happy.
7. He should join the new post otherwise he would miss a golden opportunity.
8. She could not run fast as she had sprained her ankle
9. Wahab cleaned his shoes as well as polished them.
10. Everyone praised his perseverance but she did not praise him.
11. He did not go to school as holiday was declared.
12. Both Reza and Iqbal did not get a reservation on the train.
13. He drew an outline of the picture and filled it with colours.
14. He neither eats fruits nor drinks milk.
15. He kept the picture on the table but it was missing after an hour.
Exercise B 2. She ran to the bus stop. She missed the bus.
3. Finish the work before the deadline. They will not make the payment. You
will have no money.
4. She does not talk to him. She does not listen to him.
5. People are disgusted with him. They cannot rebel against him.
6. He is a pain in the neck. They have to put up with him.
7. He does not take leave. He does not allow anyone else to take leave.
8. He gave them no advice. He did not encourage them in any way.
9. He is very selfish. He has become a despot.
10. She dreads him. She despises him.
Exercise C 1. Simple 2. Complex 3. Simple 4. Compound
5. comply 6. Simple 7. Simple 8. Complex
9. Complex 10. Compound
Exercise D 1. Although Hamza is a hard-working boy, he is somewhat slow in his work.
2. I finished the work that you told me to do.
3. My science paper is on Thursday which is the last day of examinations.
4. I will be busy until my exams get over on Thursday.
5. I am thrilled about the summer camp which starts on the 15th of this month.
6. I have a reliable friend who does everything perfectly.
7. The boy, who got hurt yesterday, is the captain of the team.
8. He was scared that he would fail.
9. It is that tall fellow who threw the stone.
10. This is the hospital that the Minister inaugurated.
11. I help my mother in the household chores whenever I have time.
12. He hasn’t come, as he is not keeping well.
13. They have selected a project site which is on the banks of a river.
14. You can go ahead if you have the determination.

17
Chapter 10: pp 49–51
Exercise A 1. This mango is ripe but it is not sweet.
2. Although he was tired he continued to work.
3. You are tall but your brother is taller.
4. You must start at once or you will be late.
5. I may go either to Multan or Murree this vacation.
6. Her work is slow but neat.
7. My mother is fine but my father is ill.
8. He was afraid of being late and so he ran.
Exercise B. 1. till 2. after /before 3. Though 4. even though
5. than 6. as 7. until/unless 8. where, when

Chapter 11: pp 52–53

Exercise A 1. The poet was sitting on a deserted park bench.
2. The poet’s mood was gloomy and pessimistic.
3. The flower looked a pitiful sight because its petals were all worn and it was
not vibrant with colour.
4. The poet pretends to smile in the hope that the young boy would take his
flower and go away.
5. The poet’s smile was ineffective as the boy was blind.
Exercise B lonely – deserted; pretended to – faked; sad/disappointed – disillusioned; going
back – retreating
Exercise C 1. Being disillusioned by life, I had good reason to frown.
2. It was a very pitiful sight.
3. I realized for the first time he was blind.
4. If I did not take it, I knew he would never leave.
Exercise D Finite verbs: sat, approached, held, picked; Infinite verbs: to read, pulling, wanting,
dying

Chapter 12: pp 54–55

Exercise A 1. Naseem’s mother said that she has always been brave because inspite of all the
difficulties Naseem has never been discouraged or given up her practise.
2. Naseem could not participate in the 10th SAF Games due to her injury.
3. Naseem won the gold medal for the 100 metre race in the 11th SAF Games
becoming South Asia’s fastest woman.
Exercise B 1. track   2.  athlete   3.  spotted   4.  obstacle
Exercise C 1. Where and when was the 10th South Asian Federation Games held?
2. What did Naseem say was her aim?
3. Where does Naseem live?
Exercise D 1. She ran fast and won the race.
2. Naseem is a Pakistani who has won a gold medal.
3. She continued her practice. She was tired.

18
Test 1: pp 56–58
Exercise A 1. It being an early morning train, there were not many passengers.
2. When she returned from abroad, she joined duty immediately.
3. You may plant it anywhere to your liking.
4. She obeyed his order because he was generous.
5. He went there but could not meet them.
6. It should rain or else there will be a drought.
7. Since it did not rain much, there will be a famine.
8. We are very vulnerable.
9. Should they pursue it?
Exercise B 1. …he completed the work ahead of schedule.
2. …he has made such an unreasonable demand.
3. …she will agree to step down.
4. …they will take some disciplinary action.
5. …the crook could get away so easily.
Exercise C 1. Seeing a stranger near the garage, she raised an alarm.
2. Slogging the whole day, he completed the work.
3. Throwing the coloured water all around, he ran after them.
4. Hearing the loud explosion, people ran out.
5. Dejected by their rejection, he sat down on the ground.
Exercise D 1. to shoot at sight. 2. to escape 3. to halt at once.
4. to stay indoors. 5. reach safe places.
Exercise E 1. made 2. Let 3. help
4. made 5. let 6. help
7. help 8. let 9. made
Exercise F Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object
He denied his visitor an appointment
Asma showed him the door
Neha offered her sister a soft drink
The girl told her friend a secret
The court refused him bail
The boy gave his sister a bar of chocolate
The chief guest awarded him a gold medal
Exercise G 1. ignorance 2. seizure 3. starvation 4. pilgrimage
5. intervention 6. insanity 7. relief
Exercise H 1. Who   2.  whose   3.  I   4.  me   5.  he
Exercise I 1. What are you nervous about?
2. What are you ashamed of?
3. What did you buy this CD for?
4. What are these sheets for?
Exercise J 1. Of her three daughters, Sheena, Naila, and Huma the youngest is her
favourite.
2. In my opinion she is superior to any contemporary writer of today.
3. No less than twenty people were killed in the blast last night.

19
 4. Imran is the oldest of the three brothers.
5. You must do this quickly without further delay.
Exercise K 1. Since he had to give up his free time, he did not volunteer.
2. I waited until my friend showed up.
3. Whenever I am in doubt, I ask my teacher.
4. If you don’t help me now, I will be in real trouble.
5. The day is pleasant even though it is rather cold.
6. The art of speaking well is necessary but it is a very difficult one to acquire.
7. While I was working on my project, my sister was watching television.
Exercise L strictly forbidden
closely guarded
deeply concerned
widely acclaimed
wildly exaggerated
highly skilled
1. widely acclaimed 2. closely guarded
3. deeply concerned 4. highly skilled
5. strictly forbidden 6. wildly exaggerated

Chapter 13: pp 59–63

Exercise A 1. divides 2. puzzle 3. eat 4. live 5. affects
6. caters 7. march 8. plants 9. drives 10. organize
Exercise B A list of invitees was prepared.
Every one loves this leader.
Each minute is precious.
Amjad and Ali are brothers.
Neither boys nor girls are interested in hockey.
Bread and jam goes well with milk.
Saba and Aalia are waiting at the bus stop.
A white and a black cat are sitting on the window sill.
Exercise C 1. Either you or your friends are mistaken.
2. Wahab and Sajid are brothers.
3. Wahab or Sajid was present on the occasion as far as I can remember.
4. My best friend and severest critic is my mother.
5. Designer tables and chairs cost quite a lot.
6. Either the police or the soldiers have to be on guard.
7. Either the ministers or the administration has to take the decision.
8. Either lisa or Lily usually does all the household chores.
9. The dog or the cat has eaten up the food.
10. Neither the managers nor the employers seem happy with the new timing.
11. A mass of cotton and band-aids are left on the table.
12. Either the labourers or their leader was at fault.
13. Either Imran or Jamil has to do this work.
14. Asma and Aafia walk to school.

20
Exercise D 1. are 2. was 3. have 4. has/had 5. is 6. are
7. are 8. has 9. was 10. has/had 11. is/was 12. has/had
13. is 14. is 15. is 16. is 17. are 18. have
19. were 20. has 21. is 22. was 23. were/are 24. is

Chapter 14: pp 64–70

Exercise A 1. They have seen the incident. (present perfect)
2. After hearing the story she felt sad. (simple past)
3. They had been working all day long. (past perfect continuous)
4. He was eating an apple. (past continuous)
5. You have been dreaming. (present perfect continuous)
6. We shall overcome. (simple future)
7. Imran is learning driving these days. (present continuous)
8. She will be working late tonight. (future continuous)
9. By next month we shall have been living here for ten years. (future perfect
continuous)
10. He does his homework everyday. (simple present)
11. Faiza had come here three weeks back. (past perfect)
12. We shall have written the script by that time. (future perfect)
Exercise B 1. spoke 2. have forgotten 3. is raining
4. shall carry 5. had seen 6. had been blowing
7. were keeping 8. will have been teaching 9. takes
10. will be sitting 11. has been working 12. will have got
Exercise C 1. reached, saw 2. swept, dropped 3. woke, called
4. reached, went 5. stood, rang 6. got, did
7. finished, submitted 8. heard, began 9. had, got
10. heard, began
Exercise D 1. feed, gets 2. worked 3. begins
4. plays 5. is 6. rang, ran
Exercise E 1. is studying 2. have forgotten 3. am thinking of
4. has been 5. have lived 6. is preparing
Exercise F 1. have been studying 2. had been sleeping
3. has been working 4. have been watching
5. had been living
Exercise G 1. shall be holding 2. will be completing
3. will not be attending 4. will, be dusting
5. will be watching 6. will be writing 7. will be working
Exercise H 1. will have completed 2. shall have saved
3. will have come 4. will have shifted
5. shall have taken 6. shall have received
7. will have reached 8. will have had

21
Exercise I One day the people living near a mighty mountain heard a rumbling sound.
Smoke was coming out of the peak; the earth was trembling and great rocks were
hurtling down into the valley. Somebody whispered in horror, ‘The mountain
seems to be in labour. I don’t know what it will give birth to.’ Many people rushed
to vantage point for a better sight. They thought that a terrible thing was going
to happen. The sky grew dark. The rumblings and thunder increased in intensity.
The earth began to shake violently. A huge fissure appeared on one side of the
mountain. The awe-stricken people watched in terror. Some of the weak-hearted
fainted. Others waited with bated breath. Soon the tremor stopped and people
heaved a sigh of relief but looked on curiously. And out of the fissure came a tiny
mouse.

Chapter 15: pp 71–74

Exercise A 1. You shouldn’t be late for your examination.
2. He should do something about the transport.
3. You must reach school in time.
4. I have to reach there by 11 o’clock.
5. When does Taha have to meet the doctor?
6. You must donate generously.
7. Does everyone have to pass this fitness test?
8. This is one serial that you really must see.
9. They must inform us in advance.
10. You must visit us whenever you come to Multan.
11. He has to take this medicine for a month.
12. We must have respect for all religions.
Exercise B 1. The clerk may leave if he gets permission.
2. He told his brother that he could use his racquet.
3. He said that I could join the firm on the same day.
4. Can Hamza use your dictionary?
Exercise C 1. The old car may break down anytime.
2. He imagined that she might be at the studio.
3. The boy wondered when the boring movie would end.
4. He may be rewriting the script.
5. They might be waiting for our reply.
Exercise D 1. She can paint well.
2. Could you repair this broken window?
3. Can she type faster?
4. When we were in Karachi, we could go to the beach every weekend.
5. Even when the bus broke down, we were able to reach in time.
Exercise E 1. On holidays I can go for practice a little late.
2. You may speak now.
3. I could not complete the work yesterday.
4. He said I could depend on him.
5. Could you tell me the way to the nearest post office?

22
 6. We could not even enter the building.
7. May I go out after this assignment?
8. They might go abroad next year.
9. His cousin may be waiting at the station.
10. When she was a young girl, she could stay with her grandparents.
11. I can swim much faster now.
12. She said that he might sell the old car.
13. Saturday could be a working day.
14. If you have invited him, he may attend the function.
15. Can I borrow your sketch pen?
Exercise F 1. You may walk in through this gate.
2. You can buy tickets beforehand.
3. The guard may ask for your ID card.
4. Could he be planning a picnic?
5. He might not be planning anything of that sort at all.
6. She may submit the work tomorrow.
7. Saad might have leaked out the secret.
8. Could they possibly have made an unthinkable blunder?
9. She could still be trying to get a job.
10. They might be delayed by a traffic jam.
11. Could she still be cooking?
12. It might not happen.
13. You can use the pass.
14. He may come by car.
15. The state of this library might improve.

Chapter 16: pp 75–80

Exercise A 1. The boys realized their mistake. Active
2. Garbage is collected in large bins. Passive
3. The birthday girl distributed sweets. Active
4. An important letter was posted. Passive
5. Maha is singing a beautiful song. Active
6. Jamil cleaned his cupboard. Active
7. He gives bread to his pet dogs. Active
8. Aalia collects old clothes for the poor. Active
9. A letter was torn into pieces by Amjad. Passive
10. A stranger was seen by the neighbours. Passive
Exercise B 1. The stranger was questioned on suspicion by the officer.
2. A new travelogue has been published.
3. His men were pacified by the chief.
4. I was allowed to use their car.
5. They were told to write a letter of apology.
Exercise C 1. His new car was driven by Wasim.
2. His old car has been sold.

23
 3. The ball was caught easily by the captain.
4. Slogans were shouted by the workers.
5. The floor was swept by the servant.
6. The prizes will be given away by the officer.
7. The letter is being typed by the clerk.
8. Allegations are being raised against him by those leaders now.
9. By whom will those leaders be disciplined?
10. A new bridge over the river will be constructed.
Exercise D 1. A new road is being made by the labourers.
2. Water is drawn from this well by the villagers.
3. The structure is being demolished by the workers.
4. A decision had already been taken by the authorities.
5. Their decision should be reconsidered.
6. By whom was the final decision taken?
7. The tower was built in 1903.
8. The papers were prepared by the officers last year.
9. The work was started last year by the contractor.
10. A reasonable time limit has been set up.
Exercise E Today the bridge was damaged by a speeding truck.
Yesterday the programme was presented by a very talented compere.
Tomorrow the recitation will be organised by the committee.
At the meeting the scheme was introduced by the chairman.
In the park a full-grown tree was cut by the gardener.
At the hall the message was read out by a special emissary.
Exercise F You will be informed well in advance.
She will be asked to produce relevant documents.
A holiday will be declared.
The issue needs to be re-examined.
Answer scripts ought to be re-checked.
The girl needs to be told.
Sweets must be distributed.
He can be appointed.
The boy should be disciplined.
The circular may be read aloud.
Exercise G 1. All the wedding gifts were bought.
2. The results were announced by the board yesterday.
3. I was given a copy of the bill.
4. The accused was arrested.
5. Aslam was appointed by the minister as his private secretary.
6. Bilal was made the manager of the firm.
7. The cancellation of the train was announced.
8. The hope that the train will run again has been expressed.

24
Exercise H Sukkur is located on the banks of the Indus.
Chinar trees are seen in Kashmir.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands are situated in the Bay of Bengal.
Tea bushes are grown on mountain slopes.
Independence Day is celebrated on fourteenth of August.
Silk worms are reared on mulberry trees.
Salt is mined in Khewra Salt Mines.
Sports goods are manufactured in Sialkot.
Oak trees are found in the Himalayas.
Date trees are cultivated in Pakistan.
Exercise I 1. The dress should be washed separately.
2. A gentle soap should be used.
3. Cold water should be used.
4. The dress should not be wrung or twisted.
5. It should not be dried in direct sunlight.
6. It should be dried in the shade.
7. The dress should be ironed at low temperature.
Exercise J 1. His father bought new shoes for him.
2. The goalkeeper caught the ball.
3. The referee awarded them a penalty kick.
4. The referee showed him the yellow card.
5. The fans watched the match on the television.
6. The boys distributed sweets.
7. They exchanged gifts.
8. The painter made a large portrait of the captain.
9. The club authorities gave mementoes to the players.
10. Everyone congratulated the winning team.
Exercise K 1. It is said that their concert was a great success.
2. It has been reported that they will cancel this visa.
3. It has been announced that tomorrow will be a holiday.
4. It is believed to be the oldest specimen of its kind.
5. It has been quoted that they will revise the rate soon.
6. It is widely seen that dishonest people try to bypass all laws.
7. It has been rumoured that the minister is corrupt.
Exercise L 1. Purity of milk is tested with a lactometer.
2. Beaufort is used to find out wind speeds.
3. Intensity of earthquakes is measured on a Richter Scale.
4. Rabindranath Tagore was given the Nobel Prize for his Gitanjali.
5. Hardness of minerals is shown on Mohs scale.
6. The aeroplane was invented by Orville and Wilbur Wright of USA.
7. Humidity of the atmosphere is found with a hygrometer.
8. Paper was made by the Chinese around 105 A.D.

25
Chapter 17: pp 81–83
Exercise A 1. about 2. in 3. of 4. on 5. of
6. to 7. for 8. between 9. in 10. to
Exercise B 1. on 2. to 3. of 4. with 5. in
6. to 7. with 8. to 9. beyond 10. beside
11. at 12. about 13. against 14. with 15. from
Exercise C 1. walked around – preposition
2. has come down to us – adverb, to – preposition
3. hung above – preposition
4. turned round – adverb
5. fell down – adverb
6. are behind you – preposition
7. sat by – preposition
8. sat in – adverb
Exercise D 1. suit for a – preposition
2. for it is wrong – conjunction
3. till it’s time – conjunction
4. till 5 p.m. – preposition
5. after her child – preposition
6. after I return – conjunction
7. before you start – conjunction
8. before the dam – preposition
9. except Sara – preposition
10. but he gave – conjunction

Chapter 18: pp 84–88

Exercise A 1. Saleem set to his work earnestly and finished it in time.
2. He set up his own business in the suburb of the city.
3. His elder brother set out on a long journey.
4. Winter set in earlier than usual.
5. She set about the painting work in a systematic way.
6. Miscreants set off a bomb at the crowded market place.
7. She set down all the conditions on a separate piece of paper.
8. He set aside all their demands.
9. They set on innocent people without any provocation.
10. The riots set development projects back by many years.
Exercise B 1. He pulled down the hoarding.
2. They decided to put off the inauguration.
3. He has the habit of running down his own family.
4. He ordered her to put down all her demands.
5. She broke down at the sad news.
6. He put forward the proposal strongly.

26
 7. The burglar ran away at the sight of the boy.
8. The mother put away all his toys.
9. The old woman put aside some money in the bank.
Exercise C 1. The trade union called off the strike after fifteen days.
2. We will all back you up in any difficult situation.
3. Their marriage broke up after two years.
4. She carried out the orders dutifully.
5. They will eventually fall in with our plans.
6. Look through these old photographs and select a good one.
7. They pulled off a surprising victory.
8. You should put aside a part of your salary.
9. Soon he ran out of money.
10. She turned off the gas.
Exercise D 1. There was no let up in the violence that rocked the city.
2. Unfortunately they let us down.
3. He was let off with a reprimand.
4. She tried to let on the mystery.
5. I let myself in for a long haul.
Exercise E 1. fall back = retreat
2. fall into = be caught in
3. fall upon = assault
4. fall out = quarrel
5. fall over = stumble
6. fall through = fail
7. fall under = be classed among
8. fall about = be helpless with laughter
Exercise F 1. The demoralized soldiers at last decided to fall back.
2. But the approaching army soon fell upon their enemies.
3. He is likely to fall into their trap, if he is not cautious.
4. The partners of the company fell out among themselves due to some money
problems.
5. All our efforts to bring them together once again fell through.
6. Any new project is likely to fall over problems initially.
7. Hearing the hilarious joke, the people sitting on the sofa fell about while the
others turned to see what was happening.
8. All those applicants fall under the category of fresh graduates.
Exercise G 1. He took over as the manager.
2. Take the message over to the manager.
3. They keep their books on that shelf.
4. They keep on asking for postponement.
5. The child broke the vase into pieces.
6. Thieves broke into their house.
7. She put on the best dress.
8. She put her paper on the table.

27
 9. He tried to ring up his father.
10. He tries to ring the bell on time.

Chapter 19: pp 89–94

Exercise A 1. The doctor asked the patient how she/he was feeling that day.
2. The officer asked the witness whether he remembered their names.
3. He asked the receptionist whether he remembered to ask the visitors to write
their names.
4. The hostess asked the guest if he was comfortable in that sofa.
5. She asked me whether I liked the gift.
6. Abeera asked me whether I was going to the hospital.
7. My grandfather asked me where his spectacles were.
8. She asked her friend why that girl was not coming.
9. Huma asked him whether his father had come back.
10. Sahar asked her mother whether they had bought a new car.
Exercise B 1. She said to Huma, ‘Is it was allowed?’
2. The tourist said to the guide, ‘What was the name of the first ruler of the
dynasty?’
3. The young man asked ‘How do I go to the ancient monument?’
4. The doctor asked the patient, ‘Are you taking the medicines regularly?’
5. The boy said to his father, ‘Can I join the school excursion?’
6. The old lady said to the boy, ‘Can you recall the telephone number I gave you
earlier?’
7. The stranger asked, ‘Is there anyone at home?’
8. He said to her, ‘Why didn’t you complete the homework?’
9. The master said to the man, ‘Will you go the market tomorrow?’
10. He said, ‘How did the mishap occur?’
Exercise C 1. He asked his friend whether he was all right.
2. The teacher asked Ann if Huma had finished her assignment.
3. His father asked him whether he cared for them.
4. Saleem asked me whether I could drive the car.
5. Huma asked me if Fatima looked like an actress.
6. Majid asked me if I was in the team.
7. Asad asked Qasim if Reza sold car spare parts.
8. The child asked his sister if there were any chocolates left.
9. Talal asked him if Taha could dive into the pool.
10. Sajid asked Jamil whether Aslam had completed his project.
11. The coach asked Rehan if he could swim.
12. He asked the boss if the boys played well.
13. She asked her mother if there was any eucalyptus tree in the compound.
14. He asked me if they came quite early.
15. Ali asked Saad if he had completed the painting.

28
Exercise D 1. His mother told him to do his homework, iron his uniform, and polish his
shoes before he went to school.
2. He suggested that the management should dismiss him.
3. The teacher said that the children should pick up those bits of paper.
4. Atif asked his friend to meet him at the club.
5. His father advised him not to wet the wound.
6. The constable asked the stranger to show him his identity card.
7. The old man asked him to forget the past and turn over a new leaf.
8. The manager suggested to his colleague that they should find a solution to
that problem.
9. I asked them if they minded waiting for a minute.
10. I suggested taking a short cut to the market.
11. The officer told the clerk to complete it that day itself.
12. Faiza told her mother to let him find his own way.
13. Peter advised David not to get upset.
14. Abeera told Farah to lock the door.
15. Sahar suggested to Seema that they go to Karachi.
Exercise E 1. Saleem asked Bilal if he liked classical music.
2. Asma asked Qasim whether he liked staying in a hill station.
3. His neighbour asked Wahab whether he could use his telephone.
4. The stranger asked me the way to St. John’s Hospital.
5. His uncle asked Amjad if he would go with them.
6. Molly asked ma’am if she could come in.
7. His friend asked Saleem to post that letter.
8. His mother asked Huma if she would like a second helping.
9. His father asked Imran if he could depend on them.
10. He asked me to lend him my book.
11. He asked Rehan to show him the sum.
12. His sister asked him for his calculator.

Chapter 20: pp 95–97

Exercise A 1. Archaelogists are excited about the discovery of the Moche ruins because it
would help them to know more about this civilization, about which little is
known since it disappeared in the 8th century.
2. Owing to the steep price tags on the antiquities black market for the artefacts
exhumed, the ruins have been looted so thoroughly.
3. The ruins of Huaca Cao Viejo are a mud mound containing a number of
rooms and terraces decorated with colourful wall art.
4. From these ruins we learn that the Moche were a religious people, who built
farming and fishing communities, and made exquisite pottery and jewellery.
5. Archaelogists suspect flooding and earthquake could have ruined the
irrigation canal systems critical to Moche farms leading them to extinction.
Exercise B 1. rows of burrows – warren
2. collection of valuables – treasure trove

29
 3. dry and barren – arid
4. scatter – disperse
Exercise C 1. They lost the thief in the warren of the shops at the end of the street.
2. The retired professor considers his collection of books his treasure trove.
3. Rains visited the arid lands of Sindh this year.
4. No sooner did the school bell ring, the children dispersed with shouts of joy.
Exercise D 1. He recalled that it looked like the moon.
2. He said that he suspected that the place still had many secrets.
3. The Moche civilization displays a vibrant culture.
4. Dozens of pyramids dot the arid valleys where the Moche built farming and
fishing communities.
5. Evidence of flooding and earthquakes has been noted by archaeologists.
6. Their pyramids were regarded as sacred by later cultures.
7. Spanish explorers looted the pyramid’s treasures over time.
8. Huaca Cao Viejo revealed little of its former splendour.
9. Huaca Cao Viejo includes a plaza larger than a football field.
10. What may have happened to the Moche?
Exercise E 1. Recently he has taken to watching sci-fi movies in a big way.
2. Unless we learn to pull together as a team, we will not complete this task.
3. One should never run down anyone, even one’s worst enemies.
4. On coming to power, the prime minister immediately set about reorganizing
the administration.
5. He always puts on an air of superiority in front of his colleagues.

Chapter 21: pp 98–100

Exercise A 1. In his early childohood Temba attended a village school that was a day’s
walk from his house. He and his younger brother helped their mother in
cultivating potatoes. They grazed the cattle as well.
2. As a youngster, Temba was exposed to the tales of adventure, recounted by
sturdy men who joined expedition groups to the Everest, and he set his
mind to climbing.
3. During his first attempt, Temba climbed from the south side. But he was
forced to turn back just 50 metres short of the summit, owing to bad weather
and five frost-bitten fingers. He later lost those fingers in an operation in a
Kathmandu hospital.
4. Temba’s family shifted to Kathmandu in quest of better schooling for the
children. Temba joined a basic mountaineering course and set his mind on
his life’s ambition. His family supported him fully in his effort. His father
accompanied the boy on both occasions as expedition kitchen staff. His
mother spent six weeks in anxiety.
5. The French couple, Betrand Roche and his wife, Claire successfully
paraglided from the summit to the base camp in record eight minutes.
6. Temba made his tryst with destiny when he stepped on the summit of the
highest mountain peak in the world. He was just 16 years and 32 days old. He
became the youngest mountaineer to scale the mighty Everest.

30
Exercise B Name: Temba Tsheri Age: 16 years 32 days old
Father’s name: Chhouwa Sherpa Mother’s name: Ladpadhiki
Brothers’ names: Nima Narru, Mingma Tshering Sherpa
Achievement: the youngest mountaineer to scale Mt. Everest
Exercise C 1. the highest point – summit
2. a journey for a definite purpose – expedition
3. excited – stimulated
4. going with – accompanying
5. overpowering emotion – overwhelming
6. bestowal of praise – accolades
Exercise D 1. In the spring of 2001, ninety-four people climbed the mountain from the
Nepal side.
2. Still more scaled it from the Tibet side.
3. The 2001 climbing season saw a tragedy on the Everest.
4. Babu Chiri, who holds the record for the fastest man up the Everest died on
the mountain.
5. Three other climbers also lost their lives.
6. It was also a year of great achievements.
7. The sixteen-year-old Temba Tsheri has become the youngest mountaineer to
scale the highest mountain.
8. The sixty-four-year-old Sherman Bull and his son Bradford achieved the
record of being the first father-son duo to reach the summit.
9. Eric Weihenmeyer, the blind climber successfully overcame his handicap and
reached the summit.
10. Bertrand Roche and his wife set a record by paragliding from the summit to
the base camp in record time.
11. All these achievements are indeed spectacular because the conditions were
not conducive for climbing in that season.
Exercise E 1. Savouring their triumph, the mountaineers remained at the summit for ten
brief moments.
2. Growing up in the shade of Mount Gaurishanker, Temba was exposed to tales
of adventure.
3. Climbing from the south side the previous spring season, Temba was forced
to turn back.
4. Going through her own share of the ordeal, Temba’s mother spent six weeks
in anxiety.

Test 2: pp 101–104
Exercise A 1. It was a harsh winter.
2. A cold wind was blowing.
3. A tired traveller was walking on the road.
4. He felt extremely cold.
5. He noticed a bonfire at a distance.
6. The fire was burning brightly.

31
 7. He went closer to see what they were doing on that cold night.
8. He found a few holy men sitting there.
9. They were performing some religious rites on the banks of the river.
10. He stood there and watched the sacred ceremony.
Exercise B 1. Experts propound several theories about the topic.
2. Last year I bought a new watch but I lost it.
3. I cannot get a new one now.
4. They left for Lahore last evening.
5. Has the servant come yet?
6. My mother turned forty years old last month.
7. When she was a child, she lived in a small town.
8. He went to Sukkur in 2005 and has lived there ever since.
9. As soon as he reached there, he sent a message.
10. He wrote five letters in five months.
11. No one has heard from him for the past ten months.
Exercise C 1. You may take my umbrella.
2. He said that I could use his car.
3. Even if you insist, he may not come.
4. If you told them, they might agree.
5. When he was a schoolboy, he was able to go by a bicycle.
6. May I leave now?
7. He may blurt out the secret.
8. The child might be playing in the garden.
9. Typhoid can be quite dangerous.
10. Could you pass on the message?
Exercise D 1. Perhaps the thief could have sneaked in at night.
2. You cannot throw garbage here.
3. They might not have expected such a reaction.
4. Amjad might have left the message at the door.
5. The bread could have been stale.
Exercise E 1. The prizes were given away by the chief guest.
2. The thief was caught.
3. The students were trained by the master.
4. The results were declared by the board in time.
5. His sister was given a gift by him.
6. A new cycle was bought by me.
7. The function will not be started till the minister arrives.
8. The poem was recited by Sadaf in her usual manner.
9. Has the election result been announced?
Exercise F 1. The capital is said to be the seventh most polluted city in the world.
2. The Underground Railway System is expected to provide an alternative to
road transport.
3. It is believed that the new scheme will reduce pollution in the city.
4. Much of this pollution is caused by vehicles.
5. It is estimated that the Underground Railway System will take 3,500 buses off

32
 the roads.
6. In spite of its rapid expansion 19 per cent of the land is covered by trees,
parks, and gardens.
7. A natural lung has been provided by the ridge forest.
8. Some of this forest has been lost due to encroachment.
9. The Underground Railway System has been planned not only to tackle
transport problems but also pollution.
10. It is hoped that the Underground Railway System will solve some of the
problems of the city.
Exercise G 1. look out be careful
2. look up find information from a book
3. look after to take care of
4. look round to examine a building
5. look forward to anticipate with pleasure
6. look back on remember
7. look through examine closely
8. look for try to find out
9. look down on despise
10. look on regard
11. look in call round
12. look into investigate
Exercise H 1. Look through the index to see if the book has that topic.
2. The tenant looked round the building before taking it on rent.
3. The students are all looking forward to the Children’s Day.
4. Look out ! There is a ditch right in front of you.
5. Personally I look on her as my mentor.
6. The police are looking into the murder case.
7. You have to look up the books in the library to complete the project.
8. The old man spent some time looking for his spectacles.
9. She has looked after her parents very well.
10. I have only pleasant memories about it when I look back on this place.
11. She has a habit of looking down on her subordinates.
Exercise I 1. Farah asked her friend whether she could borrow her pencil.
2. His father asked Usman how long it would take to complete the course.
3. Faiza asked her brother whether he wanted to learn music.
4. Fatima asked her sister whether she had shut the door.
5. Peter asked Ann how long she had been learning music.
6. Haris asked Bisma what the occasion was.
7. He asked his neighbour whether he had any explanation.
Exercise J 1. Fifty paise is equal to half a rupee.
2. The Arabian Nights is still very popular with children.
3. Ten thousand rupees is a lot of money.
4. You and he are invited.
5. A committee has been formed.

33
 6. The committee are divided on this matter.
7. The news is true.
8. The army is on the march.
9. Hundred kilometres is a long distance.
10. The Great Expectations was written by Charles Dickens.
11. The jury was united on its verdict.
12. Earlier the jury were divided on its verdict.
13. The United Nations is doing a great job.
14. An angry mob has assembled at the accident site.
15. The mob have scattered now.
16. The colour of those flowers is appealing.
17. One of the delegates has just finished his speech.
18. Asad, along with his friends, has gone on a picnic.
19. The furniture in that show room is expensive.
Chapter 22: pp 105–111
Exercise A 1. All the people present were shocked.
2. Both the complainants should be present for the hearing.
3. Such a trouble it would be.
4. Many students were present for the ceremony.
5. Watching this programme is quite a torture.
6. Ali and Iqbal go to the club once a week.
7. Just a minute of your time will do.
8. Half a kilo of sugar is left.
9. Two-third of the work is complete.
Exercise B 1. A man is standing there wearing a blue sweater.
2. The king bought an elephant.
3. The pen he bought is black.
Exercise C 1. I want to buy those books.
2. The Post Office is near that building.
3. This car is hers.
4. He will take these papers with him.
Exercise D 1. This is my car.
2. This is our home.
3. She is your sister, I presume.
4. He told his father about it.
5. I met her brother.
6. Nobody knows its history.
Exercise E 1. There is not much rice left.
2. There were many people in the hall.
3. He has a little influence over her.
4. Some clothes are kept in the cupboard.
5. Do you have any news about him?
6. Most girls liked the idea.
7. More money is needed for relief work.

34
Exercise F 1. every 2. either 3. neither 4. every 5. either
6. each 7. Every 8. each 9. Neither 10. every
Exercise G 1. Which style did he use in his writing?
2. Whose cap is this?
3. Which road should we take?
Exercise H 1. One boy and two girls are representing the school.
2. Two houses are for sale in this locality.
3. You can see nine gems in this casket.
Exercise I 1. This is his first attempt.
2. This is the second anniversary.
3. This is the third meeting in a month.
Exercise J 1. next   2.  other   3.  previous   4.  subsequent   5.  several
Exercise K 1. Please spend a little time with her.
2. Would you like some sugar?
3. You may write on either side of the sheet.
4. Our house is being whitewashed.
5. There are a few mangoes in the basket.
6. They are celebrating their twenty-fifth anniversary in a grand way.
7. This is my gift to you.
8. It is a pity that no celebrity attended the morning function.
Exercise L 1. The hall is really full. Most of the invitees have already come.
2. There is much water in the pond.
3. I am sure you will get another chance very soon.
4. You don’t have to buy any shirt now.
5. All students should contribute to this noble cause.
6. I am worried since no message has come so far.
7. Many days have passed after the incident.
8. I saw a beggar at the gate.
9. No clerk has come. It is too early.
Exercise M Nasir is a reckless young man. In his quest to make money, he belittles many
people, including the employees of his own company. There is no excuse for the
rude behaviour on his part. Most people are really annoyed with him while other
people think that he is a madcap. His target is to sell goods worth one million
a month. Some employees feel that it is an impossible task. The main reason
is much dissatisfaction among a few employees. These workers wanted to go
on strike and on two occasions they nearly declared it. This company is going
through its worst phase because of these factors.
Chapter 23: pp 112–116
Exercise A 1. What a terrible sight this is!
2. Different models of cars are available in this showroom.
3. She bought ten and a half kilos of apples.
4. The king needs an heir to the throne.
5. Saad is a naughty boy.
6. This is an untold story.

35
 7.
This is a beautiful courtyard.
8.
There is a great deal of confusion here.
9.
Can I borrow a hundred–rupee note?
10.
There is no entry here. It is a one–way lane.
11.
You may need one and a half metres of cloth.
12.
They have a European guest for dinner.
13.
He will come back in an hour.
14.
Please give me a one–rupee note.
Exercise B 1.
Computers are widely used nowadays. The computer that I bought two
months back is one of the best.
2. My daughter studies in the University of Karachi.
3. She learns French.
4. The deeper the well, the purer the water.
5. Even though ignorance is bliss, the ignorance of the people in this camp is
astounding.
6. Let us open an account in the bank next to our office.
7. The first person who arrived at the meeting was the chairman.
8. Cows are useful animals but I don’t like the cow that enters our compound
everyday.
9. We should help the poor and the needy.
10. Fresh air is good for health, but the air in the city is so polluted that it is
harmful to the health of the people living here
Exercise C River Indus flows from north to south. It is the main water source for Pakistan.
Originating in the Tibetan Plateau, the Indus has five main tributaries the Jhelum,
the Sutlej, the Beas, the Ravi, and the Chenab. It is the most important and the
longest river of Pakistan. It flows along the entire length of the country, merging
into the Arabian Sea.
Harappa and Moenjodaro the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization
flourished on the banks of River Indus.
Exercise D I have a friend who is in the same class as I. Her name is Aafia Shah. She belongs
to the province of Sindh. She used to go to a school in Karachi, the capital of
the state. Her father is an army officer and her mother is an electronic engineer.
Two years ago, the officer was transferred to the capital of the country. When the
family reached the city, they were looking for a good school to admit the girl.
Aafia’s father asked a friend of his about all the good schools of Islamabad. The
friend has a school-going son. The boy studies in an elite school in the southern
part of the city. In fact it is the same school that I go to. Her parents got Aafia
admitted to the most prestigious school of the area. As luck would have it, she was
sent to the section that I was in.

36
Chapter 24: pp 117–123
Exercise A enable forsake foresee embody
empower embark overdo endear
imperil imbalance overstep overflow
forbid forbear enlarge forestall
overhear forewarn imprint inedible
enact enrich enchant impossible
Exercise B disadvantage informal impatient impolite
illogical irregular disobey illiterate
insufficient immortal irresponsible
Exercise C describe – describable excuse – excusable
notice – noticeable service – serviceable
reverse – reversible supreme – supremacy
spite – spiteful use – useful
involve – involvement commence – commencement
entire – entirely true – truely
generous – generosity prefer – perference
vigour – vigorous glamour – glamorous
victory – victorious exclaim – exclamation
monster – monstrous renounce – renunciation
Exercise D -or -er -yer -ar (person) -dom (domain)
paint painter wise wisdom (drop e)
bake baker free freedom
beg beggar (add’g) martyr martyrdom
sail sailor official officialdom
law lawyer king kingdom
-ship (state) -th (condition)
friend friendship heal health
hard hardship steal stealth
lord lordship grow growth
-ism (specific doctrine) -ness (quality)
secular secularism happy happiness (drop ‘y’)
social socialism sick sickness
communal communalism good goodness
Marx Marxism crooked crookedness
Exercise E 1. His cruelty is to be seen to be believed.
2. He received severe punishment after the trial.
3. Everyone welcomed the landmark judgement.
4. There has been an improvement in his behaviour.
5. There were many casualties in the train accident.
6. One has to work hard to attain excellence.
7. She called for immediate assistance.
8. I hope you understand his act of cowardice.
9. He is on the verge of bankruptcy.

37
 10. His achievement is indeed incredible.
Exercise F weak weaken national nationalize
sweet sweeten symbol symbolize
strength strengthen hospital hospitalize
dead deaden legal legalize
Exercise G 1. Its brilliance is sure to captivate the audience.
2. She will chatter to her heart’s content.
3. Their revolt will weaken our position.
4. You should purify the solution.
5. There is a need to sanctify the premises.
6. Somebody should cleanse the system.
7. He is trying to simplify the process.
8. We will strengthen the outer walls.
9. His opponents tried to assassinate him.
10. Their attempts to fortify the building did not succeed.
Exercise H -ish (resembling) -some
boy boyish whole wholesome
grey greyish cumber cumbersome
girl girlish hand handsome
devil devilish trouble troublesome
worthy (deserving of) -like
note noteworthy lady ladylike
trust trustworthy statesman statesmanlike
news newsworthy life lifelike
sea seaworthy child childlike
Exercise I 1. They belong to a wealthy family.
2. They have wholesome meals for lunch and dinner.
3. But they are greedy.
4. He is a meddlesome person.
5. His wife is a quarrelsome lady.
6. Their son is a wayward young man.
7. I can’t understand his senseless behaviour.
8. The situation is hopeless.
Exercise J 1. He has the foresight to plan it in advance.
2. There is an overall improvement in the situation.
3. They are likely to reach in the forenoon.
4. There is lot of disunity among them.
5. They wanted to ensure his safety.
6. He tried to envisage their problem.
7. He got hurt in the forehead.
8. She applied an antiseptic cream.
Exercise K 1. This has gone beyond manageable limits.
2. His is a punishable offence.
3. He undergoes rigorous punishment.

38
 4. You should avoid wasteful expenditure.
5. These are the compulsions of a nuclear family.
6. This seems to be a saleable item.
7. You should reach a peaceful solution.
8. His expulsion from the club is a foregone conclusion.
Exercise L 1. electro + execute = electrocute
2. breakfast +lunch = brunch
3. foreign + exchange = forex
4. cable + telegram = cablegram
5. export + import = eximport
6. motor + cavalcade = motorcade
7. chuckle + snort = chortle
8. smoke + fog = smog
9. aero + solution = aerosol
10. situation + comedy = sitcom
Exercise M 1. In winter there is a thick smog in the city.
2. The ministers’ motorcade is coming this way.
3. The forex reserves of our country are satisfactory.
4. A comprehensive policy on eximport needs to be developed by the
government.
5. I am tired of watching the sitcom as the story is going haywire.

Chapter 25: pp 124–126

Exercise A (Students can make up their own)
Exercise B 1. Those two children don’t like each other. They always fight like cats and dogs.
2. He will get lung cancer if he’s not careful. He smokes like a chimey.
3. The boy is very lazy. He sits there like a bump on a log.
4. We shouldn’t waste time worrying. Time flies like an arrow.
5. That girl won’t harm anyone. She’s as gentle as a lamb.
6. She sings melodiously. She can sing like an angel.
7. She doesn’t eat much. She eats like a bird.
8. She can’t see through his wickedness. She is as innocent as a lamb.
9. He is such a sloppy eater. He eats like a pig.
10. I have many things to do today. I’m as busy as a beaver.
11. I want to do well in my examination. Then I can fly like an eagle.
Exercise C A B
1. Be careful of the broken glass. It’s as sharp as a knife.
2. Please water that plant. It’s as dry as a bone.
3. Put on some warm gloves. Your hands are as cold as ice.
4. Go to the washroom to clean They’re as black as coal.
your hands.
5. Did you scrub the floor? It’s as clean as a whistle.
6. My father taught me many He’s as wise as an owl
things.

39
 7. I have heard that story many It’s as old as the hills.
times before.
8. This material is very soft. It’s as smooth as silk.
9. This cake is soft and fluffy. It’s as light as a feather.
10. The pudding tastes delicious. It’s as sweet as honey.
11. This bed sheet is clean It’s as fresh as a daisy.
and smells good.
12. The patient looks very ill. She looks as white as a ghost.
13. He has very poor eyesight. He is as blind as a bat.
14. He doesn’t listen to anyone. He’s as stubborn as a mule.
15. The man can lift this heavy box. He’s as strong as a bull.
Exercise D 1. as distant as the horizon 2. as sharp as a razor
3. as silent as a stone 4. as transparent as glass
5. as wet as a fish 6. as strong as Samson
7. as pleased as Punch 8. as happy as a clown
Exercise E 1. The completion of the project looked as distant as the horizon.
2. The girl wouldn’t speak; she remained as silent as a stone.
3. My brother has been working out and is as strong as Samson.
4. The selection process for this job was as transparent as glass.
5. The boy playing in the rain looked as wet as a fish.
6. The little boy was as happy as a clown at the circus.
7. My grandfather is quite old but his memory is still as sharp as a razor.
8. I was as pleased as Punch on winning the essay competition.

Chapter 26: pp 127–129

Exercise A 1. Many people are insensitive to the problem of child labour because athough
they read the pathetic stories about them they soon forget all about them.
2. The government announces specific schemes to eliminate child labour. These
schemes for children are launched with much fanfare but they do not bring
in the desired results due to a number of bottlenecks in their implementation.
3. Child labour is employed in a variety of industries in urban areas. These
industries include making carpets, stitching footballs, and boxing and cricket
gloves for export.
4. Childhood is a bitter phase for these children because children spend
their entire childhood working in hazardous industries. Many of them in
unhygienic conditions on a casual basis.
5. Right to education can accelerate the process of eliminating the menace of
child labour. It can ensure that every child achieves his full potential as a
matter of right. As a first step the community at large should be involved to
strike at the root of the problem.
Exercise B 1. There were heart-rending scenes at the home of the deceased.
2. Amidst much fanfare the minister inaugurated the newly-built bridge.
3. The much-publicized programme did not take place.
4. Pathetic conditions prevailed instead of the desired results.

40
 5. We have to take stern steps to eliminate the menace.
6. One has to work hard to achieve one’s full potential.
7. We have to strike at the roots of the problem to put an end to it.
Exercise C 1. points at which flow is constricted – bottlenecks
2. having skill in handling things – dextrous
3. risky – hazardous
4. move faster – accelerate
Exercise D 1. institutional   2.  unhygienic   3.  gravity   4.  casually
Exercise E 1. So badly are they exploited that it is a shame.
2. On no account should those children be working in hazardous industries.
3. Seldom do they get a chance to educate themselves.
4. Scarcely ever do they get a fair deal.
5. Neither do they get proper wages nor do they have job security.
6. They make either carpets or sports goods.
Exercise F 1. Their childhood is spent in nightmarish conditions.
2. Thousands of children work in hazardous conditions.
3. Quite a torture it is for them.
4. Such a miserable condition it is!
5. There is little change in their living conditions in spite of the introduction of
many schemes.
6. Is there any hope for a bright future for them?
7. Whose responsibility is it?

Chapter 27: pp 130–131

Exercise A 1. The poet connects the rainbow with the kingfisher because like the rainbow,
the kingfisher too is a very colourful bird.
2. Like the kingfisher, the poet loves solitude, in the quiet company of nature.
3. Since the rainbow appears after rain, the poet calls the rain the mother of the
rainbow and compares the raindrops to tears.
4. The poet wants the kingfisher to live with the peacocks because the plumage
of the kingfisher is as beautiful as that of the peacocks.
5. According to the poet the difference between the peacock and the kingfisher
is that the kingfisher is not vain.
6. a b c b d d
7. (i) unquiet (ii) unambitious (iii) unsmooth (iv) inglorious
Exercise B 1. any   2.  Most   3.  Every   4.  last    5.  Most
Exercise C the, a, the, the, a, the, a, a, a, the, The, the
Exercise D 1. colourful   2.  lovely   3.  a cloud   4.  a peacock   5.  a mouse

Chapter 28: p 132–135

Exercise 1 Independence Day, the National Day of Pakistan is celebrated on 14th August.
This is the day on which the Muslims of the sub-continent got their independence.
It is celebrated with dedication and enthusiasm throughout Pakistan. Buildings are
illuminated with bright lights and people also decorate their houses and vehicles

41
 with flags and buntings. Flag hoisting ceremonies and informative programmes
are also held. People celebrate this day in various ways. Changing of guards at the
Mazar-e-Quaid and Wagah Border are other important events that take place on
this day. (88 words)
Exercise 2 Many affluent people suffer from compulsive shopping disorder. They go on
shopping sprees especially during the festival season. Women constitute 90% of
‘shopaholics’. They buy items that improve their appearance while men hoard
tools and car accessories. The difference between recreational shoppers and
‘shopaholics’ is that the addict has low self-esteem and to perk ones sagging spirits,
one embarks on a binge once a week. One feels the urge to purchase non-essential
things and then feels remorse for getting into financial difficulties. But sadly, the
thrill is in purchase and not possession. So one can’t stop shopping. (98 words)
Exercise 3 The world’s smallest dog, the Chihuahua, is just 6 inches, and is barely 1-2 kg as
an adult. Named after a Mexican state its roots can be traced back to China. With
their strong vocal chords the Chihuahua are good guard dogs. What makes them
popular with dog lovers is that they do not need to be taken out of the house
for walks to exercise. Compared to other pups they require little care, except for
regular clipping of nails. They are good with children, are loyal to the family, and
learn easily. For ‘show’ purposes the maximum permissible weight is between
0.9-1.8 kg. They can be of any colour and have flat wavy coats or soft glossy ones.
Their bodies are slightly longer than the tail. The nose is short and the ears are at
an angle of 45 degrees to the head. (144 words)

Chapter 29: pp 136–138

Exercise A (Students can use the ideas given to frame their own paragraphs.)
Exercise B (Include the following points in addition to your own ideas)
1. The importance of sports in education
Education aims at developing all-round personality – physical, mental, and moral
development – curriculum at school for acquired knowledge – co-curricular activities
and sports meant for mental, moral, and physical development – sports, games, health
education essential – a sound mind in a sound body – possible only if sports is made
an integral part of education – a healthy and strong body will be an asset – sports instil
in us a the power of concentration, endurance, spirit of co-operation, and brotherhood,
promotes discipline, fair play, team spirit – true spirit of sportsmanship is important not
only in sports but in other areas as well – promotes healthy living
2. A football match
A football match played between St. Paul’s School and our school on their school ground
– the match began at 10 a.m. – St. Paul’s won the toss and chose to defend the western
goal- the students of St. Paul’s cheered their team – their players mounted attack after
attack – our alert goal-keeper foiled every attempt to score a goal – the defenders also
stuck to their job – the cheer-brigade from our school kept the players’ adrenaline going
– St. Paul’s scored a clear-cut goal just before interval – the game resumed after 5 minutes
– our team went on the offensive – In the 50th minute we scored – both the teams were
on an equal footing – match had a promise to have a nail-biting finish – everyone was on

42
 their feet cheering – St. Paul’s was buckling under the pressure – in the 88th minute a foul
by the St. Paul’s No 7 won us a penalty – our whole contingent erupted in cheers as the
final whistle was blown – victory for our team ! – a 2-1 win over our arch-rivals ! – much
rejoicing in school
3. Travelling as a means of education
Travelling broadens our minds and enlivens one’s spirits – people who have stayed in one
place their whole lives tend to have narrow perspectives – reading does help in knowing
about other lands and their people but it isn’t the same as visiting those places – the joy
and thrill of seeing the sights and sounds of different regions is an adventure by itself –
travelling to various lands gives a deeper understanding of their culture – meeting people
of different religions, speaking different languages, following their unique customs and
food habits – definitely an enriching learning experience – historical monuments gives an
insight into the history of the place – helps in developing tolerant minds, free of prejudice
– ultimately , helps in building universal brotherhood
4. The advantages of watching televison
(Students can attempt this on their own.)
5. The hazards of city life
‘God made the country and man made the town’ – rightly said – a city with its hustle
and bustle, jostle and tussle – people in a perpetual hurry – represents the artificiality
and dullness of urban life – day to day life very mechanical – unhealthy and unhygienic
surroundings – polluted air and water – city dwellers more prone to a host of diseases
– comparatively very high stress levels – high cost of living – congestion and high noise
levels – takes a toll on one’s health and happiness – city offers plenty of opportunities to
earn a livelihood –– also many more facilities (hospitals, schools, etc) in the city – vast
avenues of entertainment – primary factor in drawing country-folk to cities – main
cause of over-crowding in cities – cities also tend to be infested with vices, crime, and
corruption – youngsters fall prey to the pitfalls of city life – children of parents in the
high-income bracket prone to go astray – social misfits and hardened criminals make a
city unsafe – sense of peace and security sadly missing from the city.
6. Pollution—a threat to healthy life
Pollution – the price man pays for material progress and development – air pollution
caused by smoke, poisonous gases and toxins puffed out by vehicles and factories
– suspended particulate matter in the air and other toxic gases a hazard to us – land
pollution caused by indiscriminate use of fertilizers and untreated industrial waste
– toxins get into the food chain, manifesting themselves in food-grains, fruits and
vegetables – chemical wastes are polluting rivers and lakes – noise from cars, factories,
airplanes, etc causing noise pollution – unplanned growth of towns and cities – growth of
slums all add to pollution – an ecological disaster – threat to healthy living – depletion of
ozone layer – increase in skin cancer – unless pollution is checked the survival of living
beings doubtful.
Exercise C
Diary entry no.1
November 25, Thursday
Oh, my God ! How did I lose my precious watch? It was such a priceless gift. After wanting

43
a watch for so long I finally got it as a birthday gift and now it’s gone!! How could I be so
careless? I’m sure I had taken it to class today. I distinctly remember wearing it before breakfast.
It must have got lost in school. Maybe it was lost during basketball practice. I had taken it off so
it wouldn’t crack. It was the only sports watch of its kind in the whole class, my beautiful blue
watch! I will definitely look for it tomorrow. I have to get it back! I rung up Sheena, my best
friend but she had no clue. But we’ve decided to look all over the field tomorrow. I’m optimistic
I’ll get it back.

Diary entry no. 2

October 5
Thank God! I have finally won! At last, lady luck has favoured me. I have been taking part in all
those competitions all along. And to think I didn’t win in any one of them! I thought I was so
unlucky. But I’ve always tried my best. Maybe I could have prepared better in one of them, but
still I did deserve to win in many of them. But it made me even more determined to succeed.
After all, I had a point to prove. I know I have a flair for writing. It was just a matter of proving
it by winning. I had to run the final mile, and today I did! And what a moment it was! Like
Emily Dickinson said, ‘Success is counted sweetest by those who ne’er succeeded’. I was standing
in the corner, biting my poor nails, when I heard the announcement. After that, it was all a
blur of faces, congratulating me, and I walked up the stage. I got a medal and a certificate and a
cash prize. I think I’ll buy a whole carton of vanilla and chocolate ice-cream or maybe I’ll buy a
book. I guess I’ll decide later. Right now, I’m too delirious with delight!

Diary entry no. 3

January 7
10.17 p.m.
Today is my birthday. And what a day it was! Perfect! It was a perfect sunny morning when I
woke up. Mom was the first to wish me, and then everyone else at home. I got my favourite
food for breakfast! In school all my classmates and friends wished me. I gave sweets to everyone.
It was really nice getting so much attention, and everyone had a smile for me. The day was
only half gone, but it felt like it was flying through! In the evening all my friends and relatives
came over for the party. The house was over-flowing with people ! There was a pink cream-cake
with happy birthday written on it, along with my name ! I was dying to blow out the candles!
Everyone sang for me. I was so pleased, I couldn’t stop grinning! I was truly over-whelmed by
all the love showered on me! Now the day is nearly over and I’m going to sleep. I wish it were
my birthday every day!

Diary entry no. 4

April 8
How I dread a new school! Why do I have to join a new school every time dad is posted to
a new place? Why can’t we stay on? How I miss my friends! Asad, Ali, Rehan….. Yesterday I
joined my latest school. The first day was fine. Some of my new classmates looked at me as if
I had descended from the moon! Some of them were friendly, though – the class teacher was
helpful and friendly. The Maths teacher seemed to be strict and to think I am weak in Maths ! I
wonder what is in store for me tomorrow I hope things will be fine.

44
Chapter 30: pp 139–142
Exercise A
From: Saba Aslam
To: The Principal
St. Peter’s High School
15 September 2010
Subject: Additional facilities needed in our school
You recently asked me to submit a report on any additional facilities needed in our school. The
following are my findings based on an informal survey conducted among students to elicit their
opinion.
(Include the following points)
Strength of the school has increased manifold – facilities have not been increased
proportionately – additional drinking water pipes to be installed – toilet facilities need to be
improved – since the school starts quite early, a café at school is the need of the hour – many
children do not eat well and remain hungry – library to be revamped – latest books to be
bought – audio-visual room should provide internet facilities – many children cannot afford
internet at home – school takes care of gifted children – no facilities to help slow learners – a
learners centre meant for weak students may help – play ground to be well-kept – basketball
court not maintained well – school garden to be spruced up
I hope appropriate action will be taken so that the general standard of the school can be
improved.
(Sd)
Saba Aslam
President
School Council
(Exercise B and C may be written on the model provided in Exercise A)
Exercise D
Newspaper report 1
Disaster Stalks City
By a staff reporter
Islamabad, October 19. According to a new field survey by the Centre of Environment Studies
(CSE) the city is on the brink of an ecological disaster.
The primary reason for this is the loss of vegetation – one of the ecological effects of
urbanisation. Satellite imagery shows three fourth of the capital already covered with concrete.
We are sitting on a virtual time bomb.
Many species of trees and plants have become extinct. Many more are expected to follow over
the next 50 years. This trend has a far reaching impact on bio diversity.
(Exercise D 2 may be written on the basis of the model provided in Exercise D 1)

Chapter 31: pp 143–145

Exercise A  (Students can use the outline provided below and their own ideas to write the
stories)
Story 1
Mary woke with a start – what was the sound she had heard? – it was afternoon – all were

45
away – mum and dad at work –her younger brother at school – she too had gone to school
– someone had telephoned the teacher – message for Mary — something had happened and she
was to return home at once – the ominous silence of the house –she opened the house – no one
was at home – she sat on the sofa – suddenly she felt very sleepy – was it the sherbet she had
gratefully accepted from the man at the bus stop? . . . .
(Exercise A 2 and 3 can be developed on the lines of the model above)
Exercise B
Proverb 1
Saleem in Class 7 found his compass box missing in school. He had put it in this morning and
had used the compass for the geometry class. He shouldn’t have flashed his new compass box
like that. Not when ‘that naughty boy’ and his gang were around. They were all the same. Things
started disappearing when they were around. And nobody dared utter a word. These boys were
a bad influence on them. Whether it was pinching things, taking their sweets, or bullying the
other kids, all the 4 of them rivalled each other in these skills. It aptly gave credence to the
proverb ‘Birds of a feather flock together.’
(Exercise B 2 and 3 can be developed on the lines of the model above)
Exercise C (Students can expand the stories supplying their own inputs)

Chapter 32: pp 146–154

Exercise A
Rehan’s letter
St. Peter’s School
S.T. Road
Islamabad 423 203
October 30, 2010
The Manager
Regency Holiday Resort
Murree - 412 806
Sub: Hotel Reservation
Dear Sir
We are a group of 46 students. We would like to visit Murree for three days from 18th to 20th of
November, 2010.
Could you please inform me of your rates and whether you offer discounts to students?
I would like to reserve 12 rooms for three days.
Do you have facilities for picking up tourists from the bus stand?
I look forward to receiving your confirmation.
Yours faithfully
Rehan Malik
Head boy

46
Mr Abbas’s letter
Regency Holiday Resort
Murree - 412 806
November 4, 2010
Mr. Rehan Malik
Head boy,
St Peter’s School,
S.T. Road,
Islamabad – 423 203
Sub: Confirmation of Reservation
Dear Mr Rehan Malik,
Thank you for your letter of October 30. We are very pleased that you have chosen to visit our
Holiday Resort.
I would like to confirm your reservation for 12 rooms for three days from 18th to 20th of
November.
We are happy to inform you that we offer concessions to students. If you inform us in advance
the exact time of your arrival, we can make arrangements to pick you up from the bus stand.
We would be delighted to be of any further assistance to you.
Please let me know in case you need any clarification.
We look forward to receiving our guests.
Yours sincerely
Nadeem Abbas
Manager
Exercise B
1. Use a similar format as given in Exercise A.
2. Use the format for a formal letter addressed to the Municipal Commissioner. Use the
points given:
A new colony – facilities needed – new residential buildings coming up – need for a park
before the colony becomes a concrete jungle
3. Use the format of a formal letter.
Draw the attention of the concerned authorities to the problem though the column of
the newspaper. Highlight the problem. Request the authorities to do something about it
before the problem gets out of hand completely, resulting in an epidemic.
4. Use the format of a formal letter.
Dug up roads – municipal workers dig up roads and leave them for months together
– inconvenience to commuters –vehicle owners as well as pedestrians – situation worse
during the monsoon –water logging – pedestrians wade through - muddy footpaths-
accidents
5. Use the format of a formal letter.
The country stands nowhere in the international sporting arena - media attention on
cricket – only very few countries play cricket – all other sports and games neglected – no
sponsors for other games – Pakistan once excelled in hockey –national game – now not

47
 given any importance – many talented players but not enough opportunities - media can
play a role in popularising other sports besides cricket – give adequate media coverage to
the game and players – attract the attention of sponsors
Exercise C
1. M. Apartments
Karachi – 700 102
September 5, 2010
Dear Asad,
Will you give me the pleasure of your company at my birthday party at our residence on
Sunday 10, September at 4 p.m.? I hope you will come.
Yours sincerely
Qasim

2. 31, S.K. Apartments

Central Road
Lahore – 200 784
17 November 2010
Dear Reza,
We are organising a get-together at our residence on Wednesday, 25 November. I would
like you to come to this children’s party at 5 p.m. Hope you will certainly come.
Yours sincerely
Aslam

3. 28, S.K. Flats

M.G. Road
Lahore – 200 784
19 November 2010
Dear Aslam,
I shall be pleased to be with you at your party on Wednesday, 25 November at 5 p.m..
Thanks a lot for your invitation.
Yours sincerely
Reza

4. 8, H.K. Apartments
Main Road
Lahore 200 782
20 November 2010
Dear Aslam,
Thank you very much for your invitation to the get-together on Wednesday, 25
November. I am very sorry I won’t be able to attend it as we will be out of station on that
day.
Yours sincerely
Nasir

5. Mr Saad Nasir requests the pleasure of Mr Asad Ali’s company at dinner on Saturday, 23

48
 September at 8 p.m.
41, K. Apartment
Karachi 700 052
6. Mr Asad Ali regrets that a previous engagement prevents his accepting the kind invitation
of Mr. Saad Nasir to dinner on Saturday, 23 September.
31, B. Apartments
Karachi 700 052
7. Ms Huma Iqbal has pleasure in accepting the kind invitation of Mr Saad Nasir to dinner
on Saturday, 23 September at 8 p.m.
142, M. Apartment
Karachi 700 053

Chapter 33: pp 155–160

Exercise A 1. ceiling, fallen 2. thief, counterfeit
3. leisure 4. picnicking, frolicking
5. sandwiches, kitchen 6. traveller, journeyed

Chapter 34: pp 161–162

Exercise A 1. The young girl was boastful about having the most beautiful heart in the
family.
2. Everybody laughed at the old woman because she claimed that her heart was
more beautiful than the young girl’s even though it was scarred and falling
apart.
3. The old woman’s heart got those empty spaces because people could not give
her a piece of their heart.
4. She hopes that someday those people would understand the love she had for
them and return the affection and sacrifice she had made for them.
5. The young girl made her heart beautiful by cutting a piece out of her heart
and giving it to the lady to fill one of the empty space. Thus returning the
affection and sacrifies made for her.
6. One learns that a beautiful heart is one which cares for others.
Exercise B 1. The old lady claimed with confidence.
2. Your heart is pretty to perfection.
3. There was more beauty in her heart.
Exercise C 1. The young girl demanded to know how the old woman could even think of
comparing her old, distorted, and torn heart with her young, perfect heart.
2. The old woman replied that every scar that could be seen in her heart stood
for someone to whom she had given her love.
3. The old woman complained that the open wounds that he had were painful.
4. The young girl, addressing the old woman as ‘Mother’ said that she had
realized what true beauty was that day.
Exercise D 1. The young girl said proudly, ‘I have the most beautiful heart in the family.’
2. The old lady said confidently, ‘My heart is more beautiful than that of the
young lady.’

49
Exercise E 1. They saw the old lady’s heart and everyone around started laughing.
2. People cannot give me a piece of their heart so they remain empty.
Exercise F 1. Everybody turned around when they heard the strong voice of the old lady.
2. The young girl walked towards the old lady, with tears rolling down her
cheeks.

Test 3: pp 163–165
Exercise A 1. Neither proposal is acceptable to them. It seems they didn’t like them.
2. Both the students are entitled to fee concession.
3. Two friends of yours have come. Please wait for the third one.
4. Would you like to have some tea?
5. Each chair in the room is occupied.
6. They showed little mercy on her.
7. You will get much information from this reference book.
8. There is enough controversy about it.
9. I went there every day of the festival season.
10. All the members should be present at tomorrow’s meeting.
Exercise B 1. He is a mischievous boy.
2. They serve the disabled and the blind.
3. Let us go to the park.
4. He sold off the old car and bought a new one.
5. Go to the place where you normally meet him.
Exercise C A dog lived near a river. One day as he was feeling hungry he a stole piece of bone
from a meat shop. The dog ran away with the bone, held firmly in its mouth. He
came to a bridge near the river. He began to cross the bridge with the bone very
carefully. When he reached the middle of the bridge, he saw his own reflection in
the water. He thought that it was an old enemy of his. Surprisingly he noticed a
piece of bone in the enemy’s mouth. Being greedy, he wished to get that bone as
well. Quite annoyed at the other dog, he barked at the shadow. Alas! the piece of
bone fell into the water.
Exercise D 1. He asked the boy when his father returns from office.
2. He asked him how his father travelled to his workplace.
3. He commanded me to stop it at once.
4. She requested Saad to pass on the papers.
5. She asked me to clear that place of all rubbish
Exercise E 1. That lady, whose husband has got an assignment abroad, is leaving her job.
2. Ali was driving a car that looked really old.
3. I ate this new preparation of potato which is not tasty.
4. We know that boy who came here.
5. There are no buyers for the house which is haunted.
6. That man, who tried to sell the haunted house to us, is wicked.
7. We will go to Murree where summer is pleasant.
Exercise F 1. This boy is very frank. He does not hide his thoughts. He is as candid as a
mirror.

50
 2. The gentleman does not change his words; he is dependable. He is as
constant as the sun.
3. The young man is satisfied with himself. He is as complacent as a cat.
4. This orange I am eating is delicious. It’s as sweet as honey.
5. Something seems to have frightened Asad. He is as white as a ghost.
6. The old lady believes everything. She is as credulous as a child.
Exercise G (The following outline can be used)
1. I had always been impressed by the life and writings of Mr ......... – his love
for children — longed to meet him and speak with him – months back a
ruffian on a motorbike snatched a chain from a young woman – what was
even more astonishing was no one came to her rescue – I knew there was
not a moment to lose – when the man was struggling with the lady I went
to them and bit the man’s hand – he yelled and ran away as the crowd
gathered – a journalist reported the incident – I was recommended for the
specially instituted bravery award for children – after a long wait I received
the invitation from my school to receive a special award – at the hands of Mr
.......! – It was a dream come true!
(On the basis of the model above students can attempt G 2)
Exercise H 1. (students can use the model below to frame their letter)
2. 56 B S.K. Apartments
Main Road
Karachi
26 November 2010
Dear Huma,
It was so good calling you from Murree last week. We had a superb trip.
Though we missed you a lot, it was compensated by something I had least
expected.
Do you know what?! We had the pleasure of bumping into .........! I
thoroughly enjoyed his book ............... for its poems, travel writings and
stories.
We decided to visit ........ where he stays. Though we felt we had disturbed his
writing, when he opened the door and saw us he smiled and let us in. He told
us that he enjoyed writing for children and anyway he needed a break!
We were struck by the silence of the room and the number of old books in
the room. Most of all I loved it when tea was served along with the most
scrumptious biscuits and scones.
I asked him what he was working on at the moment and he said – ‘Would
you like to read my life story?’ With a twinkle in his eye he scooped up some
sweets in his drawer and shepherded us out of the room.
Today I am going to the market with mum and dad. I really want to ask dad
to pick up the book for me! Waiting to be able to read a story for you when
we meet next.
Bye then,
Your friend
Sara

51
Exercise I 1. If I were the President for a day I would ensure that all children never had to
starve for a single day. I would befriend the ragpickers, the shoeshine boys
and the children who beg at the kerb - and I would take them home. I would
gather together all the homeless and destitute children who walk the streets
with no one to call ‘ma’ and I would give them love and tell them God cares
for them. And always will. In war-torn regions I would shelter and protect
the children who have been bombed. I would reunite them with their lost
kin.
(Students can write more on the above format)
Exercise J 1. August 14
Saturday
Dear Diary
Today was the first time I went shopping alone There was a list I clutched
and thought it would be an enjoyable experience. But I noticed eyes staring
at me as I walked alone. I ducked into a stationery shop and asked for the
book I wanted and a few pencils. Dad was not there to help me decide
which pencil to choose – there were so many! I also wanted to buy a pair
of tennis shoes so I went to the shoe shop and gratefully sat down. Since
the prices were fixed here I was glad I did not have to bargain. I selected a
pair after sometime. I could not resist the bhelpuri at the corner – the tangy
smell of tamarind quite drew me to it. But I realise now that I gave the man
the money – Rs 50 – and forgot to take the change. A plate was for Rs 20.
I wonder if he will recognize me next time and give me back my change. I
slipped into a bookshop and my mind started spinning at the titles. I finally
picked up some comics and a book on general knowledge. I paid Rs 130 for
both. Granny had also given me money to buy a t-shirt for myself. Since it
was getting dark I decided to come with mum and dad to help me decide.
Exercise K 1. When we travel in a train as we come across many fellow travellers. We
become friendly with a few and remain strangers with the rest of them. In
the same way in life, we have good relations with a few people but we never
know the rest of them. Therefore the poet compares life to a train.
2. The two travellers can sit together throughout the journey or they may sit
elsewhere and never know each other.
3. The poet wishes that in case fate decides that he should sit near another
passenger then they should be pleasant travellers to each other.
4. We should be nice and pleasant to others as life is very short.

52